Anthropology Unit 1 Test Flashcards

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1. what is anthropology 2. how do anthropologists study human diversity in time and space? 3. Why is anthropology both scientific and humanistic?
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3 questions covered in chapter one p.3 chpt1
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culture
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What plays a role in shaping bodies, personalities, and personal health p.4 chpt.1
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1. genetic attributes 2. human biology
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Although ____1___ our genetic attributes provide a foundation for our growth and development, _____2____ is fairly plastic- that is, it is malleable. p.4 chpt 1
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environmental force
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Culture is an ______ that affects our development as much as nutrition, heat, cold, and altitude. p.4 chpt 1
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emotional cognitive
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Culture also guides our ____ and ______ growth and helps determine the kinds of personalities we have as adults. p.4 chpt 1
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invisible
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Often culture is _____, meaning it is assumed to be normal, or just the way things are, until it is placed in comparison to another cultures p.4 chpt 1
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creativity, adaptability, and flexibility
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3 basic human attributes p.5 chpt 1
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the study of the human species and its immediate ancestors
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define anthropology p.5 chpt 1
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encompassing past, present, and future, biology, society, language, and culture
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define holistic p.5 chpt 1
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traditions and customs transmitted through learning
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define culture p.5 chpt 1
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children learn traditions and customs, that form and and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them.
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define enculturation p.5 chpt 1 (also p. 27 chpt 2)
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customs and opinions, developed over the generations about the proper and improper behavior.
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cultural tradition include... p.5 chpt 1
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their transmission through leaning rather than through biological inheritance
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What is the most critical element of cultural traditions? p.5 chpt 1
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the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses
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define adaptation p.5 chpt 1
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anthropology as an whole cultural archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology
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define general anthropology p.8 chpt 1
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combing biological and cultural approaches to a given problem
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define biocultural p.8 chpt1
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sociocultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic
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the four fields of anthropology p. 8 chpt 1
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the study of human society and cultures, is the subfield that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities
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Define cultural anthropology p.8 chpt 1
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ethnography and ethnology
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Two types of cultural anthropology p. 9 chpt 1
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fieldwork in a particular cultural setting, it provides an account of a particular group, community, society, or culture, (field work)
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define ethnography p.9 chpt 1
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the part of cultural anthropology based on cross-cultural comparison. p.11 the study of sociolcultural differences and similarities
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define ethnology p.9 chpt 1
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"Human populations construct their cultures in interaction with one another, and not in isolation"
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Franz Boas (1940-1966) noted... p.10 chpt 1
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reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains.
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define archaeological anthropology p. 10 chpt 1
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anthropological archaeology archaeology
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archaeological anthropology is also called p.10 chpt 1
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the study of human biological variation in time and spaces
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define biological anthropology p.12 chpt 1
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same as biological anthropology
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define physical anthropology p.12 chpt 1
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1. human evolution as revealed by the fossil record (paleoanthropology) 2. human genetics 3. human growth and development 4. human biological plasticity (the living body's ability to change as it copes with stresses such as heat, cold, and altitude.) 5. Primatology (the biology, evolution, behavior, and social life of monkeys, apes, and other non-human primates.
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the five specialties w/ in biological anthropology p.12 chpt 1
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the study of bones- helps paleoanthropologist who examine skulls, teeth, and bones, to identify human ancestors and to chart changes in the anatomy over times.
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define osteology p.12 chpt 1
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a systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims, through experiments, observation, and deduction, to produce reliable explanations of phenomeana.
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Define science p.13 chpt 1
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the study of language and linguistic diversity in time, space, and society.
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define linguistic anthropology p. 13 chpt 1
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the study of language in society, it investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation. No languages is a homogeneous system in which everyone speaks just like everyone else
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define sociolinguistics p.13 chpt 1
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using anthropology to solve contemporary problems
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define applied anthropology p. 15 chpt 1
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deciding what needs saving when entire archaeological sites cannot be saved
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define cultural resource management p. 15 chpt 1
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a set of ideas formulated to explain something
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define theory p.15 chpt 1
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an observed relationship between two or more variables
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define association p.15 chpt 1
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have a research question, construct a hypothesis, posit a mechanism, get data to test your hypothesis, devise a way of measuring, analyze your data, draw a conclusion, derive implications, contribute to larger theory.
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order of scientific method p. 18 chpt 1
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1. what is cultures and why do we study it? 2. What is the relation between culture and the individual? 3. How does culture change-especially with globalization?
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Three ? answered in chapter 2
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ex. america. A culture that places emphasis on the individual and likes to thing of everyone as unique in some way.
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define individualism p. 26 chpt 2
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shared value
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individualism is a distinctive ____ p.26 chpt 2
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the error of viewing one's own culture as superior and apply one's own cultural values in judging people from other cultures.
