question

Which of the following was NOT an effect of the Hundred Years War? a. a significant decrease in the population b. a series of peasant rebellions c. the unification of Castile and Aragon d. a more politically unified France e. an economically weaker England

answer

C

question

The Black death a. refers to the ruthlessness of the Norman Kings of England b. refers to the outbreak of plague in Europe that killed between one-quarter and one-third of the population between 1347 and 1352 c. refers to the Spanish Inquisition d. was a fifteenth century phenomenon e. increased the authority of traditional European institutions like the church and the nobility

answer

B

question

Fifteenth century attempts by the cardinals to reform, reunite, and reinvigorate the Church are known collectively as a. the Reformation b. the Counter-Reformation c. the Inquisition d. the Conciliar Movement e. the Court of the Star Chamber

answer

D

question

Which of the following is NOT a way in which fifteenth century armies differed from their predecessors? a. they were commanded by officers of noble birth b. they were composed of mercenary soldiers c. they fought for pay and spoils rather than honor and feudal obligation d. they relied on artillery and infantry more than on cavalry e. they created a greater need for taxes

answer

a

question

Of the fifteenth century attempts by monarchs to consolidate and centralize power, the most successful was in a. England b. France c. Germany d. Italy e. Spain

answer

e

question

In the fifteenth century, the Holy Roman Emperor a. was another name for the pope b. was dethroned in the Hundred Years War c. was elected by a 7 member council of German archbishops and nobles d. was Ferdinand of Aragon e. sponsored the voyages of Christopher Columbus

answer

c

question

the era of daring exploration and discovery at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries was inspired by a. the Reformation b. the invention of the Steam Engine c. the need to escape the Black Death d. the search for gold and competition for the spice trade e. the successful circumnavigation of the globe by the Magellan expedition

answer

d

question

which of the following was NOT an effect of the creation of a spanish empire in the New World? a. inflation in the economy of Europe b. the establishment of Roman Catholicism in the New World c. the rise of a wealthy merchant class in Europe d. the establishment of a hierarchical social structure in Europe e. the establishment of a system of economic dependence between Europe and the New World

answer

d

question

Reasons that the Renaissance originated on the Italian Peninsula include all of the following EXCEPT the peninsula's a. geographic location b. political organization c. religion d. social structure e. economic structure

answer

c

question

Which of the following is not a Renaissance value? a. mastery of ancient languages b. patronage of the arts c. scholarly achievement d. proficiency in the military arts e. civic duty

answer

d

question

Renaissance humanism a. devalued mastery of ancient languages b. urged the development of a single talent to perfection c. valued ancient philosophers as the final authority on all matters d. denied the existence of God e. valued scholarship for its own sake and for the glory it brought the city-state

answer

e

question

The belief that by cultivating the finest qualities of their beings, human beings could commune with God was a conclusion of a. guildsmen b. neoplatonists c. the lay piety movement d. the Catholic Church in Renaissance Italy e. the Doge

answer

b

question

Which of the following was not a factor that contributed to the Renaissance artistic achievement? a. the patronage of the pope b. the invasion of Italy by the French c. the competitive spirit of competing elite groups d. the apprentice system e. the lack of separation between artistic and commercial aspects of the Renaissance art world

answer

b

question

Which of the following did not enable the spread of the Renaissance? a. the Treaty of Lodi b. Milan's invitation to Charles VIII to bring troops to Italy c. the printing press d. students and teachers migrating in and out of the Italian Peninsula e. the lay piety movement

answer

a

question

Renaissance art a. was characterized by the severe specialization of its artists b. was characterized by religious subject matter c. abandoned painting in favor of sculpture d. was characterized by its concern for the human form e. did not require patrons

answer

d

question

northern humanism a. was less secular than Italian humanism b. linked scholarship and learning with religious piety c. criticized the notion that priests were required to understand the bible d. contributed to the Reformation e. all of the above

answer

e

question

Which of the following was NOT one of the problems facing the Christian Church in the sixteenth century? a. the pope's status as ruler of the papal states b. its use of Latin in the mass and in the printed Bible c. an increasingly literate population d. its inability to tend to the physical needs of the poor e. its inability to tend to the emotional and spiritual needs of the population

answer

d

question

Which of the following was part of Luther's theology? a. a belief in the need to create a Protestant church b. the notion that nature could serve as a guide to salvation c. the idea that salvation came only through faith d. the assertion that charitable works were necessary to go to heaven e. the belief that the poor should be given more social and political power

answer

c

question

Which of the following was NOT a reason that a Protestant movement emerged? a. the Society of Jesus took up Luther's cause b. Luther enjoyed the protection of some powerful Protestant princes c. Luther's students used the printing press to spread Luther's theology d. peasants saw Luther's theology as justification for their dissatisfaction e. the Church was slow to excommunicate Luther and his followers

answer

a

question

The Peace of Augsburg a. ended the war between the Church and the Protestant princes b. established Henry VIII's right to establish the Church of England c. established Geneva as the stronghold of Calvinism d. unified the German principalities under the Holy Roman Emperor e. established the principle of "he who rules; his religion"

answer

e

question

The theology of Calvin differs from Luther's in which of the following ways? a. the belief that scripture alone is the guide to salvation b. the belief that salvation is earned by faith alone c. the belief that the church hierarchy is unwarranted and harmful d. the belief that some have been predestined for salvation e. the belief that the Bible should be printed in the vernacular

answer

d

question

The uprising and subsequent repression of the Anabaptists illustrates all of the following EXCEPT a. the poorer classes understood the teachings of Protestantism to mean that the existing social hierarchy should be overthrown b. the Catholic Church still had the power to crush its opposition c. property-owning Protestant reformers were not looking to reform the social order d. the poorer classes linked Protestant theology with millenarianism e. Protestantism was a movement that encompassed many different, and sometimes opposing, views

answer

b

question

The Council of Trent a. excommunicated Martin Luther b. established the Inquisition c. insisted that the catholic church was the final arbiter in all matters of faith d. reconciled Protestants and Catholics e. produced the Treaty of Augsburg

answer

c

question

The term "dissenters" a. refers to all Protestants who deny that good works can earn salvation b. refers to the anabaptists c. refers to the English Protestants d. refers to those who refused to sign the Peace of Augsburg e. refers to the English Protestants who refused to join the Church of England

answer

e

question

During the period from 1600 to 1715, the traditional social hierarchy of Europe came under pressure by all of the following EXCEPT a. continuous warfare b. climate change resulting in a series of bad harvests c. the rejection of religious practice by large numbers of people d. increased trade and diversification of the economy e. the desire of monarchs to increase their power and authority

answer

c

question

The English Parliament during the period from 1600 to 1715 a. was a relatively new institution b. was exclusively an institution of the nobility c. was an institution opposed to the monarchy d. was the institution in which nobles, merchants, and professionals formed an alliance to oppose the absolutist goals of the Stuart monarchs e. was in favor of a one-man, one-vote system of demcracy

answer

d

question

In the period 1600-1715, the English had the greatest success in resisting the absolutist designs of their monarchs for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a. the nobility forged an alliance with a wealthy and powerful merchant and professional class b. the English nobility was the most powerful in all of Europe c. the Parliament was an old and respected institution d. the Stuart monarchs were perceived to have Catholic leanings and sympathies e. the English economy was well-developed and diversified

answer

b

question

Compared with the Romanov tsars, the Bourbon monarchs of France in the period 1600-1715 a. made less use of the church and its expertise and influence b. were less reliant on the nobility for their power c. were more absolutist in their style of government d. sought to expand their empire to a larger extent e. were more committed to the primacy of the priveleges and prerogatives of the nobility

answer

b

question

The single most important factor in explaining the need of central and eastern European monarchs and nobles to reach compromises on the issue of sovereignty during the period from 1600 to 1715 was a. the lack of religiosity in the people b. the lack of ambitious monarchs c. the existence of strong peasant movements d. the lack of strong armies e. the lack of a well-developed middle class of merchants and professionals

answer

e

question

The reign of Peter the Great of Russia resulted in a. the abolition of the Russian Orthodox Church b. the territorial expansion of the Russian empire c. the weakening of serfdom d. a decrease in the tax burden on poor peasants e. the emergence of a wealthy middle class

answer

b

question

Compared with their counterparts in Russia, the English peasantry of the early 1700s a. bore a greater tax burden b. enjoyed less freedom of movement c. had a greater chance of improving their social and economic position d. enjoyed less religious freedom e. were more likely to live in towns

answer

c

question

By the early eighteenth century, the kingdom whose political system afforded the greatest amount of self rule to its subjects was a. England b. France c. Brandenburg-Prussia d. Austria e. Russia

answer

a

question

Medieval Christian scholars advocated the Aristotelian view of the cosmos a. because Aristotle was Christian b. because Aristotle was praised in the Bible c. because there was an intellectual fit between the Aristotelian view and Christian theology d. because they were unaware of the works of other ancient Greek philosophers e. because the pope ordered it

answer

c

question

Which of the following is NOT a reason that the Church was alarmed by Copernicus's suggestion that the cosmos was heliocentric? a. it destroyed the theological coherence of the cosmos b. Copernicus was a Protestant c. It questioned the authority of the Aristotelian tradition on which scholasticism relied d. it required the church to admit it had been in error e. it contradicted the physical principles that served as the foundation of physics

answer

b

question

The seventeenth century astronomer who first suggested that the planets' orbits were elliptical rather than circular was a. Copernicus b. Galileo c. Kepler d. Aristotle e. Newton

answer

c

question

The event that finally caused the Church to summon Galileo before the Inquisition was a. his invention of the telescope b. the publication of the starry messenger c. his meeting with the pope in 1623 d. the publication of the "Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World" e. the publication of the "Principia Mathematica"

answer

d

question

Which of the following was argued by Descartes in his "Discourse on Method" a. all true knowledge is based on observation b. all matter is made up of 5 elements c. nature and scripture could never disagree d. telescopic observations should be the basis of knowledge of the heavens e. the only true statements are those one cannot possibly doubt

answer

e

question

Which of the following is the best example of Descartes' deductive method of reasoning? a. a telescope reveals craters and mountains on the moon; therefore,l matter in the celestial realm cannot be perfect b. the orbits of the planets can be calculated using calculus c. "I think, therefore I am" d. true reality exists in the world of pure forms e. "every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force varying inversely as the square of the distance between them and directly proportional to the product of their masses."

