question

1. what is anthropology 2. how do anthropologists study human diversity in time and space? 3. Why is anthropology both scientific and humanistic?

answer

3 questions covered in chapter one p.3 chpt1

question

culture

answer

What plays a role in shaping bodies, personalities, and personal health p.4 chpt.1

question

1. genetic attributes 2. human biology

answer

Although ____1___ our genetic attributes provide a foundation for our growth and development, _____2____ is fairly plastic- that is, it is malleable. p.4 chpt 1

question

environmental force

answer

Culture is an ______ that affects our development as much as nutrition, heat, cold, and altitude. p.4 chpt 1

question

emotional cognitive

answer

Culture also guides our ____ and ______ growth and helps determine the kinds of personalities we have as adults. p.4 chpt 1

question

invisible

answer

Often culture is _____, meaning it is assumed to be normal, or just the way things are, until it is placed in comparison to another cultures p.4 chpt 1

question

creativity, adaptability, and flexibility

answer

3 basic human attributes p.5 chpt 1

question

the study of the human species and its immediate ancestors

answer

define anthropology p.5 chpt 1

question

encompassing past, present, and future, biology, society, language, and culture

answer

define holistic p.5 chpt 1

question

traditions and customs transmitted through learning

answer

define culture p.5 chpt 1

question

children learn traditions and customs, that form and and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them.

answer

define enculturation p.5 chpt 1 (also p. 27 chpt 2)

question

customs and opinions, developed over the generations about the proper and improper behavior.

answer

cultural tradition include... p.5 chpt 1

question

their transmission through leaning rather than through biological inheritance

answer

What is the most critical element of cultural traditions? p.5 chpt 1

question

the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses

answer

define adaptation p.5 chpt 1

question

anthropology as an whole cultural archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology

answer

define general anthropology p.8 chpt 1

question

combing biological and cultural approaches to a given problem

answer

define biocultural p.8 chpt1

question

sociocultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic

answer

the four fields of anthropology p. 8 chpt 1

question

the study of human society and cultures, is the subfield that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities

answer

Define cultural anthropology p.8 chpt 1

question

ethnography and ethnology

answer

Two types of cultural anthropology p. 9 chpt 1

question

fieldwork in a particular cultural setting, it provides an account of a particular group, community, society, or culture, (field work)

answer

define ethnography p.9 chpt 1

question

the part of cultural anthropology based on cross-cultural comparison. p.11 the study of sociolcultural differences and similarities

answer

define ethnology p.9 chpt 1

question

"Human populations construct their cultures in interaction with one another, and not in isolation"

answer

Franz Boas (1940-1966) noted... p.10 chpt 1

question

reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains.

answer

define archaeological anthropology p. 10 chpt 1

question

anthropological archaeology archaeology

answer

archaeological anthropology is also called p.10 chpt 1

question

the study of human biological variation in time and spaces

answer

define biological anthropology p.12 chpt 1

question

same as biological anthropology

answer

define physical anthropology p.12 chpt 1

question

1. human evolution as revealed by the fossil record (paleoanthropology) 2. human genetics 3. human growth and development 4. human biological plasticity (the living body's ability to change as it copes with stresses such as heat, cold, and altitude.) 5. Primatology (the biology, evolution, behavior, and social life of monkeys, apes, and other non-human primates.

answer

the five specialties w/ in biological anthropology p.12 chpt 1

question

the study of bones- helps paleoanthropologist who examine skulls, teeth, and bones, to identify human ancestors and to chart changes in the anatomy over times.

answer

define osteology p.12 chpt 1

question

a systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims, through experiments, observation, and deduction, to produce reliable explanations of phenomeana.

answer

Define science p.13 chpt 1

question

the study of language and linguistic diversity in time, space, and society.

answer

define linguistic anthropology p. 13 chpt 1

question

the study of language in society, it investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation. No languages is a homogeneous system in which everyone speaks just like everyone else

answer

define sociolinguistics p.13 chpt 1

question

using anthropology to solve contemporary problems

answer

define applied anthropology p. 15 chpt 1

question

deciding what needs saving when entire archaeological sites cannot be saved

answer

define cultural resource management p. 15 chpt 1

question

a set of ideas formulated to explain something

answer

define theory p.15 chpt 1

question

an observed relationship between two or more variables

answer

define association p.15 chpt 1

question

have a research question, construct a hypothesis, posit a mechanism, get data to test your hypothesis, devise a way of measuring, analyze your data, draw a conclusion, derive implications, contribute to larger theory.

answer

order of scientific method p. 18 chpt 1

question

1. what is cultures and why do we study it? 2. What is the relation between culture and the individual? 3. How does culture change-especially with globalization?

answer

Three ? answered in chapter 2

question

ex. america. A culture that places emphasis on the individual and likes to thing of everyone as unique in some way.

answer

define individualism p. 26 chpt 2

question

shared value

answer

individualism is a distinctive ____ p.26 chpt 2

question

the error of viewing one's own culture as superior and apply one's own cultural values in judging people from other cultures.