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Define Ethnocentrism p. 26 chpt 2
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an anthropologist who wrote Primitive Culture. he proposed that cultures, systems of human behavior and thought , obey natural laws, and therefore can be studied scientifically
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Who is Sir Edward Tylor? p. 27 chpt 2
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"Culture... is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits ACQUIRED BY A MAN AS A MEMBER OF SOCIETY" *he focused on attributes that people acquire not through biological inheritance, but by growing up in a particular society
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Sir Edward Tylor's definition of culture p. 27 chpt 2
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cultural learning
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________ depends on the uniquely developed human capacity to use symbols p.27 chpt 2
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something verbal or nonverbal that stands for something else/ signs that have no necessary or natural connects to the things they signify or for what they stand
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Define symbols p. 27 chpt 2
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the ideas based on cultural learning and symbols. cultures have been characterized as sets of "control mechanisms"-plans, recipes, rules, instructions, etc.
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Clifford Geertz's definition of culture p. 27 chpt 2
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" dependent upon symbolling.. culture consists of tools, implements, utensils, clothing, ornaments, customs ,institutions, beliefs, rituals, games, works of art, language, etc.
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Leslie White's definition of culture p. 27 chpt 2
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when our ancestors acquired the ability to use symbols that is, to acquire the ability to use symbols that is, to originate and bestow meaning on a thing or even and correspondingly, to grasp and appreciate such meaning.
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when did symbols originate according to Leslie White? p. 27 chpt 2
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E) all of these places
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Anthropology is practiced in A) a corporate office building. B) a Mesopotamian tomb. C) a North American shopping mall. D) an inner city classroom. E) all of these places.
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C) examines, interprets, analyzes, and compares the results of other anthropological studies
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Ethnology A) provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture. B) reconstructs, describes, and interprets past human behaviors. C) examines, interprets, analyzes, and compares the results of other anthropological studies. D) is a systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims-through experiment, observation, and deduction-to produce reliable explanations of phenomena. E) refers to the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems.
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A) holism
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Which of the following terms refers to an interest in the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture? A) holism B) anthropology C) ethnology D) ethnography E) theory
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D) sociocultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology.
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The academic discipline of anthropology, also known as general anthropology or "four-field" anthropology, includes four main subdisciplines or subfields. They are A) holistic, medical, forensic, and language anthropology. B) sociocultural, medical, linguistic, and historical anthropology. C) archaeological, biological, holistic, and feminist anthropology. D) sociocultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology. E) linguistic, medical, historical, and native anthropology.
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D) asteroids
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Archaeological anthropologists traditionally study all of the following except A) trash. B) fragments of pottery. C) plant remains. D) asteroids. E) stone tools.
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...
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Traditionally, anthropologists would be least interested in A) cultural changes over time. B) Third World subsistence strategies. C) art consumption by the elite in modern societies. D) diversity among cultures. E) the link between nature and nurture.
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C) Particularly in the case of American anthropology, interest in the origins and diversity of Native Americans brought together studies of customs, social life, language, and physical traits.
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Which of the following is a historical reason for the inclusion of four subfields in the single discipline of general anthropology? A) General anthropology became too broad a discipline by the early 1900s and had to be broken down into subdisciplines. B) In France, where general anthropology originated, scholars were interested in the relation between mind and body. C) Particularly in the case of American anthropology, interest in the origins and diversity of Native Americans brought together studies of customs, social life, language, and physical traits. D) The major American universities of the mid-19th century encouraged interdisciplinary dialogue, thus stimulating a more holistic approach to the study of the human condition, past and present. E) Particularly in Germany, where the four-field approach originated, the government encouraged a holistic approach to the human condition so that this knowledge could help improve the effectiveness of social programs.
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D) enculturation
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Children learn cultural traditions by growing up in a particular society through a process called A) adaptation. B) invention. C) investment. D) enculturation. E) development.
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B) provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture.
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Ethnography A) examines, interprets, analyzes, and compares the results of other anthropological studies. B) provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture. C) reconstructs, describes, and interprets past human behaviors. D) refers to the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems. E) is a systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims through experiment, observation, and deduction to produce reliable explanations of phenomena.
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D) human diversity as revealed by material culture
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Biological anthropology is most concerned with all of the following except A) human growth and development. B) biology, evolution, behavior, and social life of primates. C) human genetics. D) human diversity as revealed by material culture. E) the behavior of primates.
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B) Culture is transmitted through our genes.
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Which is not true about culture? A) Culture is a key aspect of human adaptability and success. B) Culture is transmitted through our genes. C) Cultural forces consistently mold and shape human biology and behavior. D) Culture guides the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them. E) Culture is passed on from generation to generation.
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D) sociolinguistics
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The field that investigates the relationships between social and linguistic variation is A) medical anthropology. B) physical anthropology. C) ethnology. D) sociolinguistics. E) applied anthropology.
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B) a theory
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What term refers to an explanatory framework that helps us understand why something exists? A) a model B) a theory C) a synthesis D) a symbiosis E) a hypothesis
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B) zoology
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Anthropology has strong links to all of the following academic fields except A) history. B) zoology. C) economics. D) physics. E) sociology.
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D) a field with a narrow set of research questions
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Anthropology is not A) a field of science. B) a field of the humanities. C) a field of social science. D) a field with a narrow set of research questions. E) related to sociology.
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E) the link between nature and nurture
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Traditionally, anthropologists would be least interested in A) cultural changes over time. B) Third World subsistence strategies. C) art consumption by the elite in modern societies. D) diversity among cultures. E) the link between nature and nurture.