answer

c

question

Isaac Newton is best described as working in a. the Platonic-Pythagorean tradition b. the Aristotelian tradition c. the scholastic tradition d. the Cartesian tradition e. the hermetic tradition

answer

a

question

Which of the following is NOT contained in Kepler's laws of motion? a. Planets' velocities vary according to their distance from the sun, sweeping out equal areas in equal times b. the planets orbit the Sun because they are caught in swirling vortices of matter c.planetary orbits take the form of an ellipse d. the sun serves as one foci of the orbit on the planets e. the squares of the orbital period of a planet are in the same ratio as the cubes of their average distance from the sun

answer

b.

question

Hobbes and Locke DISAGREED in their belief that a. men are created equal b. men tend to follow their own self-interest c. the natural state of men is one of war d. a government's power comes from the people e. men are often ruled by their passions

answer

c

question

Locke argued that the primary aim of government is a. to guarantee peace by putting the fear of death into its subjects b. to follow and enact the general will of the people c. to provide and protect democracy d. to ensure the right to property e. to institute a constitutional monarchy

answer

d

question

Which of the following is NOT true of the philosophes? a. they used their positions as university professors to influence society b. they aimed to educate the public c. their ultimate goal was a society governed by reason d. they wrote in many different genres e. they were often guests of and correspondents with the women who hosted salons

answer

a

question

The economic policy known as laissez-faire a. advocated protectionist tariffs b. is based on the notion that people have a right to do anything they want c. is based on the notion that human self-interest produces natural laws that govern economic behavior d. argues that the government should act as an "invisible hand" to regulate the economy e. was instituted by enlightened despots

answer

c

question

the religious belief of the majority of the philosophes was a. catholicism b. lutheranism c. calvinism d. deism e. atheism

answer

d

question

the style of Enlightenment literature made famous by Voltaire was a. the philosophical treatise b. the satire c. the play d. the pamphlet e. the novel

answer

b

question

Which of the following presented the most radical challenge to the traditional ruling regimes of eighteenth century Europe? a. Locke's notion that humans are born tabula rasa b. Hobbes's notion that human nature requires a ruler with absolute power c. Beccaria's notion that the goal of a legal system should be the rehabilitation and reintegration of the criminal to society d. the concept of religious toleration e. Rousseau's notion that a lawful government must be continually responsible to the general will of the people

answer

e

question

Which of the following is NOT part of Rousseau's thought? a. humans are born essentially good and virtuous but are easily corrupted by society b. the early years of a child's education should be spent developing the sense, sensibilities, and sentiments c. "man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains." d. all religion is based on "hope and fear." e. the virtuous citizen should be willing to subordinate his own self-interest to the general good of the community

answer

d

question

Which of the following was NOT part of the triangle of trade? a. timber b. tobacco c. cotton d. silk e. slaves

answer

d

question

Enclosure a. changed the balance of military power b. refers to the shackling of slaves below deck on the middle passage c. denied peasants access to commons and farm land in England d. made mills the center of textile production e. destroyed the guilds

answer

c

question

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the breaking of the traditional population cycle in Europe? a. the shift of agriculture to a market orientation b. the three-field system c. rural manufacturing d. the conversion to wage labor e. technical innovation

answer

b

question

Cottage industry a. refers to the building of cottages in the countryside for the working population b. helped to the reinforce the traditional checks on population growth c. refers to the establishment of large-scale, factory-based industrial production d. is a component of the feudal system e. refers to the engagement of the rural population in small-scale textile production

answer

e

question

Which of the following was a key technical innovation in agricultural production in the 18th century? a. new crops such as clover, turnips, and the potato b. the flying shuttle c. the spinning jenny d. the cotton gin e. the 3 field system

answer

a

question

The most significant impact of the introduction of rural manufacturing in the 18th century was a. improved quality of clothing b. a decrease in agricultural output c. the spur to the economy provided by increased production and the spread of capital throughout the population d. the creation of the triangle of trade e. a shift in the population from towns to the countryside

answer

c

question

Which of the following is NOT true of the War of the Austrian Succession? a. it began when Frederick the Great of Prussia challenged Maria Theresa's right to ascend to the throne of Austria b. it violated the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction c. Austria allied with Prussia to hold off French ambitions d. Maria Theresa was able to rally off the Hungarians to her cause e. it was essentially fought to a standoff

answer

c

question

As a result of the seven years War, a. the French monarchy fell b. Maria Theresa ascended to the throne of Austria c. Prussia was weakened d. the Ottoman Turks were further weakened e. Great Britain emerged as the dominant European power outside of the European continent

answer

e

question

The main obstacle to solving France's financial problems was a. the extravagant lifestyle of Louis XVI b. the unwillingness of the Third Estate to pay more c. the fact that both the nobility and clergy were exempt from most taxes d. foreign wars e. a bad economy

answer

c

question

The significance of the storming of the Bastille was that a. it put ammunition into the hands of the Paris crowd b. it marked the beginning of a radical phase of the revolution c. it free important leaders from prison d. it demonstrated that the crowd could be an important ally for the Assembly e. it demonstrated that the crowd was tired of monarchy

answer

d

question

The great fear of the summer of 1789 a. politicized the urban workers of Paris b. catalyzed a European coalition against the French Revolution c. put greater pressure on the Assembly to enact more radical legislation d. strengthened the position of the nobility e. demonstrated the desperation of an overtaxed peasantry

answer

e

question

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy a. allied the clergy with the assembly b. curbed the power of the clergy but alienated many Catholics c. brought the Assembly greater support among the Catholic population d. reaffirmed the central place of the Church in the French government e. made Catholicism illegal in France

answer

b

question

All of the following precipitated the radical turn of the revolution EXCEPT a. the rise of the sans-culottes b. the flight of the king c. the division of the assembly into factions d. the execution of the king e. the outbreak of war with Austria and Prussia

answer

d

question

The Reign of Terror a. was necessary, according to Robespierre, to establish a democratic republic b. was opposed by the Parisian crows c. was aimed only at the nobility d. was anticlerical e. was at its worst in the countryside

answer

a

question

In Thermidor a. the nobility reasserted its power b. France was defeated by the European coalition c. the French monarchy was restored d. the sans-culottes chose to govern France directly e. the moderate portion of the propertied bourgeoisie reasserted its power

answer

e

question

The Directory turned to the military because a. it lost the support of the sans-culottes b. it lost the support of the nobility c. it was threatened by both Jacobin and Royalist opposition d. it feared it would lose the next election e. it was overthrown by a general

answer

c

question

Whichof the following was NOT a principle upheld by the napoleonic code A. The safeguarding of all forms of property B. The safeguarding of the traditional priveleges and prerogatives of the nobility C. The safeguarding of the traditional priveleges and prerogatives of the family patriarch D. Equality before the law E. Promotion by merit rather than by birth

answer

B

question

The concordat of 1801 A. Created a temporary peace between france and russia B. Made napoleon the consul for life C. Made napoleon emperor of france D. Reconciled france with the roman church E. Forbade the areas of europe controlled by napoleon from trading with great britain

answer

D

question

In october 1805 at the battle of trafalgar A. The british navy defeated the combined french and spanish fleets B. Napoleons grand army was destroyed C. The french army won a victory that forced russia into a treaty with france E. Napoleon was captured and sent to the island of elba

answer

A

question

The decline and fall of napoleon is best explained by A. The inefficiency of the french army B. His tactical blunders C. Internal resistance by royalists and republicans D. The british victory at thr battle of trafalgar E. A combination of flawed policies and growing resistance to french rule

answer

E

question

The names of the great powers represented at the Congress of Vienna were A. To so weaken France that it could never threaten europe again B. to secure the democratic reforms won by the French Revolution C. to restore the traditional order and to create a new balance of power D. to create an alliance system E. to provideindependent nation states for Italy ,hungry ,and Czechoslovakia

answer

C

question

the concert of Europe A. supported Spanish resistance to French rule B. opposed the Greek independence movement C. was unanimous and its opposition to nationalist rebellions D. Authorized Austria to use military force to put down Italian nationalist movements E. supported a rebellion for reform in Russia in 1825

answer

D

question

the July ordinances of 1830 A. Refer to the bombarding of Frankfort by the prussian military B.led to a rebellion that forced charles x of france to abdicate C. proclaimed the Second Republic of France D. outlawed political meetings known as banquets E. proclaimed Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire

answer

B

question

the revolutions of 1848 are best understood as A. the result of tension between liberal and nationalist aspirations of the people of Europe and be determined conservatism of their aristocratic masters B. independence movements C. large scale attempt to redistribute wealth in European society D. precursor to the French Revolution E. democratic revolutions