answer

Define Ethnocentrism p. 26 chpt 2

question

an anthropologist who wrote Primitive Culture. he proposed that cultures, systems of human behavior and thought , obey natural laws, and therefore can be studied scientifically

answer

Who is Sir Edward Tylor? p. 27 chpt 2

question

"Culture... is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits ACQUIRED BY A MAN AS A MEMBER OF SOCIETY" *he focused on attributes that people acquire not through biological inheritance, but by growing up in a particular society

answer

Sir Edward Tylor's definition of culture p. 27 chpt 2

question

cultural learning

answer

________ depends on the uniquely developed human capacity to use symbols p.27 chpt 2

question

something verbal or nonverbal that stands for something else/ signs that have no necessary or natural connects to the things they signify or for what they stand

answer

Define symbols p. 27 chpt 2

question

the ideas based on cultural learning and symbols. cultures have been characterized as sets of "control mechanisms"-plans, recipes, rules, instructions, etc.

answer

Clifford Geertz's definition of culture p. 27 chpt 2

question

" dependent upon symbolling.. culture consists of tools, implements, utensils, clothing, ornaments, customs ,institutions, beliefs, rituals, games, works of art, language, etc.

answer

Leslie White's definition of culture p. 27 chpt 2

question

when our ancestors acquired the ability to use symbols that is, to acquire the ability to use symbols that is, to originate and bestow meaning on a thing or even and correspondingly, to grasp and appreciate such meaning.

answer

when did symbols originate according to Leslie White? p. 27 chpt 2

question

E) all of these places

answer

Anthropology is practiced in A) a corporate office building. B) a Mesopotamian tomb. C) a North American shopping mall. D) an inner city classroom. E) all of these places.

question

C) examines, interprets, analyzes, and compares the results of other anthropological studies

answer

Ethnology A) provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture. B) reconstructs, describes, and interprets past human behaviors. C) examines, interprets, analyzes, and compares the results of other anthropological studies. D) is a systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims-through experiment, observation, and deduction-to produce reliable explanations of phenomena. E) refers to the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems.

question

A) holism

answer

Which of the following terms refers to an interest in the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture? A) holism B) anthropology C) ethnology D) ethnography E) theory

question

D) sociocultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology.

answer

The academic discipline of anthropology, also known as general anthropology or "four-field" anthropology, includes four main subdisciplines or subfields. They are A) holistic, medical, forensic, and language anthropology. B) sociocultural, medical, linguistic, and historical anthropology. C) archaeological, biological, holistic, and feminist anthropology. D) sociocultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology. E) linguistic, medical, historical, and native anthropology.

question

D) asteroids

answer

Archaeological anthropologists traditionally study all of the following except A) trash. B) fragments of pottery. C) plant remains. D) asteroids. E) stone tools.

question

...

answer

Traditionally, anthropologists would be least interested in A) cultural changes over time. B) Third World subsistence strategies. C) art consumption by the elite in modern societies. D) diversity among cultures. E) the link between nature and nurture.

question

C) Particularly in the case of American anthropology, interest in the origins and diversity of Native Americans brought together studies of customs, social life, language, and physical traits.

answer

Which of the following is a historical reason for the inclusion of four subfields in the single discipline of general anthropology? A) General anthropology became too broad a discipline by the early 1900s and had to be broken down into subdisciplines. B) In France, where general anthropology originated, scholars were interested in the relation between mind and body. C) Particularly in the case of American anthropology, interest in the origins and diversity of Native Americans brought together studies of customs, social life, language, and physical traits. D) The major American universities of the mid-19th century encouraged interdisciplinary dialogue, thus stimulating a more holistic approach to the study of the human condition, past and present. E) Particularly in Germany, where the four-field approach originated, the government encouraged a holistic approach to the human condition so that this knowledge could help improve the effectiveness of social programs.

question

D) enculturation

answer

Children learn cultural traditions by growing up in a particular society through a process called A) adaptation. B) invention. C) investment. D) enculturation. E) development.

question

B) provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture.

answer

Ethnography A) examines, interprets, analyzes, and compares the results of other anthropological studies. B) provides an account of a particular community, society, or culture. C) reconstructs, describes, and interprets past human behaviors. D) refers to the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems. E) is a systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims through experiment, observation, and deduction to produce reliable explanations of phenomena.

question

D) human diversity as revealed by material culture

answer

Biological anthropology is most concerned with all of the following except A) human growth and development. B) biology, evolution, behavior, and social life of primates. C) human genetics. D) human diversity as revealed by material culture. E) the behavior of primates.

question

B) Culture is transmitted through our genes.

answer

Which is not true about culture? A) Culture is a key aspect of human adaptability and success. B) Culture is transmitted through our genes. C) Cultural forces consistently mold and shape human biology and behavior. D) Culture guides the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them. E) Culture is passed on from generation to generation.

question

D) sociolinguistics

answer

The field that investigates the relationships between social and linguistic variation is A) medical anthropology. B) physical anthropology. C) ethnology. D) sociolinguistics. E) applied anthropology.

question

B) a theory

answer

What term refers to an explanatory framework that helps us understand why something exists? A) a model B) a theory C) a synthesis D) a symbiosis E) a hypothesis

question

B) zoology

answer

Anthropology has strong links to all of the following academic fields except A) history. B) zoology. C) economics. D) physics. E) sociology.

question

D) a field with a narrow set of research questions

answer

Anthropology is not A) a field of science. B) a field of the humanities. C) a field of social science. D) a field with a narrow set of research questions. E) related to sociology.

question

E) the link between nature and nurture

answer

Traditionally, anthropologists would be least interested in A) cultural changes over time. B) Third World subsistence strategies. C) art consumption by the elite in modern societies. D) diversity among cultures. E) the link between nature and nurture.

