Ap Human Geography Ch. 2 Test Answers – Flashcards
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Crude Birth Rate
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Total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive
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Crude Death Rate
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Total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive
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Natural Increase Rate
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% by which a population grows in a year
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What is the NIR today?
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Lower than it's all-time peak
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When did the NIR peak, and what was it?
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all-time peak of 2.2% in 1963, and has declined since the 1990's
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About how many people are being added to the world's population each year?
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80 million
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Doubling Time
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Number of years needed to double a population
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In what world regions is most growth occurring?
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South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Latin America, ; Middle East
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Total Fertility Rate
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Average amount of children a woman will have throughout her bearing years (ages 15-49)
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What is the global "average" TFR?
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2.6%
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Infant Mortality Rate
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Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age
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Life Expectancy
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Average number of years a newborn infant is expected to live at current mortality levels
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Demography
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Scientific study of population characteristics
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What two properties help us understand how population is distributed?
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Concentration ; Density
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5 Regions In Which the World's Population is Clustered
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East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, U.S./Canada, & Europe
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Cartogram
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Depicts certain objects (mainly population)
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World's most populous country?
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China
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World's 2nd most populous country?
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India
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World's 3rd most populous country?
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United States
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About __ % of people on Earth live on about __ % of earth's surface
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75% people on 5% of earth
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Most South Asians make a living by?
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Farming
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4th largest country
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Europe
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Largest country in landmass?
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Russia
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75% of Europeans live where?
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Urban areas
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World's largest concentration of people is located in?
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East Asia
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Most populous country in Southeast Asian region?
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Indonesia
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Few people live in regions that are too?
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Hot, cold, dry, high, wet
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Portion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement is?
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Ecumene
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Few people live in high elevations, but where are there exceptions?
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Latin America & Africa
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Total number of people divided by the amount of land in their region is?
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Arithmetic density
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Density that measures the number of people per unit of arable land is called?
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Agricultural density
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Land suited for agriculture
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Arable land
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Number of farmers per unit of arable land is called?
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Physiological density
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Country w/ large amount of arable land & small number of farmers will have a?
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Low agricultural density
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Demographic Transition
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Process w/ several stages & every country is in one of the stages
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Stage 1: Highest birth/ death rates
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- Low growth - Agricultural revolution causes stage 2
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Stage 2: declining death rates combined w/ high birth rates produce high natural increase
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- High Growth - Industrial Revolution caused stage 3
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Stage 3: birth rates decline, death rates decline, & natural increase rates begin to moderate
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- Moderate Growth
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Stage 1: Pestilence & Famine
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- Black Plague - Pandemics
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Stage 2: Receding Pandemics
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- Cholera & Dr. John Snow
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Stage 3: Epidemiologic Transition
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- Degenerative diseases
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Stage 4: Epidemiologic Transition
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- Delayed degenerative diseases
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Possible stage 5:
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- reemergence of infections & parasitic diseases - higher CDR's - Evolution - Poverty - Improved Travel - AIDS
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Shape of pyramid is primarily determined by what demographic rate?
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CBR in community
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Dependency Ratio
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# people too young/ old to work, compared to # people in productive years
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What age groups are categorized as "dependent"?
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0-14 yrs ; 65-plus
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"graying" of a population
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Older people must receive adequate levels of income ; medical care after they retire from their jobs. This places burden on European ; North America govts. to meet these needs.
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Sex Ratio
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# male per hundred females in population
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what types of countries/ regions are likely to have more males than females?
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Stage 2 countries because stage 2 has high mortality rate during child birth
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Example Countries: Stage 1
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no countries in stage 1
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Example Countries: Stage 2
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- Cape Verde (high growth)
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Example Countries: Stage 3
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Chile (moderate growth)
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Example Countries: Stage 4
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Denmark (low growth)
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What portion of countries are in stages 2 ; 3
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Majority
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How many countries in stage 4?
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Only a few
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Two "big breaks" in demographic transition ; their causes
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1st break- sudden drop in death rate that comes from technological innovation: has been accomplished everywhere 2nd break- sudden drop in birth rate that comes from changing social customs: has yet to be achieved in many countries
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1st break came to Europe and North America as result of...?
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medical technologies, etc.
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Thomas Malthus
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Overpopulation: people run out of food - Principle of Population - population= exponentially, geometrically - food supplies= arithmetically
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Neo-Malthusians
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Wider gap between population growth ; resources - world pop. growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources, not just food production
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Critics of Malthus
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Larger Population would stimulate growth ; Economic growth= produce more food - Engels dismissed idea and thought everyone should share food
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Where was Malthus right?
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Food production
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In what way was Malthus mistaken?
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Population increased slower than food supply
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What two strategies have proven successful to lower birth rates?
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Economic Development ; Distribution of Contraceptives
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Distribution of Contraceptives
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- In LDC's demand for contraceptive devices is greater than available supply
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Epidemiologic Transition
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Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