answer

A

question

Which of the following was NOT an effect of the division of labor? a. it increased the supply of labor available to manufacturers b. it raised wages for manufacturing workers c. it increased the volume that manufacturers could produce d. it allowed manufacturers to sell their products more cheaply e. it allowed manufacturers to increase their profits

answer

b

question

The invention of new forms of power such as steam and electricity a. led to the creation of the factory system b. facilitated the invention of the automobile c. decreased demand for coal d. allowed manufacturers to relocate their mills away from water sources e. doomed the shipping industry

answer

d

question

In general, the Second Industrial Revolution a. began on the continent and spread in all directions b. took place in Britain c. took place more slowly in Eastern Europe d. was stimulated by government investment in Western Europe e. took place later but more rapidly in Eastern Europe

answer

e

question

The railway boom of the 1830s and 1840s a. increased demand for steel but decreased demand for coal b. did not affect the demand for steel c. increased demand for both steel and coal d. increased demand for coal but decreased demand for steel e. did not affect the demand for coal

answer

c

question

Which of the following was an advantage enjoyed by Great Britain that helps to explain why the Second Industrial Revolution originated there? a. an extensive river system b. the lack of internal trade tariffs c. a well-developed commercial economy d. natural resources e. all of the above

answer

e

question

In Russia a. industrialization occurred rapidly under the direction of the government b. industrialization was a gradual process c. textile production was crucial to the industrialization process d. railway construction was deemed unnecessary for industrialization e. industrialization occurred early and rapidly due to trade with the east

answer

a

question

One of the ways in which the Second Industrial Revolution affected the social structure of Europe was to produce a. a more even distribution of wealth b. a lower middle class of managers and clerks c. poor people d. a merchant class e. gender equity

answer

b

question

As a result of the Second Industrial Revolution, the majority of skilled artisans and craftsmen a. prospered b. became managers in factories c. lost their livelihoods d. moved to towns and cities e. were women

answer

c

question

In the nineteenth century, conservatives a. argued that governments should not interfere with the natural tendencies of the economy b. emphasized the development of sentiment and emotion c. favored constitutional monarchy d. supported the privileges of the aristocracy and clergy e. espoused utilitarianism

answer

d

question

nineteenth century Romanticism can be understood as a reaction against a. conservatism b. changes wrought by the Enlightment and industrialization c. nationalism d. social Darwinism e. scientific socialism

answer

b

question

Which of the following is NOT true of nineteenth century liberalism? a. it asserted that the task of government was to promote individual liberty b. it opposed government intervention in the economy c. it supported the privileges of the clergy d. it believed in the existence of natural laws that governed human behavior e. it drew its support primarily from the middle classes

answer

c

question

Goethe's "The Sorrows of Young Werther" is an example of a. the anarchist movement b. socialism c. early liberalism d. nationalism e. the "Sturm and Drang" movement

answer

e

question

Utilitarianism differed from other liberals by a. supporting government regulation of working conditions in factories b. calling for the abolition of many traditional institutions c. believing in the existence of natural laws that govern human behavior d. calling for the abolition of private property e. regarding many religious practices as mere superstitions

answer

a

question

Nineteenth century anarchists were most active in a. Britain b. France c. Russia d. Italy e. Germany

answer

c

question

Industrial socialism a. advocated the abolition of private property b. sought to create a profitable industrial enterprise without exploiting workers c. called for the creation of phalansteries d. advocated a return to small scale production by skilled artisans e. advocated government regulation of working conditions

answer

b

question

The idea that competition was natural and necessary for social progress was promoted by a. Karl Marx b. Charles Darwin c. Charles Fourier d. Herbert Spencer e. Robert Owen

answer

d

question

The strongest conservative element in nineteenth-century nationalism was a. the desire for a republican form of government b. its emphasis on the concept of natural borders c. its desire to resist the rule of traditional aristocratic dynasties d. its belief in the value of historical traditions e. its belief that political sovereignty rested with the people

answer

D

question

Cavour was able to unite northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont through a combination of a. war and diplomacy b. diplomacy and bribery c. peasant revolts d. war and secret dealings with the pope e. diplomacy and royal marriage

answer

a

question

Garibaldi's capitulation to King Victor Emmanuel II illustrates a. the failure of nationalism in Italy b. the triumph of liberal nationalism c. the degree to which the nationalist desire for unity had triumphed over the liberal desire for individual rights d. the power if the Hapsburg dynasty in Italy e, the power if the Bourbon dynasty in Italy

answer

c

question

The Schleswig-holstein Affair is an example of a. the Risorgimento b. Russian Conservatism c. German liberalism d. French imperalism e. Realpolitik

answer

e

question

Which of the following was the factor that brought south Germans into Bismarck's new German confederation? a. their Catholicism in the face of war with Austria b. their liberalism in the face of war with Austria c. their nationalism in the face of war with a foreign enemy d. their desire for a strong, authoritarian central government e. the existence of a dominant aristocratic class of Junkers in south Germany

answer

c

question

By agreeing to the Compromise of 1867, the Hapsburg emperor Franz Joseph was a. acknowledging the rights of all ethnic groups within the Hapsburg empire b. enlisting the Hungarians in an alliance against the other ethnic minorities within the Empire c. acknowledging Prussian supremacy in the German confederation d. ending serfdom in Russia e, ending the crimean war

answer

b

question

In France, the Second Empire was brought to an end by a. France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War b. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'etat on December 2, 1851 c. two plebiscites d. the Crimean War e. the unification of Italy

answer

a

question

In Russia, Tsar Alexander II's attempts to liberalize Russia were brought to and end by a. the abolition of serfdom b. the Crimean war c. the unification of germany d. the Russian Revolution e. the Polish Revolution of 1863 and an attempt on his life in 1866

answer

e

question

Which of the following was NOT a possible cause of the New Imperialism? a. the need for new markets to sell European manufactured goods and to invest newly created capital b. the rampant nationalism of the nineteenth century than unified European nations and gave them a sense of historical destiny c. the ability of the European political elite to act without worrying about public opinion d. the technological innovations in weaponry and transportation that encouraged European military adventurism e. the need for competing the European political elite to win the support of the newly politicized and enfranchised masses

answer

c

question

In Britain, the call for a completely democratic House of Commons was put forward in a. the great Reform Bill of 1832 b. the Reform Bill of 1867 c. the Reform Bill of 1884 d. the People's Charter e. the Midlothian Campaign

answer

d

question

The nation in which the development of mass politics was vigorously resisted by the political elite was a. Britain b. Russia c. Austria-Hungary d. France e. Germany

answer

b

question

The term Kultukampf describes a. Gladstone's political campaign of 1879 b. the attempt by a French general to overthrow the Third Republic of France c. Bismarck's campaign against Catholicism in Germany d. the restoration of the Japanese emperor and modernization of Japan e. the war between France and Prussia in 1871

answer

c

question

The Suez Canal is significant in the history of the New Imperialism because a. it connected the Mediterranean Sea through Egypt to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, making control of it vital to European trade b. the need to control it led the British to occupy Egypt in the summer of 1882 c. the need to protect British interests in it led Britain to expand its African holdings south of Egypt d. the need for French acceptance of its control of the canal in Egypt led Britain to support French expansion in northwest Africa e. all of the above

answer

e

question

The most direct cause of the Berlin Conference of 1885 was a. the unification of Germany following the Franco-prussian war b. the occupation of Egypt by British troops c. the setting up of criteria for European claims on African territory d. the establishment of the principle that European powers claiming African territory must treat the African population humanely e. the rapid expansion of Belgian interests in the Congo

answer

e

question

The long term result of Western imperialism in China was a. the fall of the Manchu dynasty b. the Opium war c. the Treaty of Nanking d. the Taiping Rebellion e. the Boxer Rebellion

answer

a

question

The event that caused the British government to take direct control of India was a. the Indian National Congress b. the Sepoy Rebellion c. the Berlin Conference of 1885 d. the passage of the Reform bill of 1884 e. the Boxer rebellion

answer

b

question

A central feature of the catholic reformation was the a. roman catholic church's inability to correct abuses b. establishment of new religious orders, such as the Jesuits c. transfer of authority from Rome to the bishoprics d. rejection of Baroque art e. toleration of Protestants in Roman Catholic countries

answer

b

question

Which of the following groups was instrumental in ending the Wars of Religion in France? a. a group of Roman Catholics and Protestants called the politiques b. the french calvinist nobility c. roman catholic priests led by the papal nuncio d. a coalition between lower-class Calvinists and Roman Catholics e. the Huguenots

answer

a

question

The significance of the women's march on Versailles on october 5, 1789, was that a. it led to cheaper bread prices b. it resulted in the King being brought back to Paris c. the leaders of the march were immediately arrested d. it was used by the Jacobins as justification for the elimination of the Girondins e. it marked the only instance in which women participated in the events of the revolution

answer

b

question

The Continental System represented Napoleon's attempt to a. lead the continent in a potential struggle with the United States b. close off the continent to British trade c. create a continent-wide parliament d. issue a new code of law e. draft soldiers throughout Europe into his Grand Army

answer

b

question

Mary Wollstonecraft's "Vindication of the Rights of Women" a. focused primarily on economic issues such as property rights b. served as the inspiration for a small group of eighteenth-century women who formed the first female suffrage organization c. was the first work in English to openly advocate for full political equality for women d. failed to find a publisher during her lifetime e. directly contradicted the "women's question" during the French Revolution