question

C) Particularly in the case of American anthropology, interest in the origins and diversity of Native Americans brought together studies of customs, social life, language, and physical traits.

answer

Which of the following is a historical reason for the inclusion of four subfields in the single discipline of general anthropology? A) General anthropology became too broad a discipline by the early 1900s and had to be broken down into subdisciplines. B) In France, where general anthropology originated, scholars were interested in the relation between mind and body. C) Particularly in the case of American anthropology, interest in the origins and diversity of Native Americans brought together studies of customs, social life, language, and physical traits. D) The major American universities of the mid-19th century encouraged interdisciplinary dialogue, thus stimulating a more holistic approach to the study of the human condition, past and present. E) Particularly in Germany, where the four-field approach originated, the government encouraged a holistic approach to the human condition so that this knowledge could help improve the effectiveness of social programs. 10

question

B) False

answer

Ethnology requires fieldwork to collect data, is descriptive, and is group specific. A) True B) False

question

B) False

answer

A developmental anthropologist is interested in childhood growth. A) True B) False

question

A) True

answer

Culture is not itself biological, but it rests on certain features of human biology. A) True B) False

question

A) True

answer

Anthropology has connections to many other different academic fields such as sociology, history, psychology, zoology, and physiology. A) True B) False

question

A) True

answer

Anthropology's biocultural approach refers to the inclusion and combination of both biological and cultural perspectives and approaches to comment on or solve a particular issue or problem, A) True B) False

question

The application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems.

answer

Define Applied Anthropology

question

The study of human behavior and cultural patterns and process through the culture's material remains

answer

archaeological anthropology

question

An observed relationship between two or more variables

answer

association

question

referring to the inclusion and combination (to solve a common problem) of both biological and cultural approaches- one of anthropology's hallmarks

answer

biocultural

question

the study of human biological variation in time and space; includes evolution, genetics, growth and development, and primatology.

answer

biological anthropology

question

The study of human society and culture; describes, analyzed, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences.

answer

cultural anthropology

question

The branch of applied archeology aimed at preserving sites threatened by dams, highways, and other projects.

answer

cultural resource management (CRM)

question

distinctly human; transmitted through learning; traditions and customs that govern behavior and beliefs

answer

culture

question

field work in a particular culture

answer

ethnography

question

crosscultural comparison; the comparative study of ethnographic data, society, and culture.

answer

ethnology

question

cultivation of plants and domestication (stockbreeding) or animals; first developed 10,000 to 12,000 years ago

answer

food production

question

the field of anthropology as a whole, consisting of cultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology

answer

general anthropology

question

Interested in the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future: biology, society, language, and culture

answer

holistic

question

a suggested but as yet unverified explanation

answer

hypothesis

question

the descriptive, comparative, and historical study of language and of linguistic similarities and differences in time, space, and society.

answer

linguistic anthropology

question

see biological anthropology

answer

physical anthropology

question

A systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims, through experiment, observation, and deduction, to produce reliable explanations of phenomena, with reference to the material and physical world.

answer

science

question

study of relationships between social and linguistic variation; study of language (performance) in its social context

answer

sociolinguistics

question

A set of ideas formulated (by reasoning from known facts) to explain something. The main value of a theory is to promote new understanding. A theory suggest patterns, connection, and relationships that may be confirmed by new research.

answer

theory

question

A) Cultural Anthropology

answer

Prosperous communities hold festivals called potlatches, during which they give away their surplus foods and material goods to their neighbors, and gain social standing in exchange. In contrast to western societies, individuals or communities that horde goods would be viewed as outcasts. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology

question

D) Linguistic Anthropology

answer

Anthropologist don't just work in foreign countries. Anthropologists who have studies Black English Vernacular, or Ebonics, have demonstrated that DEV is not an ungrammatical hodge-podge, rather it is a complex linguistic system with its own grammatical rules. This work has helped elementary school teachers tailor their classes to better meet the needs of their BEV students. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology

question

B) Archaeological Anthropology

answer

Anthropologist study past civilizations. Anthropologist working at Teotihucian are studying the rise and fall of one of Mexico's earliest cities. Researches have estimated at its peak in A.D. 500, the population was over 130,000. In comparison, London did not exceed that many people until after A.D. 1500. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology

question

A) Cultural Anthropology

answer

Anthropologists study other cultures. Anthropologist have documented that all cultures have an incest taboo which states that one cannot marry certain people. however, which individuals are considered taboo varies from culture to culture. Among the Yanamimi, it is taboo to marry your parallel cousins but you are encouraged to marry your cross cousins. This means you cannot marry the children of your father's brothers or your mother's sisters, but you are encouraged to marry the children of your father's sisters or your mother's brothers. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology

question

B) Archaeological Anthropology

answer

Anthropologist study past cultures. Anthropologist have studied paintings in caves in France that date to about 20,000 years ago. Many researches have interpreted the depictions of animals being hunted as attempts by the artists to improve their chances of a kill. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology

question

C) Biological Anthropology

answer

Anthropologist study genetic adaptions to the environment. Anthropologist were puzzled why sickle-cell anemia, a deadly genetic disorder, remained so prevalent throughout much of Sub-Saharan Africa. Researches discovered that the carrier of the gene (not those with the disease) are less susceptible to Malaria. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology

question

C) Biological Anthropology

answer

Researchers have shown that humans aren't the only primates that hunt. Hunting is an important social activity among chimpanzees because males hunt together, and then meat is used to cement political alliances among the group. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology

question

D) Linguistic Anthropology

answer

Anthropologists study how cultures change. Traditionally, Japanese women use a high falsetto voice when speaking in public as a sign of deference in a male dominated society. Anthropologist have noted that this standard of politeness is becoming less common as Japanese gender rules are becoming influenced by other societies. A) Cultural Anthropology B) Archaeological Anthropology C) Biological Anthropology D) Linguistic Anthropology

question

E) practice theory

answer

The approach to studying culture that recognizes individuals as having diverse motives and intentions and different degrees of power and influence is known as A) agency theory. B) cultural relativism. C) genealogical method. D) functionalism. E) practice theory.

