AP Human Geography Chapter 3 Review – Flashcards
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Net Migration
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The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.
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Circulation
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Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that occur on a regular basis.
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Push Factors
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Factors causing people to leave a location.
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Refugees
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People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
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Intervening Obstacle
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An environmental/cultural feature that hinders migration. Ex. Rocky Mountains; Passports & Visas
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International Migration
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Permanent movement from one country to another.
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Internal Migration
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Permanent movement within a particular country.
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Interregional Migration
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Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.
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Interregional Migration
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Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.
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Forced Migration
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Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors
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Chain Migration
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Migration of people because relatives/friends previously migrated there.
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Quotas
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Maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.
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Brain Drain
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Large-scale emigration by talented people.
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Guest Workers
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Workers who migrate to MDC's from LDC's in search of higher-paying jobs.
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Migration Transition
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Changes in a society because of industrialization, population growth, etc., compared to the demographic transition developed by Wilbur Zelinsky
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In what stage is international migration significant?
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Stage 2 (it's crowded, not many economic opportunities)
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In what stage is internal migration significant?
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Stage 3/4
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Why do people in stage 2 countries internationally migrate?
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Crowded & not many economic opportunities
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Stage 2
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High international emigration & interregional migration from rural to urban areas
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Stage 3 & 4
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High international immigration & intraregional migration from cities to suburbs
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Main points about distance migrants (Laws of Migration)
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Most migrants relocate a short distance within the same country. Long-distance migrants move to major centers of economic activity (Japan -> Tokyo)
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Main points about gender & family-status patterns (Laws of Migration)
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Most long-distance migrants are male and travel as individuals
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Other points made by Ravenstein
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Rural dwellers migrate more than urban dwellers, females migrate more within & males internationally, every migration has a counter-migration
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Types of international migration
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Voluntary & Forced
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Voluntary migration
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Choosing to migrate, ESPECIALLY for economic development.
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Forced Migration
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Migrants compelled to move, ESPECIALLY by political & environmental factors.
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Political factors are also called
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Cultural Factors
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Voluntary Migration follows what concept
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Distance Decay (Functional Regions)
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Interregional Migration
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Migration from one region to another (Most commonly rural -> urban; Dramatic change)
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Intraregional Migration
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Movement within one region
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Intra
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Within
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Inter
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Dramatic Change
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Which countries have net-out migration
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Asia, Latin America, Africa
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Which countries have net-in migration
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Anglo-America, Europe, and Oceania
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U.S. Immigration Pattern in the First Peak
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1840s, 1850s, and 1870s: Ireland & Germany (immigrants came from these countries)
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U.S. Immigration in the early 21st century
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1960s-1980s: Asia. 1990s-Present: Latin America
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Who developed the World-Systems Theory & Model?
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Immanuel Wallerstein
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Who developed the Laws of Migration?
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E.G. Ravenstein
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What is the 3-tier structure?
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Core, Semi-periphery, Periphery
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Core
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MDC's Ex. America
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Periphery
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LDC's Ex. Nigeria
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Semi-Periphery
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A little better LDC. Ex. Mexico, Core: North, Periphery: South. Soviet Block, China, India, Southwest Asia, South Africa, Brazil.
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Gravity Model
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The larger the population, the more pull you have. Directly related to size/population & indirectly related to distance.
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Who developed Migration Transition?
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Wilbur Zelinsky
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Who developed the reasons for push & pull factors?
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Everett Lee
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3 reasons for migrating
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Economic, political (cultural) and environmental. The #1 reason is economic.
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#1 Push Factor
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Political
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#1 Pull factor
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Econoimc
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Political Pull Factors
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Opportunity for freedom
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Political Push Factors
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Slavery & Political Instability (Unstable government)
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Internally Displaced Person (IDP)
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People forced to migrate for reasons like refugees, but don't migrate internationally.
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Asylum Seeker
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People hoping to be recognized as refugees
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Largest groups of refugees
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Iraq & Afghanistan
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Largest groups of IDP's
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Columbia & Sudan
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Environmental Pull Factors
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Attractive environments (Rare)
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Environmental Push Factors
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Natural disasters
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Floodplain
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A area subject to flooding during a given number of years (Environmental Push Factors)
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Economic Pull Factors
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More job opportunities
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Economic Push Factors
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New job openings elsewhere & Downturns in the economy
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Why does Europe attract immigrants?
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14/16 countries have the highest per capita income
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How do immigrants help their home country?
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Reduce unemployment, money is sent back to stimulate the economy - migration remittances
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Migration Selectivity
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Combination of factors (age, gender, education) that predict a person's likelihood to migrate.
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Fortified Barrier
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Human built barriers. Ex. DMZ in Korea
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Intervening Opportunity
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Finding a better opportunity to settle in before reaching the destination.
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1700s of U.S. Migration (Center of Population)
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1790: Hugging the coast because we lacked infrastructure, depended on shipping links, and were blocked by the Appalachian Mountains & Native Americans.
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U.S. Migration in 19th century (Center of Population)
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1800-1840: Crossed the Appalachians because of the erie canal and cheap land. 1850-1890: People migrated to the west because of the Gold Rush. Great plains were passed because of physical environmental reasons.
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U.S. Migration in recent years (Center of Population)
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Interregional migration has slowed. Recent southern & western movement for job opportunities and to escape the city life.
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Soviet Union - Forced & Voluntary Migration
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Forced: The government forced people to migrate north for factory production near raw materials. Voluntary: The government encouraged people to migrate with higher wages and earlier retirement.
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Brazil
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Brasilia became a forward capital to encourage interregional migration since Brazil's interior was sparse and the coasts were heavily populated.
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Forward Capital
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Capital being moved for a purpose.
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African-American Migration
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From the south to the northern cities
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Step migration
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Migration in which a long-distance relocation is undertaken in stages. (Farm village -> Village -> Small town -> City)
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Suburbanization
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Intraregional migration from cities to suburbs for lifestyle changes. Farm areas are converted to housing areas, meaning more infrastructure.
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Counterurbanization
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Net migration from urban to rural areas. (More for elderly people)
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Guest Worker Migration
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Southwest Asia (oil): India, Pakistan, Philippines. Northern Europe: Eastern & Southern Europe, North Africa, Middle East, and Asia
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Changes of Quotas
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1920 Quotas accepted mostly European immigrants and now globally accepts immigrants.
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Quota Preferences
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Family Reunification, Skilled Workers, Diversity
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Current U.S. trends regarding interregional & intraregional migration
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Interregional: Slowed since recession (2008). Intraregional: Urban to rural, counterurbanization
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Sub-Saharan Migration
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Emigration because of ethnic conflict
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Colonial Era of U.S. Migration
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Voluntary: British. Forced: Sub-saharan Africa; slavery
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Southeast Migration
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Emigration from Southeast Asia because of the Vietnam War
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Transhumance
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Seasonal migration of livestock between highland & lowland.
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Rust Belt
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Northern industrial states - Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania - in the U.S. were left to rust because of attractive economic activity elsewhere.
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Sun Belt
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Southeastern & Southwest states that grew dramatically since WWII.
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Place Utility
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Perception of opportunities & attractiveness of a place (Like an anime artist would wanna go to Japan)