answer

c

question

Napoleon's Civil Code allowed for a. the elimination of private property b. full property rights for women c. special rights for those holding aristocratic titles d. taxation of all social classes e. judges to make binding precedents

answer

d

question

The sans-culottes a. were tied to the Girondins b, recoiled from the use of violence c. failed to recognize the legitimacy of the National Guard d. were primarily peasants e. consisted of the working-class people of Paris

answer

e

question

At the start of the Estates General, members of the Third Estate refused to have their credentials officially recognized because a. they resented that the three estates met and voted separately b. they doubted that decisions would be made by fully democratic means c. the aristocracy also refused to show credentials d. they resented the attempt to include peasants within the Third Estate e. the King refused to hold future meetings of the Estates General

answer

a

question

The Bastille was a symbol of royal power because a. the King used it as his residence in Paris b. it has housed political prisoners c. wheat for bread was stored there d. it was located at Versailles e. it was built by Louis XVI with forced labor

answer

b

question

Deists such as Voltaire believed that a. God reveals himself through miracles b. there is no God c. God created the universe but then played no additional role in shaping the course of events d. a state church is necessary e. limited religious toleration should be encouraged

answer

c

question

Rousseau's Emile influenced the way people viewed childhood a. by emphasizing the need to teach emotional restraint b. by suggesting it as the time in which to instill the benefits of a rational education c. by emphasizing that children were not merely small adults d. by positioning it as the critical focus for the family dynamic e. by framing it as a mirror to adult behaviors

answer

c

question

The Peace of Augsburg a. ended the war between the Church and the Protestant princes b. established Henry VIII's right to establish the Church of England c. established Geneva as the stronghold of Calvinism d. unified the German principalities under the HRemperor e. established the principle of "he who rules; his religion"

answer

e

question

In the period 1600-1715, the English had the greatest success in resisting the absolutist designs of their monarchs for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a. the nobility forged an alliance with a wealthy and powerful merchant and professional class b. the English nobility was the most powerful in all of Europe c. the Parliament was an old and respected institution d. the Stuart monarchs were perceived to have Catholic leanings and sympathies e. the English economy was well-developed and diversified

answer

b

question

Compared with the Romanov Tsars, the Bourbon monarchs of France in the period 1600-1715 a. made less use of the Church and its expertise and influence b. were less reliant on the nobility for their power c. were more absolutist in their style of government d. sought to expand their empire to a larger extent e. were more committed to the primacy of the privileges and prerogatives of the nobility

answer

b

question

The economic policy known as laissez-faire a. advocated protectionist tariffs b. is based on the notion that people have a right to do anything they want c. is based on the notion that human self-interest produces natural laws that govern economic behavior d. argues that the government should act as an "invisible hand" to regulate the economy e. was instituted by enlightened despots

answer

c

question

The religious belief of the majority of the philopophes was a. Catholicism b. Lutheranism c. Calvinism d. Deism e. Atheism

answer

d

question

The theology of Calvin differs from Luther's in which of the following ways? a. the belief that scripture alone is the guide to salvation b. the belief that salvation is earned by faith alone c. the belief that the church hierarchy is unwarranted and harmful d. the belief that some have been predestined for salvation e. the belief that the Bible should be printed in the vernacular

answer

d

question

The single most important factor in explaining the need of central and eastern European monarchs and nobles to reach compromises on the issue of sovereignty during the period from 1600 to 1715 was a. the lack of religiosity in the people b. the lack of ambitious monarchs c. the existence of strong peasant movements d. the lack of strong armies e. the lack of a well-developed middle class of merchants and professionals

answer

e

question

The reign of Peter the Great of Russia resulted in a. the abolition of the Russian Orthodox Church b. the territorial expansion of the Russian Empire c. the weakening of serfdom d. a decrease in the tax burden on poor peasants e. the emergence of a wealthy middle class

answer

b

question

All of the following precipitated the radical turn of the revolution EXCEPT a. the rise of the sans-culottes b. the flight of the king c. the division of the Assembly into factions d. the execution of the king e. the outbreak of war with Austria and Prussia

answer

d

question

The Reign of Terror a. was necessary, according to Robespierre, to establish a democratic republic b. was opposed by the Parisian crowd c. was aimed only at the nobility d. was anticlerical e. was at its worst in the countryside

answer

a

question

Which of the following is NOT part of Rousseau's thought? a. humans are born essentially good and virtuous but are easily corrupted by society b. the early years of a child's education should be spent developing the senses, sensibilities, and sentiments c. "man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains" d. all religion is based on "hope and fear" e. the virtuous citizen should be willing to subordinate his own self-interest to the general good of the community

answer

d

question

The 17C astronomer who first suggested that the planets' orbits were elliptical rather than circular was a. Copernicus b. Galileo c. kepler d. Aristotle e. Newton

answer

c

question

The event that finally caused the Church to summon Galileo before the Inquisition was a. his invention of the telescope b. the publication of The Starry Messenger c. his meeting with the pope in 1623 d. the publication of the Dialogue of the Two Chief Systems of the World e. the publication of the Principia Mathematica

answer

d

question

Which of the following was NOT a principle upheld by the Napoleonic Code? a. the safeguarding of all forms of property b. the safeguarding of the traditional privileges and prerogatives of the nobility c. the safeguarding of the traditional privileges and prerogatives of the family patriarch d. equality before the law e. promotion by merit rather than by birth

answer

b

question

The Concordat of 1801 a. created a temporary peace between France and Russia b. made Napoleon the "consul for life" c. made Napoleon emperor of France d. reconciled France with the Roman Church e. forbade the areas of Europe controlled by Napoleon from trading with Great Britain

answer

d

question

Renaissance art a. was characterized by the severe specialization of its artists b. was characterized by religious subject matter c. abandoned painting in favor of sculpture d. was characterized by its concern for the human form e. did no require patrons

answer

d

question

Northern humanism a. was less secular than Italian humanism b. linked scholarship and learning with religious piety c. criticized the notion that priests were required to understand the bible d. contributed to the Reformation e. all of the above

answer

e

question

The style of Enlightenment literature made famous by Voltaire was a. the philosophical treatise b. the satire c. the play d. the pamphlet e. the novel

answer

b

question

Which of the following presented the most radical challenge to the traditional ruling regimes of eighteenth century Europe? a. Locke's notion that humans are born tabula rasa b. Hobbes's notion that human nature requires a ruler with absolute power c. Beccaria's notion that the goal of a legal system should be the rehabilitation and reintegration of the criminal to society d. the concept of religious toleration e. Rousseau's notion that a lawful government must be continually responsible to the general will of the people

answer

e

question

In October 1805 at the Battle of Trafalgar a. the British navy defeated the combined French and Spanish fleets b. Napoleon's Grand Army was destroyed c. the French army won a victory that gave Napoleon effective control of all of Germany d. Napoleon's forces won a victory that forced Russia into a treaty with France e. Napoleon was captured and sent to the island of Elba

answer

a

question

The decline and fall of Napoleon is best explained by a. the inefficiency of the French army b. his tactical blunders c. internal resistance by royalists and republicans d. the British victory at the Battle of Trafalgar e. a combination of flawed policies and growing resistance to French rule

answer

e

question

An unprecedented era of exploration and discovery in the late 15 and early 16C was spurred by a. the desire for precious metals and competition for the spice trade b. the need for markets to sell manufactured goods c. the need to find space for an expanding population d. the missionary work of the church e. the Hundred Years' War

answer

a

question

Mercantilism can best be defined as which of the following? a. an economic system based on free competition and private property b. a focus on labor as the main source of value c. government efforts to obtain specie through favorable trade balances d. the rejection of colonies as a drag on the economy e. a plan by government to support the policies of local guilds

answer

c

question

During the period from 1600 to 1715, the traditional social hierarchy of Europe came under pressure by all of the following EXCEPT a. continuous warfare b. climate change resulting in series of bad harvests c. the rejection of religious practice by large numbers of people d. increased trade and the diversification of the economy e. the desire of monarchs to increase their power and authority

answer

c

question

The English Parliament during the period from 1600 to 1715 a. was a relatively new institution b. was exclusively an institution of the nobility c. was an institution opposed to monarchy d. was the institution in which nobles, merchants, and professionals formed an alliance to oppose the absolutist goals of the Stuart monarchs e. was in favor of a one-man, one-vote system of democracy

answer

d

question

Compared with their counterparts in Russia, the English peasantry of the early 1700s a. bore a greater tax burden b. enjoyed less freedom of movement c. had a greater chance of improving their social and economic position d. enjoyed less religious freedom e. were more likely to live in towns

answer

c

question

By the early eighteenth century, the kingdom whose political system afforded the greatest amount of self-rule to its subjects was a. England b. France c. Brandenburg-Prussia d. Austria e. Russia

answer

a

question

The most significant impact of the introduction of rural manufacturing in the eighteenth century was a. improved quality of clothing b. a decrease in agricultural output c. the spur to the economy provided by increased production and the spread of capital throughout the population d. the creation of the triangle of trade e. a shift in the population from towns to the countryside

answer

c

question

Which of the following is not true of the War of the Austrian Succession? a. it began when Frederick the Great of Prussia challenged Maria Theresa's right to ascend to the throne of Austria b. it violated the terms of the Pragmatic sanction c. Austria allied with Prussia to hold for French ambitions d. Maria Theresa was able to rally the Hungarians to her cause e. it was essentially fought to a standoff