question

A) acquired by a man as a member of society.

answer

The British anthropologist Edward Tylor said that culture is A) acquired by a man as a member of society. B) adaptive. C) symbolic. D) transmitted through observation. E) taught directly.

question

C) a child learns his or her culture.

answer

Enculturation is the process by which A) culture is reduced. B) culture becomes adaptive. C) a child learns his or her culture. D) one society's culture influences another. E) people subsist.

question

D) Cultural learning begins only after children become verbal.

answer

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about how culture is learned? A) Children learn through their own experiences and from other members of their group. B) Culture is transmitted through observation. C) Cultures are absorbed as sets of control mechanisms that govern our behavior. D) Cultural learning begins only after children become verbal. E) Culture can be absorbed unconsciously.

question

C) how far to stand away from someone during a conversation.

answer

An example of a cultural trait that is acquired unconsciously is knowing A) when to say "thank you." B) when to take out the trash. C) how far to stand away from someone during a conversation. D) how to write a college essay. E) how to pronounce "anthropology."

question

A) a visible estrus cycle in females

answer

Which of the following is NOT a trait that we share with apes? A) a visible estrus cycle in females B) opposable thumbs C) the ability to make and use tools D) color vision and depth perception E) significant parental investment in offspring

question

B) people who share beliefs and practices not found at the national level.

answer

The existence of subcultures suggests that we form associations with A) people who live in the same nation-state. B) people who share beliefs and practices not found at the national level. C) people to whom we are biologically related more often than non-kin. D) people with whom we share a "psychic unity." E) people with whom we share both spoken and written language.

question

C) the ability to use symbols emerged.

answer

For anthropologist Leslie White, culture originated when A) people began to use enculturation. B) tools were first produced. C) the ability to use symbols emerged. D) behavior became patterned. E) art was first produced.

question

C) unfriendly.

answer

A Brazilian might interpret the body space that an American maintains during a conversation as A) a sexual advance. B) hostile. C) unfriendly. D) warm. E) authoritative.

question

C) a core value.

answer

Because it helps to integrate and distinguish American culture from other cultures, individualism is an example of A) a symbol. B) an independent invention. C) a core value. D) a subculture. E) diffusion.

question

E) what people actually do.

answer

According to the text, "real culture" differs from "ideal culture" because it is A) the one best suited to a given environment. B) what people say they do. C) contested. D) symbolic. E) what people actually do.

question

E) It is the tendency to view your own culture as superior and to apply your own culture's values to judge the behavior and beliefs of people in other cultures.

answer

Which of the following statements about ethnocentrism is true? A) It is the tendency to view another's culture as superior and to use that culture's values to judge the behavior and beliefs of people in your own culture. B) It is particular to Western society. C) It is the argument that one culture should not be judged by the standards of another. D) It is the argument that there is a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions. E) It is the tendency to view your own culture as superior and to apply your own culture's values to judge the behavior and beliefs of people in other cultures.

question

D) farming

answer

Which of the following is NOT a human cultural universal? A) exogamy B) incest taboo C) food sharing D) farming E) family living

question

C) acculturation.

answer

A pidgin is an example of A) ethnocentrism. B) independent invention. C) acculturation. D) diffusion. E) enculturation.

question

E) enculturation

answer

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of cultural change? A) acculturation B) globalization C) independent invention D) diffusion E) enculturation

question

B) False

answer

Culture is always adaptive. A) True B) False

question

B) False

answer

Popular culture is too trivial for anthropologists to study as "culture." A) True B) False

question

A) True

answer

Nearly all internationally recognized human rights are described in four United Nations documents, including the UN Charter. A) True B) False

question

A) True

answer

Traditional cultural knowledge often has real monetary value. A) True B) False

question

B) False

answer

The notion of American individualism makes it more difficult for enculturation to take place. A) True B) False

question

The exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the cultural patterns of either of both groups may be changed, but the groups remain distinct

answer

Acculturation

question

key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture and help distinguish it from others

answer

core values

question

The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect. Anthropology is characterized by methodological culture fully, anthropologist try to understand its members' beliefs and motivations. Methodological relativism does not preclude making moral judgements or taking action.

answer

cultural relativism

question

Doctrine that certain rights are vested in identifiable groups, such as religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies. Cultural rights include a group;s ability to preserve its culture, to raise its children in the ways of its forbears to continue its language, and not to be deprived of its economic base by the nation-state in which it is located

answer

cultural rights

question

borrowing of cultural traits between societies, either directly or through intermediaries.

answer

diffusion

question

the social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations

answer

enculturation

question

the tendency to view one's own culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different people by one's own standards.

