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Most anthropologist are employed in

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colleges and museums

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Robert Redfeild relations between urban and rural communities

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cities were centers from which cultural innovations were spread to rural and tribal areas

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health care systems

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beliefs, customs, specialist, and techniques aimed at ensuring health and curing illness

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Disease

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scientifically identified health threat

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illness

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socially defined

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Naturalistic disease theory

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attributes a person illness to the consumption of hot or cold substances under the wrong conditions

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Anthropology may help the progess of education by enabling educators to avoid all of the following except

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Tolerance and Ethnic Diversity

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Helping to impose development programs designed solely by international authorities

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not a proper role for an applied anthropologist

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Emotionalistic disease theory

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underlies traditional understandings of susto

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A common goal of development projects is to

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Increase Equity

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The Malagasy development program illustrates the importance of

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the local governments commitment to improving the lives of its citizens

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Underdifferentiation

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refers to the tendency to view less-developed countries as more alike than they are

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Fueled the general expansion of the American educational system including academic anthropology

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The postwar baby boom of the late 1940s and 1950s

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Creating a single universal policy to be applied to all urban communities

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should not be one of the goals of applied anthropological approach to urban programs

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The use of anthropological findings,concepts, and methods to accomplish a desired end is

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applied anthropology

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Cultural resource management is an example of applied

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anthropology that could pose an ethical dilemma to the anthropologist

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A reason that the Madagascar project to increase rice production was successful is that

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Malagasy leaders were of the peasantry, or had strong ties to it, and therefore were prepared to follow the descent-group ethic of pooling resources for the good of the group as a whole

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The british Empire saw no use for anthropologist, and british colonials purposefully distanced themselves from anthropologist in the field

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Not true

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Applied anthropology's systemic perspective recognized that

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changes do not occur in a vacuum, and a program or project has multiple effects

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A common problem for international development projects is that they

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often assume the best way to increase production and income is through industrialization

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In a comparative study of 68 rural development projects, it was found that

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culturally compatible projects were twice as successful as incompatible ones

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Development projects that assume all "less-developed countries are alike

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have only limited chances of succeeding

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The original marketing strategy of McDonalds in Brazil

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tried to Americanize Brazilian eating habits

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Applied anthropology is a recently developed subfield within anthropology and reflects an entirely new concern with the application of anthropology to social problems

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Not true

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Postmarital residence pattern in which a married couple is expected to live in the husbands community

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Patrilocality

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One of the main difference between descent groups and nuclear families is that

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descent groups are permanent, while nuclear families are not.

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Incest taboo

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does not eliminate incest

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Refers to a unilineal descent group whose members claim, but cannot demonstrate, common descent from an apical ancestor

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Clan

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Is a nonhuman apical ancestor of a clan

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Totem

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The basic social units typically found in foraging societies are

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nuclear family and band

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The relatively high incidence of expanded family households among poorer North Americans is

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the adaptation to poverty

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The most stable social group among band societies with a seasonal pattern of population dispersal

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The nuclear family

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The incest taboo is a cultural universal, but

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not all cultures define incest the same way

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Substantial gifts given by the brides family or kin is

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Dowry

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Lobolo is a substantial gift to be given before, at, or after a marriage by

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the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin

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The custom in which a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband is a

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levirate marriage

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The anthropological term for a socially recognized mother is

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mater

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In matrilineal societies

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descent groups include only the children of the group's women

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Refers to sexual relations with someone considered to be a close relative

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Incest

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Rules of Endogamy

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tend to maintain social distinctions in choosing mates

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Refers to the practice of marrying a person outside of the group to which one belongs

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Exogamy

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In patrilineal societies, lobola like gifts

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make the children born to the woman full members of her husbands descent group

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The custom of a dowry that goes to the husbands family correlates with

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low female status

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Divorce is unique to industrialized nation-states

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Not true

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Polygyny

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man has more than one wife at one time

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Exogamy is adaptive because

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increases the number of individuals that one can rely on in times of need

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Polyandry is a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with male travel for trade, commerce, warfare

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True

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The Zadruga is a type of extended-family household in

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Western Bosnia

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The Life a Home study based on middle-class people who either owned or were buying homes found that American life centered on the