answer

c

question

As a result of the Seven Years War, a. the French monarchy fell b. Maria Theresa ascended to the throne of Austria c. Prussia was weakened d. the Ottoman Turks were further weakened e. Great Britain emerged as the dominant European power outside of the European continent

answer

e

question

Isaac Newton is best described as working in a. the Platonic-Pythagorean tradition b. the Aristotelian tradition c. the scholastic tradition d. the Cartesian tradition e. the hermetic tradition

answer

a

question

Which of the following is NOT contained in Kepler's laws of motion? a. Planets' velocities vary according to their distance from the sun, sweeping out equal areas in equal times b. the planets orbit the Sun because they are caught in swirling vortices of matter c. planetary orbits take the form of an ellipse d. the sun serves as one foci of the orbit of the planets e. the squares of the orbital period of a planet are in the same ratio as the cubes of their average distance from the sun

answer

b

question

When the papacy returned in 1417 to Rome to end the Great Schism, popes were criticized most strongly for which of the following? a. focusing too much on secular and wordly concerns b. continuing to promote scholastic learning c. attacking new developments in art and philosophy d. intervening in conflicts between France and Spain e. sponsoring Christian humanist writings

answer

a

question

In early modern Europe, women were accused of practicing witchcraft more often than were men because of the belief that women a. lived longer b. had too much political power c. had more money d. were more prone to violence e. were more vulnerable to temptation

answer

e

question

Between 1629 and 1639, Charles I of England tried to obtain revenues by all of the following means except a. the levying of ship money b. income from crown lands c. forced loans d. the sale of monopolies e. grants from parliament

answer

e

question

Which of the following is a true statement about marriage in continental Europe from approximately 1600 to 1750? a. churches gave their authority over marriage to the state b. marriage was tightly controlled by the law and by parental authority c. love had no place in marriage d. marriage was undertaken without considering the economic implications e. most women married after the age of 35

answer

b

question

The enlightened monarchs of the 18C would most likely have favored which of the following? a. The Society of Jesus b. written constitutions c. the abolition of organized religion d. the codification of laws e. royal succession based on ability instead of birth

answer

d

question

The Protestant Reformation helped change the social roles of 16C women by a. making marriage a sacrament b. reemphasizing the adoration of the Virgin Mary c. reducing access to religious orders d. emphasizing the social equality of men and women e. denying the right to divorce

answer

c

question

One of the chief influences of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars on Europe outside of France was that they a. encouraged a spirit of compromise between the nobility and the middle class b. discouraged the expansion of the growing network of intra-European canals and roads c. strengthened German nationalism d. led to widespread freeing of the serfs in Eastern Europe e. opened the way for woman suffrage

answer

c

question

Which of the following was argued by Descartes in his Discourse on Method? a. all true knowledge is based on observation b. all matter is made up of five elements c. nature and scripture could never disagree d. telescopic observations should be the basis of knowledge of the heavens e. the only true statements are those one cannot possibly doubt.

answer

e

question

Which of the following is the best example of Descartes' deductive method of reasoning? a. a telescope reveals craters and mountains on the moon; therefore, matter in the celestial realm cannot be perfect b. the orbits of the planets can be calculated using calculus c. "I think, therefore I am" d. true reality exists in the world of pure forms e. "Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force varying inversely as the square of the distance between them and directly proportional to the product of their masses"

answer

c

question

Which of the following was NOT part of the triangle of trade? a. timber b. tobacco c. cotton d. silk e. slaves

answer

d

question

Enclosure a. changed the balance of military power b. refers to the shackling of slaves below deck on the Middle Passage c. denied peasants access to commons and farm land in England d. made mills the center of textile production e, destroyed the guilds

answer

c

question

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the breaking of the traditional population cycle in Europe? a. the shift of agriculture to a market orientation b. the three-field system c. rural manufacturing d. the conversion to wage labor e. technical innovation

answer

b

question

The Great Fear of the summer of 1789 a. politicized the urban workers of Paris b. catalyzed a European coalition against the French Revolution c. put greater pressure on the Assembly to enact more radical legislation d. strengthened the position of the nobility e. demonstrated the desperation of an overtaxed peasantry

answer

e

question

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy a. allied the clergy with the Assembly b. curbed the power of the clergy but alienated many Catholics c. brought the Assembly greater support among the Catholic population d. reaffirmed the central place of the Church in the French government e. made Catholicism illegal in France

answer

b

question

Which of the following were effects of the HUndred years War on England and France? a. it disrupted agriculture, causing famine, disease, and a significant decrease in the population b. it created an enormous tax burden that led to a series of peasant rebellions c. it left France an economically devastated but more politically unified kingdom d. it weakened England economically but led to the beginning of a textile industry upon which it would rebuild its economic strength e. all of the above

answer

e

question

The goal of the conciliar movement was a. the end of the Hundred Years War b. to heal the rift between Catholics and Protestants c. to select a new pope d. to reform, reunite, and reinvigorate the Church e. to allow secular governments to gain some measure of control of the Church in their kingdoms

answer

d

question

The Council of Trent a. excommunicated Martin Luther b. established the Inquisition c. insisted that the Catholic Church was the final arbiter in all matters of faith d. reconciled Protestants and Catholics e. produced the Treaty of Augsburg

answer

c

question

The reign of Peter the Great of Russia resulted in which of the following? a. the abolition of the Russian Orthodox Church b. the territorial expansion of Russia c. the weakening of serfdom d. a decrease in the tax burden on poor peasants e. the emergence of a wealthy middle class

answer

b

question

"Men being by nature all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estate and subjected to the political power of another without his own consent, which is done by agreeing with other men, to join and unite into a community for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living in a secure enjoyment of their properties." This quotation above is from a work by a. John Locke b. Francis Bacon c. Edmund Burke d. Voltaire e. Adam Smith

answer

a

question

Which of the following factors led most immediately to the convening of the French Estates-General in May 1789? a. the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the peasantry b. the Roman catholic church's support of discontented factions in French society c. the agitation of the peasantry d. competition among elitist groups for royal approval e. the impending bankruptcy of the French government

answer

e

question

Frederick the Great contributed most to the rise of Prussia as a major European power by a. maintaining traditional dynastic alliances b. annexing the Hapsburg province of Silesia c. promoting religious toleration d. encouraging the arts e. instituting judicial reforms

answer

b

question

In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes became an advocate for which of the following types of government? a. absolute monarchy b. parliamentary government c. divine-right monarchy d. constitutional monarchy e. democracy

answer

a

question

Medieval science was primarily based on a. close observations of nature b. pure superstition c. the experimental method d. a blending of Christian theology and the writings of classical authors e. decrees emanating from the papacy

answer

d

question

Women played their most prominent role during the Enlightenment by a. serving as a major topic for the philisophes b. writing books and political tracts c. declining to participate in any social events d. sponsoring salons e. rejecting enlightened ideals

answer

d

question

Which of the following individuals was responsible for first describing the elliptical motion of the planets around the sun? a. Newton b. Galileo c. Copernicus d. Kepler e. Brahe

answer

d

question

Which of the following is the best explanation for Martin Luther's condemnation of the German Peasants' revolt, 1524-1525? a. Luther feared that the emperor would use the revolt as an excuse to reassert his control b. the peasants' attack on Jewish communities violated Luther's support for religious toleration c. Luther did not wish his ideas of spiritual equality to be used to overthrow the existing social order d. Luther was a pacifist and believed that all violence contradicted the direct teachings of the Bible e. the revolt threatened to spread into Switzerland and harm Luther's newly formed alliance with Zwingli

answer

c

question

Which of the following expresses a basic cause of the English Civil War? a. conflict between aristocratic landowners and middle-class merchants increased b. The English people resented the efforts of the Stuarts to reimpose Catholicism c. Parliament and the Stuart Kings clashed over which had ultimate authority d. a serious economic depression and rising prices led to popular riots e. government overspending led to a takeover of the state by wealthy banking families

answer

d

question

Which of the following best indicates the importance of the Peace of Utrecht? a. it confirmed the dominance of Spain and reduced the power of England b. it ended Louis XIV's bid for dominance and reaffirmed the balance of power c. it resulted in the union of the Spanish and French crowns by the Bourbons d. it demonstrated the growing power of Russia in the east e. it halted the decline of Sweden, the Netherlands, and Poland

answer

b

question

All of the following resulted from the Glorious Revolution EXCEPT a. parliamentary sovereignty was affirmed b. religious toleration was extended to Protestants c. a bill of rights was enacted and signed by the monarchy d. Catholics could not hold the throne of England e. the House of Lords was abolished

answer

e

question

Why did Louis XIV revoke the Edict of Nantes in 1685? a. Louis believed the Huguenot's existence threatened the unity of the state and religion b. Huguenots were captured plotting on overthrowing Louis's monarchy c. Louis fulfilled an agreement with the papcy to persecute the Huguenots d. Economic Minister Colbert convinced Louis that the Huguenots harmed the economy e. Louis wished to support the Jansenist movement, rivals of the Huguenots

answer

a

question

Women's relationship to the Scientific Revolution is best expressed in which of the following statements? a. though women participated in scientific discoveries, science was used to reinforce female ideas of inferiority b. through their scientific discoveries, women were able to demonstrate their equality and earn equal rights c. women were effectively banned from any participation in science and received no scientific education d. most scientists supported equal participation and rights for women, but believed the time was not yet right e. the scientific accomplishments of women tended to center on the practical, such as engineering and technology