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C) Particularly in the case of American anthropology, interest in the origins and diversity of Native Americans brought together studies of customs, social life, language, and physical traits.
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Which of the following is a historical reason for the inclusion of four subfields in the single discipline of general anthropology? A) General anthropology became too broad a discipline by the early 1900s and had to be broken down into subdisciplines. B) In France, where general anthropology originated, scholars were interested in the relation between mind and body. C) Particularly in the case of American anthropology, interest in the origins and diversity of Native Americans brought together studies of customs, social life, language, and physical traits. D) The major American universities of the mid-19th century encouraged interdisciplinary dialogue, thus stimulating a more holistic approach to the study of the human condition, past and present. E) Particularly in Germany, where the four-field approach originated, the government encouraged a holistic approach to the human condition so that this knowledge could help improve the effectiveness of social programs. 10
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B) False
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Ethnology requires fieldwork to collect data, is descriptive, and is group specific. A) True B) False
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B) False
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A developmental anthropologist is interested in childhood growth. A) True B) False
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A) True
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Culture is not itself biological, but it rests on certain features of human biology. A) True B) False
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A) True
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Anthropology has connections to many other different academic fields such as sociology, history, psychology, zoology, and physiology. A) True B) False
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A) True
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Anthropology's biocultural approach refers to the inclusion and combination of both biological and cultural perspectives and approaches to comment on or solve a particular issue or problem, A) True B) False
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The application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems.
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Define Applied Anthropology
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The study of human behavior and cultural patterns and process through the culture's material remains
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archaeological anthropology
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An observed relationship between two or more variables
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association
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referring to the inclusion and combination (to solve a common problem) of both biological and cultural approaches- one of anthropology's hallmarks
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biocultural
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the study of human biological variation in time and space; includes evolution, genetics, growth and development, and primatology.
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biological anthropology
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The study of human society and culture; describes, analyzed, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences.
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cultural anthropology
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The branch of applied archeology aimed at preserving sites threatened by dams, highways, and other projects.
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cultural resource management (CRM)
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distinctly human; transmitted through learning; traditions and customs that govern behavior and beliefs
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culture
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field work in a particular culture
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ethnography
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crosscultural comparison; the comparative study of ethnographic data, society, and culture.
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ethnology
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cultivation of plants and domestication (stockbreeding) or animals; first developed 10,000 to 12,000 years ago
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food production
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the field of anthropology as a whole, consisting of cultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology
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general anthropology
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Interested in the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future: biology, society, language, and culture
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holistic
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a suggested but as yet unverified explanation
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hypothesis
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the descriptive, comparative, and historical study of language and of linguistic similarities and differences in time, space, and society.
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linguistic anthropology
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see biological anthropology
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physical anthropology
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A systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims, through experiment, observation, and deduction, to produce reliable explanations of phenomena, with reference to the material and physical world.
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science
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study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; study of language (performance) in its social context
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sociolinguistics
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A set of ideas formulated (by reasoning from known facts) to explain something. The main value of a theory is to promote new understanding. A theory suggest patterns, connection, and relationships that may be confirmed by new research.
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theory
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A) Cultural Anthropology
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Prosperous communities hold festivals called potlatches, during which they give away their surplus foods and material goods to their neighbors, and gain social standing in exchange. In contrast to western societies, individuals or communities that horde goods would be viewed as outcasts. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology
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D) Linguistic Anthropology
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Anthropologist don't just work in foreign countries. Anthropologists who have studies Black English Vernacular, or Ebonics, have demonstrated that DEV is not an ungrammatical hodge-podge, rather it is a complex linguistic system with its own grammatical rules. This work has helped elementary school teachers tailor their classes to better meet the needs of their BEV students. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology
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B) Archaeological Anthropology
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Anthropologist study past civilizations. Anthropologist working at Teotihucian are studying the rise and fall of one of Mexico's earliest cities. Researches have estimated at its peak in A.D. 500, the population was over 130,000. In comparison, London did not exceed that many people until after A.D. 1500. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology
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A) Cultural Anthropology
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Anthropologists study other cultures. Anthropologist have documented that all cultures have an incest taboo which states that one cannot marry certain people. however, which individuals are considered taboo varies from culture to culture. Among the Yanamimi, it is taboo to marry your parallel cousins but you are encouraged to marry your cross cousins. This means you cannot marry the children of your father's brothers or your mother's sisters, but you are encouraged to marry the children of your father's sisters or your mother's brothers. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology
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B) Archaeological Anthropology
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Anthropologist study past cultures. Anthropologist have studied paintings in caves in France that date to about 20,000 years ago. Many researches have interpreted the depictions of animals being hunted as attempts by the artists to improve their chances of a kill. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology
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C) Biological Anthropology
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Anthropologist study genetic adaptions to the environment. Anthropologist were puzzled why sickle-cell anemia, a deadly genetic disorder, remained so prevalent throughout much of Sub-Saharan Africa. Researches discovered that the carrier of the gene (not those with the disease) are less susceptible to Malaria. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology
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C) Biological Anthropology
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Researchers have shown that humans aren't the only primates that hunt. Hunting is an important social activity among chimpanzees because males hunt together, and then meat is used to cement political alliances among the group. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology
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D) Linguistic Anthropology
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Anthropologists study how cultures change. Traditionally, Japanese women use a high falsetto voice when speaking in public as a sign of deference in a male dominated society. Anthropologist have noted that this standard of politeness is becoming less common as Japanese gender rules are becoming influenced by other societies. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology
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E) practice theory
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The approach to studying culture that recognizes individuals as having diverse motives and intentions and different degrees of power and influence is known as A) agency theory. B) cultural relativism. C) genealogical method. D) functionalism. E) practice theory.