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kitchen

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According to Tylor, religion evolves through the sequence of

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Animism, Polytheism, Monotheism

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Was one of the founders of the anthropology of religion

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Edward B. Tylor

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Polytheism

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Multiple Gods

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Full time religious specialists

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Olympian religion

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The belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it

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Contagious Magic

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According to Tylor, _____ is the idea that a person's body is inhabited by two entities

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Animism

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Mana is

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acquired in Melanasia, but it attached to political offices in Polynesia

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Refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals

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Magic

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Rites of passage usually consist of ____ phases

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separation, liminality, and incorporation

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____ frequently occurs during the liminal phase of a rite of passage

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Reversals of ordinary behavior

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Induction into the U.S. Marine Corps and going through the Native American vision quest are examples of

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rites of passage

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Witchcraft accusations are often aimed at

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socially marginal people

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Communitas is

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a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness

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The bodies and possessions of Polynesian chiefs considered taboo because chiefs

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were imbued with a great amount of mana

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The use of voodoo dolls is an example of

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imitative magic

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Malinowski found that the Trobriand Islanders used magic

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in psychologically stressful situations, such as sailing

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____ have arisen in colonial situations in which local people have regular contact with outsiders but lack their wealth, technology, and living standards

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cargo cults

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As part of cargo cults, ____ invoked supernatural beings were invoked to intercede, kill or otherwise deflate the European big men and redistribute their wealth.

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Magical Leveling

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Sequences of words and actions used during rituals are

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liturgical orders

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Religion serves only to maintain social solidarity, it does not create or maintain social divisions

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Not true

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The religious specialist most frequently found among foraging bands is a

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shaman

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Are not examples of shamans

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Priests

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Largest religion in the world

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Christianity

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Witch hunts are an example of religion's function as

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a form of social control

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Cargo cults are

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a type of revitalization movement in response to new contact with industrial societies

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Among foragers

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the lack of a clear public-domestic dichotomy contributes to reduced gender inequality

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In many highland Papua New Guinea patrilineal-patrilocal societies

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women are the primary producers of subsistence crops

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Intersex

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a discrepancy between external and internal genitals

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Gender stratification

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generally reduced when the domestic and public spheres are not sharply separated

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Not culturally constructed

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Sex

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Biological differences between males and females, other than contrasts in breasts and genitals is

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Sexual dimorphism

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In a ___ society, women's status should be the highest

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tropical foraging

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In general, the status of women

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is higher in matrilineal societies than in patrilineal societies

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Refers to the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes

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Gender roles

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Recent cross-culture studies of gender roles demonstrated that

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the relative status of women is variable, depending on factors such as subsistence strategy, the importance of warfare, and the prevalence of a domestic-public dichotomy

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In general, societies with the patrilineal-patrilocal complex are NOT characterized by

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inheritance of land and prestige through female lines

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Sexual orientation is genetically predetermined, and culture plays no role in its expression

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Not true

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____ contributed to the emergence of the American notion that "a women's place is in the home"

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European immigration around 1900

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Gender differences among tropical and semitropical foragers shows that

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women's work usually contributes more to the diet than does men's work; consequently, there is less gender stratification

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In patrilineal societies

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men control the prestige hierarchy

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Public dichotomy

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tends to be more pronounced among agriculturalists than among foragers

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Domestic-public dichotomy is defined as strong differentiation between

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the home and the outside world

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Cross-cultural studies indicate that

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in most societies, women tend to be primary child caregivers

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The ___ is the example of a matrilineal-matrifocal society

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Minangkabau

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More than half of American households with the incomes below the poverty line

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are headed by women

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A political system ruled by men in which women have inferior status is

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patriarchy

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____ is not part of the patrilineal-patrilocal complex

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reduced gender stratification

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According to Etoro, Heterosexual intercourse was permitted to take place only in a couple's residence

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Not true

question

The worldwide increase in female-headed households does not stem from

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decreasing divorce rates

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The fact that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates engage in masturbation and same-sex activity suggests that

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flexibility in sexual expression is part of humans primate heritage

question

A matrilineal-matrilocal society is most likely o emerge when

answer

warfare is infrequent

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