answer

a

question

The main obstacle to solving France's financial problems was a. the extravagant lifestyle of Louis XVI b. the unwillingness of the 3rd Estate to pay more c. the fact that both the nobility and clergy were exempt from most taxes d. foreign wars e. a bad economy

answer

c

question

The significance of the storming of the Bastille was that a. it put ammunition into the hands of the Paris crowd b. it marked the beginning of a radical phase of the revolution c. it freed important leaders from prison d. it demonstrated that the crowd could be an important ally for the Assembly e. it demonstrated that the crowd was tired of monarchy

answer

d

question

Hobbes and Locke DISAGREED in their belief that a. men are created equal b. men tend to follow their own self-interest c. the natural state of men is one of war d. a government's power comes from the people e. men are often ruled by their passions

answer

c

question

Locke argued that the primary aim of government is a. to guarantee peace by putting the fear of death into its subjects b. to follow and enact the general will of the people c. to provide and protect democracy d. to ensure the right to property e. to institute a constitutional monarchy

answer

d

question

Which of the following is NOT true of the philisophes? a. they used their positions as university professors to influence society b. they aimed to educate the public c. their ultimate goal was a society governed by reason d. they wrote in many different genres e. they were often guests of and correspondents with the women who hosted salons

answer

a

question

Cottage industry a. refers to the building of cottages in the countryside for the working population b. helped to reinforce the traditional checks on population growth c. refers to the establishment of large-scale, factory-based industrial production d. is a component of the feudal system e. refers to the engagement of the rural population in small-scale textile production

answer

e

question

Which of the following was a key technical innovation in agricultural production in the eighteenth century? a. new crops such as clover, turnips, and the potato b. the flying shuttle c. the spinning jenny d. the cotton gin e. the three-field system

answer

a

question

"Humanism," in early-Renaissance Italy, refers primarily to a. renewed interest in the scientific method b. scholarly interest in and the study of classical cultures of Greece and Rome c. an anti-Christian attitude d. a focus on the qualities and strategies necessary for attaining and holding power e. the study of the works of Aristotle

answer

b

question

Medieval Christian scholars advocated the Aristotelian view of the cosmos a. because Aristotle was Christian b. because Aristotle was praised in the bible c. because there was an intellectual fit between the Aristotelian view and Christian theology d. because they were unaware of the works of other ancient Greek philosophers e. because the pope ordered it

answer

c

question

Which of the following is NOT a reason that the Church was alarmed by Copernicus's suggestion that the cosmos was heliocentric? a. it destroyed the theological coherence of the cosmos b. Copernicus was a Protestant c. it questioned the authority of the Aristotelian tradition on which scholasticism relied d. it required the Church to admit it had been in error e. it contradicted the physical principles that served as the foundation of physics.

answer

b

question

The first international socialist organization was a. the National Trade Unions Congress b. the Fabian Society c. the International Working Men's Association d. the United Socialist Party

answer

c

question

The organization that campaigned in Britain for women's rights was a. the Fabian Society b. feminism c. the National Union of Women's Suffrage d. zionism e. the Women's Social and Political Union

answer

e

question

the "nationalities problem" refers to a. the limited diplomatic options created by the alliance system b. the frustration of socialists with nationalist feelings in the working class c. anti-Semitism d. the agitation of linguistic and ethnic minorities within Austria-hungary for greater autonomy and independence e. Serbia

answer

d

question

Which of the following was a cause of World War 1? a. the Anglo-German rivalry b. the Alliance System c. the rise of a unified Germany as an industrial and military power in Europe d. German military planning e. all of the above

answer

e

question

The significance of Moltke's decision to engage the Russians at the Battle of Tannenberg was a. the breaking of the Triple Entente b. the abandonment of the Schleiffen Plan c. the breaking of the Triple Alliance d. that the Russian victory boosted national morale e. that it brought Russia into the war

answer

b

question

Which of the following was NOT stipulated by the Treaty of Versailles? a. the surrendering of Poland. the Ukraine, Finland. and the Baltic provinces to Germany b. the stripping of Germany of all her overseas colonies c. the return of Alsace and Lorraine to France d. huge and open-ended reparations paid by Germany e. the limiting of German armed forces 100,000 soldiers

answer

a

question

The most significant effect of the November 1917 Russian Revolution on World War 1 was a. the decision of the new government to renew the war effort b. the decision of the new government to join the Triple Entente c. the decision of the new government to remove Russia from the war d. the decision of the new government to join the Triple Alliance e. none of the above

answer

c

question

The German retreat across the Western Front that signaled that the tide had turned in favor of the Allies occurred in a. February of 1916 b. November of 1916 c. April of 1917 d. July of 1918 e. January of 1919

answer

d

question

Europe's post-World War 1 economy was inherently unstable because a. Germany defaulted on its war reparations b. the New York stock market crashed in 1929 c. governments tightened the money supply d. it was built on a combination of U.S. loans and war reparation payments e. governments were cutting expenditures

answer

d

question

Which of the following was NOT a problem that contributed to the downfall of the Weimar Republic? a. it was perceived to have been imposed by Germany's vengeful war enemies b. it was composed of a coalition of socialist parties that right-wing groups would never accept c. it was wrongly blamed for the humiliating nature of the Treaty of Versailles d. it was a liberal democracy, a form of government largely alien to the German people, whose allegiance had been to the Kaiser e. it was faced with insurmountable economic problems

answer

b

question

Lenin's New Economic Plan a. was the first of a series of five-year plans b. marked the transition to a state-managed economy c. allowed peasants and small business owners to manage their own production and sell their own products d. was a response to the Great Depression e. was a failure

answer

c

question

The end result of Stalin's purges was a. the destruction of the traditional peasant culture in Russia b. the abandonment of the Marxist vision of international revolution c. the Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression pact d. a culture of complete uniformity with the Communist Party vision as articulated by Stalin e. Allied victory in World War II

answer

d

question

The British economist John Maynard Keynes proposed that governments deal with the Great Depression by a. increasing their expenditures and running temporary deficits b. decreasing their expenditures c. tightening the supply of money d.. raising tariffs on imported goods e. going to war

answer

a

question

Which of the following is an element of fascism? a. a fanatical obedience to a charismatic leader b. a professed belief in the virtues of struggle and youth c. an intense form of nationalism d. an expressed hatred of socialism and liberalism e. all of the above

answer

e

question

Support for Franco's military coup against the Spanish Republic came from a. Germany b. italy c. the Spanish monarchy d. the Spanish Church e. all of the above

answer

e

question

Which of the following was a consequence of World War II? a. the Treaty of Versailles b. the emergence of the US and the Soviet Union as the only world superpowers c. the flourishing of democracy in Eastern Europe d. a strengthening of the British Empire e. the German invasion of Poland

answer

b

question

The settlement that followed World War II is best understood as a. an implementation of Woodrow Wilson's 14-point plan b. a solidifying of the realities that existed at the end of the war c. a reconstruction of the settlement created by the Versailles treaty d. an outgrowth of globalization e. a revival of nationalism

answer

b

question

The significance of the Berlin Airlift was a. its demonstration of the commitment of the US to defend Western Europe from Soviet expansion b. its effect on Hitler, causing him to abandon the invasion of Britain c. that it signaled the end of the war in Germany d. that it led to the division of Berlin into a western and eastern sector e. that it demonstrated the resurgence of the German airforce

answer

a

question

The plan for financial assistance to rebuild Western Europe after World War II was known as a. the Warsaw Pact b. the Truman Doctrine c. the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance d. the Marshall Plan e. NATO

answer

d

question

The softening of U.S.-Soviet relations from the late 1960s to the 1980s which led to a series of disarmament talks and missile-limitation treaties is known as a. the Prague Spring b. the Treaty of Rome c. Detente d. Socialism with a Human face e. globalization

answer

c

question

The Maastricht Treaty, signed in 1992, a. coordinated coal and steel production in six European nations b. established the European Economic Community c. created the European Community d. established the reunification of Germany e. brought the European Union into being

answer

e

question

Glasnost refers to a. a social and economic restructuring b. the attempt by Czechoslovakians to humanize socialism c. the rise of nationalism in the former Soviet republics d. an openness to new ideas e. the Polish labor union which led a political revolt in the 1980s and 1990s

answer

d

question

The movement that began in 1989 in Czechoslovakia and which sought to rebuild notions of citizenship and civic life that had been destroyed by the Soviet system was a. the Velvet Revolution b. The Prague Spring c. the Civic Forum d. Solidarity e. glasnost

answer

c

question

Which of the following is an example of the revival of nationalism in Eastern Europe after the disintegration of the Soviet Union? a. the war between Chechnyans and Russia b. the multisided war in Yugoslavia c. the splitting up of Czechoslovakia d. the war in Bosnia-herzegovina e. all of the above

answer

e

question

Which of the following can be understood as a result of the Seven years War? a. the French Revolution began b. Maria Theresa ascended to the throne of Austria c. Britain became the dominant imperial power in the world d. the Ottoman Turks were further weakened e. Prussia was weakened

answer

c

question

One of the most outstanding new developments of Romantic music by musicians such as Franz Liszt was the a. use of music to express a literary or pictorial concept or idea b. use of random, atonal music c. cold, unemotional use of music d. return to traditional forms e. removal of the piano from the orchestra

answer

a

question

Which of the following is NOT true of the Second Industrial revolution of 19C Europe? a. it began in Great Britain b. it took place later farther east c. the pace slowed after an initial quick start d. it took place more quickly farther east e. there was more government involvement farther east