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A) acquired by a man as a member of society.
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The British anthropologist Edward Tylor said that culture is A) acquired by a man as a member of society. B) adaptive. C) symbolic. D) transmitted through observation. E) taught directly.
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C) a child learns his or her culture.
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Enculturation is the process by which A) culture is reduced. B) culture becomes adaptive. C) a child learns his or her culture. D) one society's culture influences another. E) people subsist.
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D) Cultural learning begins only after children become verbal.
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Which of the following is NOT a true statement about how culture is learned? A) Children learn through their own experiences and from other members of their group. B) Culture is transmitted through observation. C) Cultures are absorbed as sets of control mechanisms that govern our behavior. D) Cultural learning begins only after children become verbal. E) Culture can be absorbed unconsciously.
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C) how far to stand away from someone during a conversation.
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An example of a cultural trait that is acquired unconsciously is knowing A) when to say "thank you." B) when to take out the trash. C) how far to stand away from someone during a conversation. D) how to write a college essay. E) how to pronounce "anthropology."
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A) a visible estrus cycle in females
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Which of the following is NOT a trait that we share with apes? A) a visible estrus cycle in females B) opposable thumbs C) the ability to make and use tools D) color vision and depth perception E) significant parental investment in offspring
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B) people who share beliefs and practices not found at the national level.
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The existence of subcultures suggests that we form associations with A) people who live in the same nation-state. B) people who share beliefs and practices not found at the national level. C) people to whom we are biologically related more often than non-kin. D) people with whom we share a "psychic unity." E) people with whom we share both spoken and written language.
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C) the ability to use symbols emerged.
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For anthropologist Leslie White, culture originated when A) people began to use enculturation. B) tools were first produced. C) the ability to use symbols emerged. D) behavior became patterned. E) art was first produced.
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C) unfriendly.
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A Brazilian might interpret the body space that an American maintains during a conversation as A) a sexual advance. B) hostile. C) unfriendly. D) warm. E) authoritative.
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C) a core value.
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Because it helps to integrate and distinguish American culture from other cultures, individualism is an example of A) a symbol. B) an independent invention. C) a core value. D) a subculture. E) diffusion.
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E) what people actually do.
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According to the text, "real culture" differs from "ideal culture" because it is A) the one best suited to a given environment. B) what people say they do. C) contested. D) symbolic. E) what people actually do.
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E) It is the tendency to view your own culture as superior and to apply your own culture's values to judge the behavior and beliefs of people in other cultures.
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Which of the following statements about ethnocentrism is true? A) It is the tendency to view another's culture as superior and to use that culture's values to judge the behavior and beliefs of people in your own culture. B) It is particular to Western society. C) It is the argument that one culture should not be judged by the standards of another. D) It is the argument that there is a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions. E) It is the tendency to view your own culture as superior and to apply your own culture's values to judge the behavior and beliefs of people in other cultures.
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D) farming
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Which of the following is NOT a human cultural universal? A) exogamy B) incest taboo C) food sharing D) farming E) family living
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C) acculturation.
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A pidgin is an example of A) ethnocentrism. B) independent invention. C) acculturation. D) diffusion. E) enculturation.
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E) enculturation
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of cultural change? A) acculturation B) globalization C) independent invention D) diffusion E) enculturation
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B) False
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Culture is always adaptive. A) True B) False
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B) False
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Popular culture is too trivial for anthropologists to study as "culture." A) True B) False
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A) True
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Nearly all internationally recognized human rights are described in four United Nations documents, including the UN Charter. A) True B) False
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A) True
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Traditional cultural knowledge often has real monetary value. A) True B) False
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B) False
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The notion of American individualism makes it more difficult for enculturation to take place. A) True B) False
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The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the cultural patterns of either of both groups may be changed, but the groups remain distinct
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Acculturation
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key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture and help distinguish it from others
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core values
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The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect. Anthropology is characterized by methodological culture fully, anthropologist try to understand its members' beliefs and motivations. Methodological relativism does not preclude making moral judgements or taking action.
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cultural relativism
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Doctrine that certain rights are vested in identifiable groups, such as religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies. Cultural rights include a group;s ability to preserve its culture, to raise its children in the ways of its forbears to continue its language, and not to be deprived of its economic base by the nation-state in which it is located
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cultural rights
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borrowing of cultural traits between societies, either directly or through intermediaries.
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diffusion
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the social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations
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enculturation
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the tendency to view one's own culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different people by one's own standards.
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ethnocentrism
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culture pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies
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generality
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The accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems.