answer

ethnocentrism

question

culture pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies

answer

generality

question

The accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems.

answer

globalization

question

A member of the taxonomic family that includes humans and the African apes and their immediate ancestors

answer

Hominid

question

A member of the human lineage after its split from ancestral chimps; the term hominin is used to describe all the human species that ever have existed, including the extinct ones, and excluding chimps and gorillas.

answer

Hominin

question

Doctrine that invokes a realm of justices and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions. Human rights, usually seen as vested in individuals, would include the right to speak freely, to hold religious beliefs without persecution, and not to be murdered, injured, enslaved, or imprisoned without charge.

answer

human rights

question

development of the same cultural traits or pattern in separate cultures as a result of comparable needs, circumstances, and solutions.

answer

independent invention

question

cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries

answer

international culture

question

Intellectual property rights, consisting of each society's cultural base- its core beliefs and principles. IPR are claimed as a group right- a cultural right- allowing indigenous groups to control who may know and use their collective knowledge and its applications.

answer

IPR

question

cultural experience, beliefs, learned behavior patterns, and values shared by citizens of the same nation.

answer

nation culture

question

distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern, or integration.

answer

particularity

question

different cultural traditions associated with subgroups in the same complex society

answer

subcultures

question

Something, verbal or nonverbal, that arbitarily and by convention stands for something else, with which it has no necessary or natural connection.

answer

symbol

question

something that exists in every culture

answer

universal

question

D) problem-instigating research

answer

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristic field techniques of ethnography? A) participant observation B) interview schedule C) genealogical method D) problem-instigating research E) life histories

question

A) that of the ethnographer.

answer

The etic perspective is A) that of the ethnographer. B) that of the local members of the community being studied. C) more valid than the emic perspective. D) how locals perceive the world in which they live. E) that of the person being interviewed.

question

E) interviewing key cultural consultants

answer

Which of the following is NOT an example of participant-observation? A) dancing in a festival B) singing during a ritual C) taking part in a hunt D) competing in the games popular in the community E) interviewing key cultural consultants

question

D) longitudinal research

answer

Which of the following techniques is described as "the long-term study of a community, region, society, or culture?" A) problem-oriented ethnography B) life histories C) genealogical method D) longitudinal research E) participant observation

question

D) can provide detailed information about particular aspects of daily life.

answer

Key cultural consultants are an important part of ethnographic research because they A) will collect all of the data. B) write up only the important information and leave out the extraneous data. C) can tell you all about the etic perspective. D) can provide detailed information about particular aspects of daily life. E) will apply for the grants needed to conduct the research.

question

B) Anthropologists may intentionally manipulate and control the community under study as long as it adds to our understanding of human cultural and biological diversity.

answer

Which of the following statements is NOT part of the American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics? A) Anthropologists should consider reasonable requests for access to their data for purposes of research. B) Anthropologists may intentionally manipulate and control the community under study as long as it adds to our understanding of human cultural and biological diversity. C) Anthropologists may move beyond disseminating research results to a position of advocacy. D) Anthropologists may gain personally from their research, but they must not exploit individuals, groups, animals, or any biological or cultural materials. E) The primary ethical obligation of the anthropologist is to the people, species, or materials being studied.

question

C) is conducted with little or no personal contact between study subjects and researchers.

answer

Unlike ethnography, survey research A) studies communities in their entirety. B) has been traditionally conducted in nonindustrial, small-scale societies. C) is conducted with little or no personal contact between study subjects and researchers. D) makes little use of statistics. E) is based on establishing close personal ties with the study community.

question

D) allow informants to talk about what they see as important, rather than have to modify their responses to fit into predetermined categories.

answer

Unlike questionnaires, in-depth interviews A) rely on very short responses. B) are better suited to urban, complex societies where most people are literate. C) are usually administered to a random sample of a larger population. D) allow informants to talk about what they see as important, rather than have to modify their responses to fit into predetermined categories. E) are traditionally associated with survey research.

question

C) through a combination of survey and ethnographic techniques

answer

What is the best way to conduct ethnographic research in complex societies? A) survey research B) ethnography C) through a combination of survey and ethnographic techniques D) observation from a distance E) There is no good way to conduct ethnographic fieldwork in complex societies.

question

E) his fieldwork with the Yanomami.

answer

Bronislaw Malinowski is well known for all of the following EXCEPT A) his work among the Trobriand Islanders. B) writing his ethnographies in the style of ethnographic realism. C) emphasizing the importance of exploring the "imponderabilia of daily life." D) setting the standard for holistic ethnography. E) his fieldwork with the Yanomami.

question

B) Evolutionism

answer

____________ was an early anthropological theory that categorized societies according to the stages of savagery, barbarism, and civilization. A) Four-field anthropology B) Evolutionism C) Progressivism D) Functionalism E) Symbolism

question

C) the group's religious beliefs.

answer

Julian Steward's idea of the culture core would include all of the following EXCEPT A) the plants and animals in a group's surrounding environment. B) the farming equipment available to the group. C) the group's religious beliefs. D) the climate within which a group lived. E) the hunting tools used by the group.

question

C) emphasizing the interconnections of global trade and travel.

answer

Practice theory sought to correct early anthropological theories by A) attending to the universal biological needs served by a culture's practices. B) demonstrating how shared practices create culture cores. C) emphasizing the interconnections of global trade and travel. D) stressing the influence of structural forces beyond the individual's control. E) paying more attention to individuals' diverse motives and intensions.