answer

c

question

Which of the following 19C ideologies stressed both individual freedom and government regulation? a. socialism b. utilitarianism c. liberalism d. conservatism e. anarchism

answer

b

question

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the radicalization of the French Revolution? a. Austria and Prussia's declaration of war on the French Republic b. the flight to Varennes c. factionalizing of the Assembly d. the execution of Louis XVI e. the rise of the sans-culottes

answer

d

question

The most significant , long-term result of the revolutions of 1848 was a. the large-scale abandonment of liberalism by the masses b. Hungarian independence c. the rise of communism d. the unification of Italy e. the triumph of democratic reform

answer

a

question

All of the following proved advantageous in Britain's leadership in industrialization EXCEPT: a. a supply of important mineral resources, such as coal and iron ore b. mercantile and industrial classes represented in government c. strong banking and financial institutions to provide capital d. an increasing percentage of the population involved in agriculture e. a strong navy to promote commerce and protect markets

answer

d

question

Of the great powers attending the Congress of Vienna, which had the most to gain by opposing nationalist movements? a. Prussia b. France c. Great Britain d. Austria e. Russia

answer

d

question

Throughout the Industrial Revolution, the country that held the lead in innovation and industrial production was a. Russia b. France c. Germany d. Great Britain e. Holland

answer

d

question

Of the 19C ideologies, the one that most staunchly defended the institution of monarchy was a. conservatism b. liberalism c. socialism d. communism e. anarchism

answer

a

question

The relative peace of the Restoration Period in England broke down when a. Oliver Cromwell died b. James II ascended to the throne c. Charles II ascended to the throne d. Elizabeth I ascended to the throne e. a Protestant fleet invaded from the Netherlands

answer

b

question

The degree of absolutism achieved by the 17C Bourbon monarchy in France is best explained by a. the relatively low degree of religious turmoil in 17C France b. the fact that 17C France was a republic c. the series of "little ice ages" that characterized the climate of the 1600s d. the availability of cheap housing for the rural power e. the brilliance of Louis XIV

answer

a

question

The Baroque style was popular in buildings built by a. the aristocratic class only b. all the classes of 18C Europe c. absolute monarchs of 17C Europe d. the lower classes e. the bourgeoisie of 19C Europe

answer

c

question

"Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains." This quotation summarizes the view of human nature of a. John Locke b. Martin Luther c. Jean-Jacques Rousseau d. Voltaire e. Jeremy Bentham

answer

c

question

The Middle Passage refers to a. Scripture b. the shipping channel that connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea c. the advent of rural manufacturing d. the route to China that was the backbone of the silk trade e. the transportation of African slaves across the Atlantic to the Americas and the West Indies

answer

e

question

The successful 19C drive for unification in Germany differed from that in Italy in which of the following ways? a. it was led by a conservative aristocrat b. it was free of direct foreign domination c. it sought to rally support around a popular monarch d. its strategy was characterized by opportunism e. it required the provocation of war

answer

b

question

A key difference in the industrialization of the EUropean continent compared with that of great Britain in the 19C was the: a. greater importance of technological innovation b. lack of population growth attending industrialization c. role played by traditional guilds in mechanization d. decisive role played by government in promoting it e. absence of corresponding social problems

answer

d

question

Which of the following represents an important social consequence of industrialization in the first half of the 19C? a. increase in population and greater percentage living in cities b. the strengthening of families as a productive unit c. a decrease in social conflict because of shared wealth d. increasing standards in living and working conditions e. successful establishment of socialist states in some nations

answer

a

question

The most direct rejection of mechanization in industry during the 19C came from: a. classical economists b. trade unionists c. Chartists d. Utopian socialists e. Luddites

answer

e

question

The theory which came to be known as Copernicanism a. argued that each piece of matter in the universe was attracted to every other particle of matter by a universally operating force b. promoted a geocentric model of the cosmos c. declared that all matter was made up of four elements d. promoted a heliocentric model of the cosmos e. argued that the universe was infinite

answer

d

question

Mary Wollstonecraft's criticism, in 1792, of the subjugation of women in European society on the grounds that the subjugation was irrational identifies her as a. a conservative b. an Enlightenment philisophe c. a socialist d. an anarchist e. a suffragist

answer

b

question

Utilitarians differed from other liberals in their a. support of tradition b. emphasis on individual liberty c. tendency to be more supportive of government intervention d. call for the abolition of private property e. advocacy of violence

answer

c

question

In the French Revolution, the March to Versailles that occurred in October of 1789 illustrates a. the conservative nature of the sans-culottes b. the power of the French army c. the beginning of the radical phase of the revolution d. the fact that the crowds of Paris did not yet look upon Louis XVI as their enemy e. the brilliance of Napoleon as a military leader

answer

d

question

The cottage industry or putting-out system that had a dramatic effect on european economic and social life in the 18C primarily produced a. steel b. iron c. cotton d. guns e. textiles

answer

e

question

During the French Revolution, Robespierre asserted that terror was necessary because a. there was no God b. the revolution fought against genuine tyranny c. the aims of the revolution were virtuous d. the people were not loyal e. the king had betrayed the people

answer

b

question

The Frankfort Assembly's decision in 1848 to offer Frederick William IV of Prussia the crown of a united Germany illustrates a. the power of parliamentary traditions in germany b. the weakness of the German monarchy c. the role of liberalism in the unification of Germany d. the tension between liberalism and nationalism in the mid-19C Europe e. the charisma of Frederick William IV

answer

d

question

After the publication of Newton's Principia Mathematica in 1687, a. mathematics became the "queen of the sciences" b. people spoke of a universe instead of a cosmos c. it was known that Jupiter had four moons d. it was understood that the cosmos was geocentric e. Newton was condemned by the Catholic Church

answer

d

question

The event most responsible for turning the people of Paris against Louis XVI was a. his attempt to flee Paris in June of 1791 b. his decision to execute Robespierre c. his decision to raise taxes d. his decision to crush the Paris Commune e. his decision to issue the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

answer

a

question

The advantage of electrical power over steam power that came to be exploited towards the end of the 19C was the a. speed of electricity b. reliability of electrical power c. grater versatility and ease of transportation of electrical generators d. cheaper cost of electrical power e. greater energy output of electrical generators

answer

c

question

Which of the following was an outgrowth of the strain of thought known as social Darwinism? a. eugenics b. relief of the poor c. workhouses d. child labor laws e. women's suffrage

answer

a

question

In order to increase the power of the newly unified Spanish monarchy, Ferdinand and Isabella a. instituted liberal reforms b. bought the loyalty of the Spanish nobility by strengthening the institution of serfdom c. allowed Protestantism to flourish in Spain d. signed an alliance with Britain and France e. used the Church to build national unity

answer

e

question

The work of art that both captures the emphasis on human form and illustrates the last and most heroic phase of Renaissance art is a. Giotto's "Life of St. Francis" b. Picasso's "Guernica" c. Donatello's "David" d. Michelangelo's "David" e. St Peter's Basilica

answer

d

question

Generally speaking, after the 30 Years' War a. the Holy Roman Empire was strengthened b. the German princes were granted sovereignty and the Holy Roman Empire collapsed c. Calvinism was prohibited throughout Germany d. the pope was allowed to intervene in German religious affairs e. Germany was unified

answer

b

question

The Glorious Revolution was significant because a. William and Mary led a successful revolt among the English peasants b. it reinstated the idea of the divine right of kings c. the Parliament was suppressed by royal authority d. of the excessive violence necessary to succeed in its attempt to overthrow the king e. the idea of divine right was destroyed, and one monarch was replaced by another with minimal bloodshed

answer

e

question

"A prince therefore who desires to maintain himself must learn to be not always good, but to be so or not as necessity may require." This statement it typical of the writings of which of the following? a. Castiglione b. Erasmus c. Machiavelli d. Petrarch e. Boccaccio

answer

c

question

On the issue of salvation, Martin Luther differed from the Catholic Church is that he believed a. salvation was obtained through good works alone b. salvation was obtained through good works and faith c. salvation was predetermined by God d. salvation was available only through the church e. salvation could be obtained through faith alone

answer

e

question

Which of the following was an advantage enjoyed by great Britain that helps to explain why the Second Industrial revolution was originated there? a. an extensive river system b. the lack of internal trade tariffs c. a well-developed commercial economy d. natural resources e. all of the above

answer

e

question

In Russia a. industrialization occurred rapidly under the direction of the government b. industrialization was a gradual process c. textile production was crucial to the industrialization process d. railway construction was deemed unnecessary for industrialization e. industrialization occurred early and rapidly due to trade with the east

answer

a

question

One of the ways in which the Second Industrial Revolution affected the social structure of Europe was to produce a. a more even distribution of wealth b. a lower middle class of managers and clerks c. poor people d. a merchant class e. gender equity

answer

b

question

As a result of the Second Industrial Revolution, the majority of skilled artisans and craftsmen a. prospered b. became managers in factories c. lost their livelihoods d. moved to towns and cities e. were women

answer

c

question

The Tennis Court Oath symbolized the a. resolve of the National Assembly to create a new constitution b. desire of the National Assembly to behead the king and queen c. resolve of the First and Second Estates to resist change d. resolve of the monarchy to resist change e, the determination of Robespierre to eliminate all enemies of the state

answer

a

question

Which of the following was NOT an effect of the division of labor? a. it increased the supply of labor available to manufacturers b. it raised wages for manufacturing workers c. it increased the volume that manufacturers could produce d. it allowed manufacturers to sell their products more cheaply e. it allowed manufacturers to increase their profits