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globalization
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A member of the taxonomic family that includes humans and the African apes and their immediate ancestors
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Hominid
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A member of the human lineage after its split from ancestral chimps; the term hominin is used to describe all the human species that ever have existed, including the extinct ones, and excluding chimps and gorillas.
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Hominin
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Doctrine that invokes a realm of justices and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions. Human rights, usually seen as vested in individuals, would include the right to speak freely, to hold religious beliefs without persecution, and not to be murdered, injured, enslaved, or imprisoned without charge.
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human rights
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development of the same cultural traits or pattern in separate cultures as a result of comparable needs, circumstances, and solutions.
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independent invention
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cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries
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international culture
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Intellectual property rights, consisting of each society's cultural base- its core beliefs and principles. IPR are claimed as a group right- a cultural right- allowing indigenous groups to control who may know and use their collective knowledge and its applications.
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IPR
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cultural experience, beliefs, learned behavior patterns, and values shared by citizens of the same nation.
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nation culture
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distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern, or integration.
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particularity
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different cultural traditions associated with subgroups in the same complex society
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subcultures
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Something, verbal or nonverbal, that arbitarily and by convention stands for something else, with which it has no necessary or natural connection.
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symbol
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something that exists in every culture
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universal
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D) problem-instigating research
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Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristic field techniques of ethnography? A) participant observation B) interview schedule C) genealogical method D) problem-instigating research E) life histories
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A) that of the ethnographer.
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The etic perspective is A) that of the ethnographer. B) that of the local members of the community being studied. C) more valid than the emic perspective. D) how locals perceive the world in which they live. E) that of the person being interviewed.
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E) interviewing key cultural consultants
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Which of the following is NOT an example of participant-observation? A) dancing in a festival B) singing during a ritual C) taking part in a hunt D) competing in the games popular in the community E) interviewing key cultural consultants
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D) longitudinal research
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Which of the following techniques is described as "the long-term study of a community, region, society, or culture?" A) problem-oriented ethnography B) life histories C) genealogical method D) longitudinal research E) participant observation
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D) can provide detailed information about particular aspects of daily life.
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Key cultural consultants are an important part of ethnographic research because they A) will collect all of the data. B) write up only the important information and leave out the extraneous data. C) can tell you all about the etic perspective. D) can provide detailed information about particular aspects of daily life. E) will apply for the grants needed to conduct the research.
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B) Anthropologists may intentionally manipulate and control the community under study as long as it adds to our understanding of human cultural and biological diversity.
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Which of the following statements is NOT part of the American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics? A) Anthropologists should consider reasonable requests for access to their data for purposes of research. B) Anthropologists may intentionally manipulate and control the community under study as long as it adds to our understanding of human cultural and biological diversity. C) Anthropologists may move beyond disseminating research results to a position of advocacy. D) Anthropologists may gain personally from their research, but they must not exploit individuals, groups, animals, or any biological or cultural materials. E) The primary ethical obligation of the anthropologist is to the people, species, or materials being studied.
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C) is conducted with little or no personal contact between study subjects and researchers.
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Unlike ethnography, survey research A) studies communities in their entirety. B) has been traditionally conducted in nonindustrial, small-scale societies. C) is conducted with little or no personal contact between study subjects and researchers. D) makes little use of statistics. E) is based on establishing close personal ties with the study community.
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D) allow informants to talk about what they see as important, rather than have to modify their responses to fit into predetermined categories.
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Unlike questionnaires, in-depth interviews A) rely on very short responses. B) are better suited to urban, complex societies where most people are literate. C) are usually administered to a random sample of a larger population. D) allow informants to talk about what they see as important, rather than have to modify their responses to fit into predetermined categories. E) are traditionally associated with survey research.
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C) through a combination of survey and ethnographic techniques
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What is the best way to conduct ethnographic research in complex societies? A) survey research B) ethnography C) through a combination of survey and ethnographic techniques D) observation from a distance E) There is no good way to conduct ethnographic fieldwork in complex societies.
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E) his fieldwork with the Yanomami.
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Bronislaw Malinowski is well known for all of the following EXCEPT A) his work among the Trobriand Islanders. B) writing his ethnographies in the style of ethnographic realism. C) emphasizing the importance of exploring the "imponderabilia of daily life." D) setting the standard for holistic ethnography. E) his fieldwork with the Yanomami.
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B) Evolutionism
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____________ was an early anthropological theory that categorized societies according to the stages of savagery, barbarism, and civilization. A) Four-field anthropology B) Evolutionism C) Progressivism D) Functionalism E) Symbolism
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C) the group's religious beliefs.
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Julian Steward's idea of the culture core would include all of the following EXCEPT A) the plants and animals in a group's surrounding environment. B) the farming equipment available to the group. C) the group's religious beliefs. D) the climate within which a group lived. E) the hunting tools used by the group.
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C) emphasizing the interconnections of global trade and travel.
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Practice theory sought to correct early anthropological theories by A) attending to the universal biological needs served by a culture's practices. B) demonstrating how shared practices create culture cores. C) emphasizing the interconnections of global trade and travel. D) stressing the influence of structural forces beyond the individual's control. E) paying more attention to individuals' diverse motives and intensions.
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A) find elementary structures of thought that are common across cultures.
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Levi-Strauss, a structuralist, studied myths in order to A) find elementary structures of thought that are common across cultures. B) find the structural differences that demonstrate how each culture is unique. C) learn how a culture's particular economic structures shape its linguistic structures. D) locate the causes of structural inequalities. E) find correlations between economic and political structures in a culture's myths.
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B) that human biology can be changed by cultural forces.
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Boas's study of European immigrants to the United States was important because it showed A) that Europeans were healthier than Americans. B) that human biology can be changed by cultural forces. C) no biological differences between new immigrants and American citizens. D) that phenotypic variation is unrelated to genotypic variation. E) correlations between ethnicity and brain size.
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A) True
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Anthropology differs from other disciplines that study human beings because it is comparative, holistic, and global. A) True B) False
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B) False
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Rapport is one of the ways anthropologists present their findings from their fieldwork. A) True B) False
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B) False
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Longitudinal research, by definition, must involve traveling great distances to the study area. A) True B) False
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A) True
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Cultural materialists believe that a culture's technology, economics and demography determine its social relations and ideology. A) True B) False
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B) False
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Historical particularism most often used cultural diffusion to explain similarities between two cultures. A) True B) False
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The actions of individuals, alone and in groups, that create and transform culture
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Agency
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Nations; large and populous, with social stratification and central governments
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complex societies
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view of culture as integrated and patterned
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configuration
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Idea (Harris) that cultural infrastructure determines structure and superstructure
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cultural materialism
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subjects in ethnographic research; people the ethnographer gets to know in the field, who teach him or her about their culture.
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cultural consultants
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(studying societies) across time
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diachronic
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the research strategy that focuses on local explanations and criteria of significance
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emic
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the research strategy that emphasizes the ethnographer's rather than the local's explanation, categories, and criteria of significance.
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etic
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approach focusing on the role (function) of a sociocultural practices in social systems.
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functionalism
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procedures by which ethnographers discover and record connections of kinship, descent, and marriage, using diagrams and symbols.
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genealogical method
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Idea (Boas) that histories are not comparable; diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result.
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historical particularism
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(Geertz) The study of a culture as a system of meaning
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interpretive anthropology
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Ethnographic tool for structuring a formal interview. A prepared form (usually printed or mimeographed) that guides interview with households or individuals being compared systematically. Contrast with a questionnaire because the researcher has personal contact with the local people and records their answers.
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interview schedule
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Person who is a expert on a particular aspect of local life.
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key cultural consultant
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of a key consultant or narrator; provides a personal cultural portrait of existence or change in a culture.
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life history
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Long-term study of a community, region, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits.
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longitudinal research
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the web of interrelated economic and power relations in society
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political economy
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Form (usually printed) used by sociologists to obtain comparable information from respondents. Often mailed to and filled in by research subjects rather than by the researcher.
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questionnaire
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A sample in which all members of the population have an equal statistical chance of being included.
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random sample
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a smaller study group chosen to represent a larger population
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sample
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the special domain of culture, beyond the organic and inorganic realms.
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superorganic kroeber
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characteristic research procedure among social scientist other than anthropologist. Studies society through sampling, statistical analysis, and impersonal data collection.
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survey research
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the study of symbols in their social and cultural context.
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symbolic anthropology
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(studying societies) at one time
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synchronic
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Idea (19th century) of a single line or path of cultural development- a series of stages through which all societies must evolve.
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unilinear evolutionism
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attributes (e.g., sex, age, height, weight) that differ from one person or case to the next
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variables
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E) All of these.
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Educational anthropologists work in A) classrooms. B) homes. C) neighborhoods. D) after-school programs. E) All of these.
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E) It is concerned primarily with how study of real-world problems can further anthropological theory.
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Which of the following statements about applied anthropology is NOT true? A) It involves the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems. B) It is concerned with the relationships between anthropological knowledge and the uses of that knowledge in the world beyond anthropology. C) It encompasses the use of knowledge and techniques from all four subfields of anthropology to identify, assess, and solve practical problems. D) It aims to find humane and effective ways of helping people whom anthropologists have traditionally studied. E) It is concerned primarily with how study of real-world problems can further anthropological theory.
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A) Cultural resource management
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The anthropologist portrayed in Appreciating Anthropology, who works in a New Orleans graveyard, is practicing which type of applied anthropology? A) Cultural resource management B) Family planning C) Public health D) Business development E) None of these.
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C) urban and rural life.
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As an early student of Third World urbanization, Robert Redfield focused on the contrasts between A) the sacred and the profane. B) urban and suburban communities. C) urban and rural life. D) diseases and illnesses. E) urban and industrial economies.
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D) underdifferentiation.
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The belief that a development project that was successful in rural Nigeria should be applied in rural Nepal, too, simply because both settings are rural is an example of A) overinnovation. B) an indigenous model. C) increased equity. D) underdifferentiation. E) cultural relativism
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B) a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual
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An illness is A) a condition that is usually treated by a shaman. B) a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual. C) a vector that introduces poor health into an individual or community. D) a scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen. E) a cultural universal found only in tropical foragers.