question

A) find elementary structures of thought that are common across cultures.

answer

Levi-Strauss, a structuralist, studied myths in order to A) find elementary structures of thought that are common across cultures. B) find the structural differences that demonstrate how each culture is unique. C) learn how a culture's particular economic structures shape its linguistic structures. D) locate the causes of structural inequalities. E) find correlations between economic and political structures in a culture's myths.

question

B) that human biology can be changed by cultural forces.

answer

Boas's study of European immigrants to the United States was important because it showed A) that Europeans were healthier than Americans. B) that human biology can be changed by cultural forces. C) no biological differences between new immigrants and American citizens. D) that phenotypic variation is unrelated to genotypic variation. E) correlations between ethnicity and brain size.

question

A) True

answer

Anthropology differs from other disciplines that study human beings because it is comparative, holistic, and global. A) True B) False

question

B) False

answer

Rapport is one of the ways anthropologists present their findings from their fieldwork. A) True B) False

question

B) False

answer

Longitudinal research, by definition, must involve traveling great distances to the study area. A) True B) False

question

A) True

answer

Cultural materialists believe that a culture's technology, economics and demography determine its social relations and ideology. A) True B) False

question

B) False

answer

Historical particularism most often used cultural diffusion to explain similarities between two cultures. A) True B) False

question

The actions of individuals, alone and in groups, that create and transform culture

answer

Agency

question

Nations; large and populous, with social stratification and central governments

answer

complex societies

question

view of culture as integrated and patterned

answer

configuration

question

Idea (Harris) that cultural infrastructure determines structure and superstructure

answer

cultural materialism

question

subjects in ethnographic research; people the ethnographer gets to know in the field, who teach him or her about their culture.

answer

cultural consultants

question

(studying societies) across time

answer

diachronic

question

the research strategy that focuses on local explanations and criteria of significance

answer

emic

question

the research strategy that emphasizes the ethnographer's rather than the local's explanation, categories, and criteria of significance.

answer

etic

question

approach focusing on the role (function) of a sociocultural practices in social systems.

answer

functionalism

question

procedures by which ethnographers discover and record connections of kinship, descent, and marriage, using diagrams and symbols.

answer

genealogical method

question

Idea (Boas) that histories are not comparable; diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result.

answer

historical particularism

question

(Geertz) The study of a culture as a system of meaning

answer

interpretive anthropology

question

Ethnographic tool for structuring a formal interview. A prepared form (usually printed or mimeographed) that guides interview with households or individuals being compared systematically. Contrast with a questionnaire because the researcher has personal contact with the local people and records their answers.

answer

interview schedule

question

Person who is a expert on a particular aspect of local life.

answer

key cultural consultant

question

of a key consultant or narrator; provides a personal cultural portrait of existence or change in a culture.

answer

life history

question

Long-term study of a community, region, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits.

answer

longitudinal research

question

the web of interrelated economic and power relations in society

answer

political economy

question

Form (usually printed) used by sociologists to obtain comparable information from respondents. Often mailed to and filled in by research subjects rather than by the researcher.

answer

questionnaire

question

A sample in which all members of the population have an equal statistical chance of being included.

answer

random sample

question

a smaller study group chosen to represent a larger population

answer

sample

question

the special domain of culture, beyond the organic and inorganic realms.

answer

superorganic kroeber

question

characteristic research procedure among social scientist other than anthropologist. Studies society through sampling, statistical analysis, and impersonal data collection.

answer

survey research

question

the study of symbols in their social and cultural context.

answer

symbolic anthropology

question

(studying societies) at one time

answer

synchronic

question

Idea (19th century) of a single line or path of cultural development- a series of stages through which all societies must evolve.

answer

unilinear evolutionism

question

attributes (e.g., sex, age, height, weight) that differ from one person or case to the next

answer

variables

question

E) All of these.

answer

Educational anthropologists work in A) classrooms. B) homes. C) neighborhoods. D) after-school programs. E) All of these.

question

E) It is concerned primarily with how study of real-world problems can further anthropological theory.

answer

Which of the following statements about applied anthropology is NOT true? A) It involves the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems. B) It is concerned with the relationships between anthropological knowledge and the uses of that knowledge in the world beyond anthropology. C) It encompasses the use of knowledge and techniques from all four subfields of anthropology to identify, assess, and solve practical problems. D) It aims to find humane and effective ways of helping people whom anthropologists have traditionally studied. E) It is concerned primarily with how study of real-world problems can further anthropological theory.

question

A) Cultural resource management

answer

The anthropologist portrayed in Appreciating Anthropology, who works in a New Orleans graveyard, is practicing which type of applied anthropology? A) Cultural resource management B) Family planning C) Public health D) Business development E) None of these.

question

C) urban and rural life.

answer

As an early student of Third World urbanization, Robert Redfield focused on the contrasts between A) the sacred and the profane. B) urban and suburban communities. C) urban and rural life. D) diseases and illnesses. E) urban and industrial economies.

question

D) underdifferentiation.

answer

The belief that a development project that was successful in rural Nigeria should be applied in rural Nepal, too, simply because both settings are rural is an example of A) overinnovation. B) an indigenous model. C) increased equity. D) underdifferentiation. E) cultural relativism

question

B) a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual

answer

An illness is A) a condition that is usually treated by a shaman. B) a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual. C) a vector that introduces poor health into an individual or community. D) a scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen. E) a cultural universal found only in tropical foragers.

