Ap Human Geography Chapter 11 Test Questions – Flashcards
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Agriculture pg.352
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Agriculture is the deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, and fiber. When we think about agriculture, we tend to think about production of foodstuffs for humans
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Primary Economic Activities pg.352
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Primary economic activities involve those products closest to the ground, such as agriculture, ranching, hunting and gathering, fishing, forestry, mining, and quarrying.
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Secondary Economic Activities pg.352
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Secondary economic activities are those activities that take a primary product and manufacture it—that is, change it into something else such as toys, ships, processed foods, chemicals, and buildings.
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Tertiary Economic Activities pg.352
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Tertiary economic activities are part of the service industry, connecting producers to consumers and facilitating commerce and trade. Bankers, teachers, and lawyers.
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Quaternary Economic Activities pg.352
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Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital . Information generation and sharing, information technology, consultation, education, and research and development.
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Quinary Economic Activities pg.352
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Tied into research or higher education activities. Government, science, universities, nonprofit, healthcare, culture, and the media.
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Plant Domestication pg.353
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Genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention.
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Carl Sauer pg.353
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A geographer who believed the experiments necessary to establish agriculture and settle in one place would occur in lands of plenty. Only in a place of plenty could people afford to experiment with raising plants or take the time to capture animals and breed them for domestication.
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First Agricultural Revolution pg.353
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Marked by the development of agriculture in which plant domestication occurred in Southeast Asia where root crops were cultivated, and in the Nile River Valley cultivation of seed crops occurred. Along with the development of animal domestication
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Animal Domestication pg.355
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Genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control.
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Subsistence Agriculture pg.358
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Growing food for the purpose of only survival
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Shifting Cultivation pg.359
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Primarily in tropical and sub-tropical zones where plots of land have been abandoned due to infertile soil, and then farmers later move on to other parcels of lands. Later regaining its fertility.
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Slash-and-burn Agriculture pg.360
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A form of shifting cultivations where vegetation is cleared and burned on the ground, and the ashes contribute to the soil's fertility.
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Second Agricultural Revolution pg.360
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A series of innovation (during the Industrial Revolution) occurred near Great Britian, the Netherlands, Denamrk, and neighboring country. New crops were imported to western Europe along with technolgies such as the seed drill, advances in breeding livestock, and fertilizers on crops to feed livestock. This improved cultivation and harvesting.
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Von Thünen Model pg.361
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Used to analyze the spatial character of economic activity. Differences in climate type and soil quality weigh heavily on the kinds of goods produced in a place.
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Third Agricultural Revolution/Green Revolution pg.362
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Dates to the 1930's where the American Midwest began experimenting with technologically manipulated seeds to increase crop yields. Mexico increased corn production with hybrid seeds, and India they've crossed varieties of rice for the best outcome. Increasing GMO's
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Genetically Modified Organisms pg.363
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Hybrid crops and cross-breeding of animals. Tomatoes, Corn, and Potatoes.
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Cadastral Systems pg.365
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The method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined.
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Rectangular Survey System pg.365
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Rectangular parcels of agricultural lands.
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Township-and-range System pg.365
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The pattern of farms on the landscape in the interior of the United States reflects the township-and-range system, with farms spaced by sections, half sections, or quarter sections.
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Metes and Bounds Survey pg.365
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Natural features are used to demarcate irregular parcels of land.
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Long-lot Survey System pg.365
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This system divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.
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Primogeniture pg.365
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An inheritance passed to the eldest son where all lands passes to him.
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Commercial Agriculture pg.370
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Established by European powers later developed to large-scale grain producers and cattle ranches, mechanized equipment and factory-type labor forces, plantations and profit.
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Koppen Climate Classification System pg.371
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Developed by Wladimir Koppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation.
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Climatic Regions pg.371
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Areas with similar climatic regions. Examples are South America and Africa, Canada and Russia, and Eastern U.S and France.
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Plantation Agriculture pg.372
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Cash crops grown on large estates to describe the production system.
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Luxury Crops pg.376
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Tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco are luxury crops. Non-subsistence crops.
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Livestock Ranching pg.377
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The raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and by-products(like leather and wool).
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Mediterranean Agriculture pg.377
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In areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, in parts of California and Oregon, in central Chile, at South Africa's Cape, and in parts of southwestern and southern Australia. Farmers here grow a special combination of crops: grapes, olives, citrus fruits, figs, certain vegetables, dates, and others sold at relatively high prices.
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Agribusiness
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Businesses that provide a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry.
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Mixed Farming
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A farm that grows both crops/feeds and livestock.
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Capital
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Wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person/ organization.
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Labor-Intensive Agriculture
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type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful
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Capital-Intensive Agriculture
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form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods such as machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities to produce large amounts of agricultural goods-a process requiring very little human labor
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Intensive Agriculture
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a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land
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Extensive Agriculture
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onsists of any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre
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Sedentary
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Continuous sitting or remaining in one place.
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Nomadism
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A way of life, in which people continually migrate for resources such as water and food.