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A) snails
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What is the carrier for schistosomiasis? A) snails B) mosquitoes C) fleas D) rats E) All animals carry schistosomiasis.
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D) highways
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Which of the following has helped most to spread AIDS in eastern Africa? A) prolonged contact with bonobos B) high rates of divorce C) cultural colonialism D) highways E) None of these have helped to spread AIDS in eastern Africa.
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C) naturalistic disease theory
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Western medicine is an example of which kind of disease theory? A) emotionalistic disease theory B) personalistic disease theory C) naturalistic disease theory D) gradualistic disease theory E) parasitic disease theory
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B) acting as a cultural broker.
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An anthropologist doing applied anthropology in a large corporation who learns about employees' grievances and explains these to their managers would be A) stepping beyond his or her role as an anthropologist. B) acting as a cultural broker. C) conducting cultural resource management. D) engaged in development anthropology. E) making the mistake of overinnovation.
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D) archaeological anthropology
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Cultural resource management is the application of the data, theory, and methods of which subdiscipline? A) cultural anthropology B) biological anthropology C) linguistic anthropology D) archaeological anthropology E) physical anthropology
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B) Third World cities
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Where are the fastest population growth rates? A) Second World cities B) Third World cities C) Third World countryside D) First World cities E) First World suburbs
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A) urban slums.
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In 2003, the United Nations estimated that some 940 million people were living in A) urban slums. B) rural communities. C) suburbs. D) urban high-rises. E) deserts.
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B) It is a branch of archaeological anthropology.
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Which of the following statements about medical anthropology is NOT true? A) It is academic and theoretical. B) It is a branch of archaeological anthropology. C) It is applied and practical. D) It is a branch of cultural anthropology. E) It is a branch of biological anthropology.
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D) a scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen.
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A disease is A) a condition that is usually treated by a shaman. B) a condition of poor health perceived by an individual. C) a vector that introduces illness and poor health into an individual or community. D) a scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen. E) a cultural universal found only in tropical foragers.
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B) False
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There are now fewer anthropologists working in applied anthropology than in the past. A) True B) False
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A) True
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Cultural resource management is a branch of applied archaeological anthropology. A) True B) False
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B) False
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In Redfield's rural-urban continuum, cultural innovations spread from rural and tribal areas to cities. A) True B) False
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A) True
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The United Nations estimates that rural populations will start declining after 2020. A) True B) False
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B) False
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According to this chapter, only those students who pursue graduate degrees in anthropology find majoring in anthropology as undergraduates to have been useful. A) True B) False
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Anthropological research in classrooms, homes, and neighborhoods, viewing students as total cultural creatures whose enculturation and attitudes toward education belong to a larger context that includes family, peers, and society
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anthropology and education
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the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems.
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applied anthropology
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specialized role accquired through a culturally appropriate process of selection, training, certification, and acquisition of a professional image; the curer is consulted by patients, who believe in his or her special powers, and receives some form of special consideration; a cultural universal
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curer
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The branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimensions of, economic development
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development anthropology
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A scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen.
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disease
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a reduction in absolute poverty and a fairer (more even) distribution of wealth.
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equity, increased
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beliefs, customs, and specialists concerning with ensuring health and preventing and curing illness; a cultural universal.
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health-care systems
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a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual
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illness
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unites biological and cultural anthropologists in the study of disease, health problems, health-care systems, and theories about illness in different cultures and ethnic groups
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medical anthropology
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characteristic of projects that require major changes in natives' daily lives, especially ones that interfere with customary subsistence pursuits.
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overinnovation
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as distinguished from Western medicine, a health-care system based on scientific knowledge and procedure, encompassing such fields as pathology, microbiology, biochemistry, surgery, diagnostic technology, and applications.
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scientific medicine
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planning fallacy of view less developed countries as an undifferentiated group; ignoring cultural diversity and adopting a uniform approach (often ethnocentric) for very different types of project beneficiaries
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underdifferentiation
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anthropological study of cities and urban life
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urban anthropology
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C) it is produced only when particular environmental stimuli are encountered.
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All of the following is true about human language EXCEPT A) it permits the discussion of past and future. B) it is based on an arbitrary association between words and the things for which they stand. C) it is produced only when particular environmental stimuli are encountered. D) it relies almost totally on learning. E) it allows one to benefit from others' experiences.
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D) they permit discussion of the past.
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All of the following statements about call systems are true EXCEPT A) they consist of a limited number of sounds. B) they are made only in the presence of certain stimuli. C) they are used by chimpanzees. D) they permit discussion of the past. E) they are used by gorillas.
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D) productivity.
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When the chimpanzee, Washoe, combined the signs for "water" and "bird" to denote a swan she saw, she was displaying A) displacement. B) a call system. C) a focal vocabulary. D) productivity. E) diglossia.
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B) morphology
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Which area of linguistic analysis refers to the study of words and their meaningful parts? A) phonology B) morphology C) phonetics D) phonemics E) kinesics
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A) They are stigmatized in this society.