question

A) snails

answer

What is the carrier for schistosomiasis? A) snails B) mosquitoes C) fleas D) rats E) All animals carry schistosomiasis.

question

D) highways

answer

Which of the following has helped most to spread AIDS in eastern Africa? A) prolonged contact with bonobos B) high rates of divorce C) cultural colonialism D) highways E) None of these have helped to spread AIDS in eastern Africa.

question

C) naturalistic disease theory

answer

Western medicine is an example of which kind of disease theory? A) emotionalistic disease theory B) personalistic disease theory C) naturalistic disease theory D) gradualistic disease theory E) parasitic disease theory

question

B) acting as a cultural broker.

answer

An anthropologist doing applied anthropology in a large corporation who learns about employees' grievances and explains these to their managers would be A) stepping beyond his or her role as an anthropologist. B) acting as a cultural broker. C) conducting cultural resource management. D) engaged in development anthropology. E) making the mistake of overinnovation.

question

D) archaeological anthropology

answer

Cultural resource management is the application of the data, theory, and methods of which subdiscipline? A) cultural anthropology B) biological anthropology C) linguistic anthropology D) archaeological anthropology E) physical anthropology

question

B) Third World cities

answer

Where are the fastest population growth rates? A) Second World cities B) Third World cities C) Third World countryside D) First World cities E) First World suburbs

question

A) urban slums.

answer

In 2003, the United Nations estimated that some 940 million people were living in A) urban slums. B) rural communities. C) suburbs. D) urban high-rises. E) deserts.

question

B) It is a branch of archaeological anthropology.

answer

Which of the following statements about medical anthropology is NOT true? A) It is academic and theoretical. B) It is a branch of archaeological anthropology. C) It is applied and practical. D) It is a branch of cultural anthropology. E) It is a branch of biological anthropology.

question

D) a scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen.

answer

A disease is A) a condition that is usually treated by a shaman. B) a condition of poor health perceived by an individual. C) a vector that introduces illness and poor health into an individual or community. D) a scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen. E) a cultural universal found only in tropical foragers.

question

B) False

answer

There are now fewer anthropologists working in applied anthropology than in the past. A) True B) False

question

A) True

answer

Cultural resource management is a branch of applied archaeological anthropology. A) True B) False

question

B) False

answer

In Redfield's rural-urban continuum, cultural innovations spread from rural and tribal areas to cities. A) True B) False

question

A) True

answer

The United Nations estimates that rural populations will start declining after 2020. A) True B) False

question

B) False

answer

According to this chapter, only those students who pursue graduate degrees in anthropology find majoring in anthropology as undergraduates to have been useful. A) True B) False

question

Anthropological research in classrooms, homes, and neighborhoods, viewing students as total cultural creatures whose enculturation and attitudes toward education belong to a larger context that includes family, peers, and society

answer

anthropology and education

question

the application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems.

answer

applied anthropology

question

specialized role accquired through a culturally appropriate process of selection, training, certification, and acquisition of a professional image; the curer is consulted by patients, who believe in his or her special powers, and receives some form of special consideration; a cultural universal

answer

curer

question

The branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimensions of, economic development

answer

development anthropology

question

A scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen.

answer

disease

question

a reduction in absolute poverty and a fairer (more even) distribution of wealth.

answer

equity, increased

question

beliefs, customs, and specialists concerning with ensuring health and preventing and curing illness; a cultural universal.

answer

health-care systems

question

a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual

answer

illness

question

unites biological and cultural anthropologists in the study of disease, health problems, health-care systems, and theories about illness in different cultures and ethnic groups

answer

medical anthropology

question

characteristic of projects that require major changes in natives' daily lives, especially ones that interfere with customary subsistence pursuits.

answer

overinnovation

question

as distinguished from Western medicine, a health-care system based on scientific knowledge and procedure, encompassing such fields as pathology, microbiology, biochemistry, surgery, diagnostic technology, and applications.

answer

scientific medicine

question

planning fallacy of view less developed countries as an undifferentiated group; ignoring cultural diversity and adopting a uniform approach (often ethnocentric) for very different types of project beneficiaries

answer

underdifferentiation

question

anthropological study of cities and urban life

answer

urban anthropology

question

C) it is produced only when particular environmental stimuli are encountered.

answer

All of the following is true about human language EXCEPT A) it permits the discussion of past and future. B) it is based on an arbitrary association between words and the things for which they stand. C) it is produced only when particular environmental stimuli are encountered. D) it relies almost totally on learning. E) it allows one to benefit from others' experiences.

question

D) they permit discussion of the past.

answer

All of the following statements about call systems are true EXCEPT A) they consist of a limited number of sounds. B) they are made only in the presence of certain stimuli. C) they are used by chimpanzees. D) they permit discussion of the past. E) they are used by gorillas.

question

D) productivity.

answer

When the chimpanzee, Washoe, combined the signs for "water" and "bird" to denote a swan she saw, she was displaying A) displacement. B) a call system. C) a focal vocabulary. D) productivity. E) diglossia.

question

B) morphology

answer

Which area of linguistic analysis refers to the study of words and their meaningful parts? A) phonology B) morphology C) phonetics D) phonemics E) kinesics

question

A) They are stigmatized in this society.