answer

b

question

The invention of new forms of power such as steam and electricity a. led to the creation of the factory system b. facilitated the invention of the automobile c. decreased demand for coal d. allowed manufacturers to relocate their mills away from water sources e. doomed the shipping industry

answer

d

question

The philosopher who first doubted all but the power of his own reason and deduced the existence of God was a. Rene Descartes b. Blaise Pascal c. Sir Francis Bacon d. Sir Isaac Newton e. Baruch Spinoza

answer

a

question

The most outstanding social effect of the development of a division of labor system of production was a. increased volume of manufactured goods b. unemployment or decreased wages for skilled craftsmen c. increased profits for manufacturers d. increased efficiency e. decreased volume of manufactured goods

answer

b

question

The development of the Bessemer process was significant because it a. doubled cotton production b. facilitated the move away from human and water power c. shifted the balance of military power in the 19C d. allowed for the manufacture of iron and steel more cheaply and in larger quantities e. doubled the speed with which goods could be transported

answer

d

question

Which of the following was a tenet of Martin Luther's theology? a. salvation through good works b. Church tradition as a source of knowledge about God c. predestination d. millenarianism e. salvation by faith alone

answer

e

question

The greatest significance of the Council of Trent for the history of Europe was a. its triumph over predestination b. its successful reform on the Roman Church c. its pledge, on the part of the German princes, not to to war over religion d. that it signified a defeat for those who wished for reconciliation between Protestants and the Roman Church e. that it served as an anti-Protestant force all over the globe

answer

d

question

In general, the Second Industrial revolution in Europe a. began on the Continent and spread in all directions b. took place in Great Britain c. took place more slowly in Eastern Europe d. was stimulated by government investment in Western Europe e. took place later but more rapidly in eastern Europe

answer

e

question

The railway boom of the 1830s and 1840s a. increased demand for steel but decreased demand for coal b. did not affect the demand for steel c. increased demand for both steel and coal d. increased demand for coal but decreased demand for steel e. did not affect the demand for coal

answer

c

question

The doctrine of laissez-faire, often attributed to the Scottish philosopher Adam Smith, argued that a. people should be able to do whatever they want b. Scotland should be free of English rule c. governments should not try to interfere with the natural workings of an economy d. welfare laws would retard the evolution of human society e. imperial expansion was a necessary outcome of natural laws

answer

c

question

Which of the following accurately illustrates the reciprocal nature of innovation in the Second Industrial Revolution? a. the increase in the demand for coal created by the introduction of steam power b. the demand for more and improved steam engines created by the development of the iron and steel industries c. the need for a railway system to transport iron and steel d. the increased demand for iron and steel created by the development of the railroad e. all of the above

answer

e

question

The 18C European family household typically a. was a nuclear family b. included grandparents and great-grandparents c. included 3-5 other families d. consisted of 10-12 family members e. consisted of an unmarried couple

answer

a

question

The government of France after the July Revolution of 1830 could best be described as a. mutually beneficial to the upper and lower classes b. beneficial only to the upper middle class c. beneficial only to the workers d. one of near-miraculous economic prosperity e. an absolute monarchy

answer

b

question

The English Game Laws were examples of a. legislation designed to reduce the economic burden of the peasantry b. laws that enabled Parliament to produce revenue by charging the peasants for hunting licenses c. legislation that banned medieval tournaments d. legislation that allowed hunting on the king's land only in order to feed families and not for profit e. class legislation that benefited only the gentry

answer

e

question

In response to the revolutionary activities in France, many European governments a. ignored the events b. offered to lend assistance to the revolutionaries c. instituted repressive domestic policies to prevent the spread of the revolutionary fervor d. did not see the danger in the ideas of the revolutionaries in France e. signed treaties of nonaggression with both the old regime and the revolutionary forces

answer

c

question

The Anglican Church, as created by Henry VIII, differed from other Protestant churches in that it a. was congregational b. remained loyal to Rome c. had an episcopal structure d. broke with Rome e. abolished the sacraments

answer

c

question

The landholding nobles of Central and Eastern Europe differed from those in Western Europe in the period 1600-1715 in that they a. were drastically reduced in number b. made an alliance with the middle classes c. triumphed in their struggle with the monarchs d. lost control of their lands e. retained control of vast estates worked by serfs

answer

e

question

The publication, in 1632, of the Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World resulted in Galileo being called before the Inquisition because a. it described the Copernican system b. it blatantly ridiculed the Aristotelian system in the vernacular Italian c. it denied the existence of God d. it was a Protestant text e. it claimed that the Copernican system was actually true

answer

b

question

Enlightened despotism refers to a. the idea that powerful rulers would act to reform and rationalize European society b. Prussian militarism c. the rule of law d. the extensive, international correspondence network of the philisophes e. a network of fraternities linked together by a Grand Lodge

answer

a

question

The enclosure movement in Britain was most directly a result of a. the development of the manorial system b. the failure of mercantilism c. the collectivization of agriculture d. the development of the Bessemer process e. the development of market-oriented agriculture

answer

e

question

Which of the following helps to account for the death of the liberal-nationalist alliance in 19C Europe? a. the liberals' emphasis on individual liberty b. the nationalists' tendency to mythologize the past c. the liberals' emphasis on limited government d. the failure of the liberals to hold and use the power they had seized at the beginning of 1848 e. all of the above

answer

e

question

The most significant aspect of the social composition of the Renaissance art world was a. the high degree of women's participation in it b. its apprentice system c. the large proportion of artists who came from the elite classes d. the lack of a patronage system e. the high degree of specialization that was demanded

answer

b

question

In France, England, and Spain the Renaissance was centered in a. the great independent city-states b. the royal courts c. small independent religious communities d. the great universities e. all of the above

answer

b

question

The agreement signed by Napoleon and the pope that stipulated that French clergy would be chosen and paid by the French state but consecrated by the pope is known as the a. Concordat of 1801 b. Napoleonic Code c. Consulate d. Treaty of Tilsit e. Continental System

answer

a

question

The principle of "he who rules; his religion" was established by a. the Edict of Nantes b. the papacy in Rome c. the Geneva Convention d. the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 e. the Inquisition

answer

d

question

Which of the following best explains the motive behind the Reform Bill of 1832 passed by the British Parliament? a. an effort to give the middle class a stake in society b. belief that the excesses of industry had gone too far c. a concerted plan to disenfranchise the working class d. to fulfill the laissez-faire idea of free markets e. to provide for orderly immigration of the Irish

answer

a

question

Which of the following resulted from revolutionary turmoil in Europe, 1848-1849? a. the creation of an effective means of collective security b. workers established their political power in several nations c. conservatives adopted nationalism and worked for unity d. Romanticism gained renewed strength in art and literature e. Italy was unified under the leadership of the papacy

answer

c

question

Which of the following was NOT a way in which European armies changed in the 18C? a. they became larger b. the discipline and training became harsher and more extensive c. the officer corps became full-time servants of the state d. troops came to consist predominantly of conscripts e. the officer corps were chosen and promoted on the basis of merit

answer

e

question

The decision by the representatives of the Third Estate to declare themselves, on June 17, 1789, to be the National Assembly of France signified a. their intention to form a republic b. their belief that political sovereignty belonged to the nation as a whole c. their intention to overthrow the monarchy d. their belief in democracy e. their willingness to go to war with Germany

answer

b

question

Which of the following were factors in the breaking of the traditional population cycle in 18C Europe? a. the Black Death b. the Hundred years War c. the development of heavy industry d. the development of rural manufacturing e. the advent of steam power

answer

d

question

The period of British history 1649-1660, in which Britain was ruled without a monarch, is known as a. the Restoration b. the Glorious Revolution c. the Commonwealth d. the English Civil War e. the Norman Conquest

answer

c

question

Neoplatonism was an important component of the Scientific Revolution because a. it encouraged the development of a tradition of chemical experimentation b. it promoted the scientific method c. it argued that scientific knowledge had practical implications d. it denied the existence of God e. it stimulated interest in a mathematical approach to the investigation of the natural world

answer

e

question

In "Crime and Punishment", the Italian philosopher Cesare Beccaria extended the Enlightenment line of though by arguing that a. the purpose of punishment should be to rehabilitate and reintegrate the individual into society b. an all-powerful ruler was necessary to keep order and prevent crime c. the death penalty should be abolished d. the punishment for crimes should be standard in all kingdoms e. society corrupts human nature, which is naturally good

answer

a

question

All of the following were reforms of Peter the Great EXCEPT a. secularization of the Russian church b. replacement of the government ministers with bureaus to more effectively manage taxes and economic affairs c. establishment of new industries in Russia d. the elimination of all Western Ideas and influences in Russia e. the subordination of the boyars

answer

d

question

All of the following are true of deism EXCEPT that it a. is emotional and irrational b. is tolerant c. allows for and encourages virtuous living d. is reasonable e. is empirical

answer

a

question

Napoleon's armies were significant because a. of their sheer numbers and strength b. Napoleon successfully used mercenaries to win numerous battles c. they were not composed of conscripts d. they successfully fought for someone in whom they did not believe and for a nation to whom they were not loyal e. they were trained abroad and then brought back to France for battle

answer

a

question

The Peace of Utrecht a. established the dominance of France after the War of the Spanish Succession b. laid the foundations for the french dominance of Europe during the 18C c. established a balance of power in Europe and ended French dominance d. established Catholicism as the one true religion in the Netherlands e. greatly reduced the holdings of Great Britain in North America

answer

c

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