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When a language or dialect is stigmatized, this suggests which of the following statements about the people that speak this language or dialect? A) They are stigmatized in this society. B) They are less capable of contributing to this society. C) Their speech is less grammatically correct. D) They are less socially developed. E) They speak a relatively young (recently developed) language or dialect.
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D) phonemics
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Which term refers to "the study of the significant sound contrasts of a given language?" A) phonology B) morphology C) phonetics D) phonemics E) kinesics
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C) syntax
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What term refers to "the arrangement of words in phrases and sentences?" A) morpheme B) lexicon C) syntax D) phoneme E) kinesics
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D) Noam Chomsky's position on language.
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The idea that all languages have a common structural basis because the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language is A) also referred to as ethnosemantics. B) an argument against the social importance of diglossia. C) known to be false. D) Noam Chomsky's position on language. E) Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf's position on language.
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A) the grammatical categories of different languages lead their speakers to think about things in particular ways.
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The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that A) the grammatical categories of different languages lead their speakers to think about things in particular ways. B) changes in culture produce changes in thought and language. C) chimpanzees that are capable of ASL are more like trained circus animals and do not really show the capacity of language. D) all languages share an underlying universal grammar. E) gorillas have the capacity of speech, as demonstrated by the gorilla Koko.
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E) ethnosemantics.
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Berlin and Kay's study, in which they determined that there are ten basic color terms that appear in languages in a consistent order, is an example of the study of A) morphology. B) sociolinguistics. C) phonetics. D) focal vocabulary. E) ethnosemantics.
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B) a style shift.
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The use of a falsetto voice by women in Japan is an example of A) diglossia. B) a style shift. C) ethnosemantics. D) a call system. E) morphology.
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C) all dialects are equally effective as systems of communication.
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According to the principle of linguistic relativity A) human brains contain a limited set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural basis. B) all languages are daughter languages of proto-Indo-Europeans. C) all dialects are equally effective as systems of communication. D) the proper language is a strategic resource to its user. E) all languages are equally valid for study by linguistic anthropologists.
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B) less capable of communication than Standard English.
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According to the textbook, all of the following are true about Black English Vernacular EXCEPT that it is A) systematic and rule-governed. B) less capable of communication than Standard English. C) a relatively uniform dialect spoken by the majority of black youth in most parts of the United States. D) able to differentiate between past and present verbs. E) related to the dialect of English commonly used in the southern United States.
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B) daughter languages.
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Languages that have descended from the same language are called A) historical linguistics. B) daughter languages. C) protolanguages. D) linguistic subgroups. E) proto-Indo-European.
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A) an honorific.
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Japanese add the suffix -san to a name to demonstrate respect for that person. This is an example of A) an honorific. B) a focal vocabulary. C) a phoneme. D) copula deletion. E) diglossia.
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B) False
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A pidgin is a mature language that develops through acculturation and has highly developed grammatical rules and native speakers. A) True B) False
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A) True
answer
A smile is likely to have the same meaning cross-culturally. A) True B) False
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B) False
answer
Black English Vernacular (B.E.V.) is best defined by its lack of rules and diversity when compared with Standard English. A) True B) False
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B) False
answer
A close relationship between two languages indicates that the speakers are closely related biologically. A) True B) False
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B) False
answer
Early experiments with teaching chimpanzees spoken language failed because researchers had not developed the proper techniques. A) True B) False
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A rule-governed dialect of American English with roots in Southern English. BEV is spoken by African-American youth and by many adults in their casual, intimate speech.
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Black English Vernacular (BEV)
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systems of communication among nonhuman primates, composed of a limited number of sounds that vary in intensity and duration. Tied to environmental stimuli.
answer
call systems
question
a basic feature of language; transmission through learning.
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cultural transmission
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languages developing out of the same parent language; for example, French and Spanish are daughter languages of Latin
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daughter languages
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the existence of "high" (formal) and "low" (informal, familiar) dialects of a single language, such as German
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diglossia
question
A basic feature of language; the ability to speak of things and events that are not present
answer
displacement
question
the study of lexical (vocabulary) contrasts and classifications in various languages
answer
ethnosemantics
question
A set of words and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups (those with particular foci of experience of activity), such as types of snow to Eskimos or skiers
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focal vocabulary
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Subdivision of linguistics that studies language over time
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historical linguistics
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A term, such as "Mr." and "Lord", used with people, often by being added to their names, to "honor" them
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honorific
question
The study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions
answer
kinesics
question
Human beings' primary means of communication; may be spoken or written; features productivity and displacement and is culturally transmitted.
answer
language
question
vocabulary; a dictionary containing all the morphemes in a language and their meanings
answer
lexicon
question
the study of form; used in linguistics (the study of morphemes and word constructions) and for form in general- for example, biomorphology relates to physical form.
answer
morphology
question
significant sound contrasting a language that serves to distinguish meaning, as in minimal pairs
answer
phoneme
question
the study of sound contrasts (phonemes) of a particular language
answer
phonemics
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the study of speech sounds in general; what people actually say in various languages
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phonetics
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the study of sounds used in speech
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phonology
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a basic feature of language; the ability to use the rules of one's language to create new expressions comprehensible to other speakers.
answer
productivity
question
language ancestral to several daughter languages
answer
protolanguage
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