answer

When a language or dialect is stigmatized, this suggests which of the following statements about the people that speak this language or dialect? A) They are stigmatized in this society. B) They are less capable of contributing to this society. C) Their speech is less grammatically correct. D) They are less socially developed. E) They speak a relatively young (recently developed) language or dialect.

question

D) phonemics

answer

Which term refers to "the study of the significant sound contrasts of a given language?" A) phonology B) morphology C) phonetics D) phonemics E) kinesics

question

C) syntax

answer

What term refers to "the arrangement of words in phrases and sentences?" A) morpheme B) lexicon C) syntax D) phoneme E) kinesics

question

D) Noam Chomsky's position on language.

answer

The idea that all languages have a common structural basis because the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language is A) also referred to as ethnosemantics. B) an argument against the social importance of diglossia. C) known to be false. D) Noam Chomsky's position on language. E) Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf's position on language.

question

A) the grammatical categories of different languages lead their speakers to think about things in particular ways.

answer

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that A) the grammatical categories of different languages lead their speakers to think about things in particular ways. B) changes in culture produce changes in thought and language. C) chimpanzees that are capable of ASL are more like trained circus animals and do not really show the capacity of language. D) all languages share an underlying universal grammar. E) gorillas have the capacity of speech, as demonstrated by the gorilla Koko.

question

E) ethnosemantics.

answer

Berlin and Kay's study, in which they determined that there are ten basic color terms that appear in languages in a consistent order, is an example of the study of A) morphology. B) sociolinguistics. C) phonetics. D) focal vocabulary. E) ethnosemantics.

question

B) a style shift.

answer

The use of a falsetto voice by women in Japan is an example of A) diglossia. B) a style shift. C) ethnosemantics. D) a call system. E) morphology.

question

C) all dialects are equally effective as systems of communication.

answer

According to the principle of linguistic relativity A) human brains contain a limited set of rules for organizing language, so that all languages have a common structural basis. B) all languages are daughter languages of proto-Indo-Europeans. C) all dialects are equally effective as systems of communication. D) the proper language is a strategic resource to its user. E) all languages are equally valid for study by linguistic anthropologists.

question

B) less capable of communication than Standard English.

answer

According to the textbook, all of the following are true about Black English Vernacular EXCEPT that it is A) systematic and rule-governed. B) less capable of communication than Standard English. C) a relatively uniform dialect spoken by the majority of black youth in most parts of the United States. D) able to differentiate between past and present verbs. E) related to the dialect of English commonly used in the southern United States.

question

B) daughter languages.

answer

Languages that have descended from the same language are called A) historical linguistics. B) daughter languages. C) protolanguages. D) linguistic subgroups. E) proto-Indo-European.

question

A) an honorific.

answer

Japanese add the suffix -san to a name to demonstrate respect for that person. This is an example of A) an honorific. B) a focal vocabulary. C) a phoneme. D) copula deletion. E) diglossia.

question

B) False

answer

A pidgin is a mature language that develops through acculturation and has highly developed grammatical rules and native speakers. A) True B) False

question

A) True

answer

A smile is likely to have the same meaning cross-culturally. A) True B) False

question

B) False

answer

Black English Vernacular (B.E.V.) is best defined by its lack of rules and diversity when compared with Standard English. A) True B) False

question

B) False

answer

A close relationship between two languages indicates that the speakers are closely related biologically. A) True B) False

question

B) False

answer

Early experiments with teaching chimpanzees spoken language failed because researchers had not developed the proper techniques. A) True B) False

question

A rule-governed dialect of American English with roots in Southern English. BEV is spoken by African-American youth and by many adults in their casual, intimate speech.

answer

Black English Vernacular (BEV)

question

systems of communication among nonhuman primates, composed of a limited number of sounds that vary in intensity and duration. Tied to environmental stimuli.

answer

call systems

question

a basic feature of language; transmission through learning.

answer

cultural transmission

question

languages developing out of the same parent language; for example, French and Spanish are daughter languages of Latin

answer

daughter languages

question

the existence of "high" (formal) and "low" (informal, familiar) dialects of a single language, such as German

answer

diglossia

question

A basic feature of language; the ability to speak of things and events that are not present

answer

displacement

question

the study of lexical (vocabulary) contrasts and classifications in various languages

answer

ethnosemantics

question

A set of words and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups (those with particular foci of experience of activity), such as types of snow to Eskimos or skiers

answer

focal vocabulary

question

Subdivision of linguistics that studies language over time

answer

historical linguistics

question

A term, such as "Mr." and "Lord", used with people, often by being added to their names, to "honor" them

answer

honorific

question

The study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions

answer

kinesics

question

Human beings' primary means of communication; may be spoken or written; features productivity and displacement and is culturally transmitted.

answer

language

question

vocabulary; a dictionary containing all the morphemes in a language and their meanings

answer

lexicon

question

the study of form; used in linguistics (the study of morphemes and word constructions) and for form in general- for example, biomorphology relates to physical form.

answer

morphology

question

significant sound contrasting a language that serves to distinguish meaning, as in minimal pairs

answer

phoneme

question

the study of sound contrasts (phonemes) of a particular language

answer

phonemics

question

the study of speech sounds in general; what people actually say in various languages

answer

phonetics

question

the study of sounds used in speech

answer

phonology

question

a basic feature of language; the ability to use the rules of one's language to create new expressions comprehensible to other speakers.

answer

productivity

question

language ancestral to several daughter languages

answer

protolanguage

Anthropology Unit 1 Test Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards