question

In what kind of society is it most likely that leaders will acquire their positions as a result of their personal backgrounds or abilities, rather than heredity?

answer

Tribal Society

question

For most of human history, people lived in societies characterized by what kind of sociopolitical organization?

answer

Band

question

What is a "big man?"

answer

A person of influence and prestige

question

Which of the following statements about non-state societies is true?

answer

Economic, political, and religious activities are often interrelated

question

In band societies, what typically determines the amount of respect or status that an individual enjoys?

answer

Culturally valued personal attributes

question

Which of the following was NOT traditionally used by the Inuit to handle disputes?

answer

Courts of Law

question

What is the primary difference between a village head and a big man?

answer

A big man has supporters in multiple villages

question

Why does a big man accumulate wealth?

answer

Big men do not keep the wealth they accumulate, but rather redistribute it to create and maintain alliances with political supporters

question

A big man's position depends on all of the following accept: A. hard work B. inherited status C. generosity D. personal charisma E. accumulation of wealth

answer

B. inherited status

question

What term do social scientists use to refer to the socially approved use of power?

answer

Authority

question

Which of the following is the most important factor in determining an individual's power and prestige in a state?

answer

Socio-economic class

question

What is the basis of political organization in states?

answer

Monopoly of force by a central authority

question

Which of the following is not typical of state societies?

answer

A primarily foraging based subsistence strategy

question

What is the term for a social status based on talents, actions, efforts, choices, and accomplishments?

answer

Achieved status

question

True or False? The nuclear family and the band are the two basic social groups typically found in forager societies.

answer

True

question

True or False? Since bands lack formalized law, they have no means of settling disputes.

answer

False

question

True or False? Most bands and tribal groups in the world today are completely cut off from other human societies.

answer

False

question

True or False? States are complex systems of socio-political organization that aim to control and administer everything from conflict resolution to fiscal systems to population movements.

answer

True

question

True or False? A fiscal system includes the judges, laws, and courts that resolve conflicts.

answer

False

question

What particular aspect of life in industrial nations makes the nuclear family practical?

answer

Neolocality is the traditional form of residence in most societies, established long before most societies became industrial and persisting long after

question

What is the name of the post-marital residence pattern in which a married couple is expected to live in the husbands community?

answer

Patrilocality

question

Which of the following statements about the incest taboo is true?

answer

The incest taboo does not eliminate incest

question

What term refers to a unilineal descent group whose members claim but cannot demonstrate common descent from an apical ancestor?

answer

Clan

question

What are the two basic social units typically found in foraging societies?

answer

Nuclear family and band

question

Gezon and Kottak argue that the relatively high incidence of expanded family households among poor North Americans is...

answer

... an adaption to poverty

question

What is the name of the family in which a child is raised?

answer

Family of orientation

question

What is the name of the custom in which a widow marries the brother of her deceased husband?

answer

Levirate marriage

question

The anthropological term for a socially recognized mother is...

answer

... mater

question

In matrilineal societies...

answer

... descent groups include only the children of the groups women

question

What term refers to the practice of marrying a person outside of the group to which one belongs?

answer

Exogamy

question

What is polygyny?

answer

A situation in which a man has more that one wife at the same time

question

The zadruga is a type of extended family household found in what part of the world?

answer

Western Bosnia

question

True or False? In unilineal descent, one's ancestry is traced through either the male or the female line (not both).

answer

True

question

True or False? Your nuclear family includes you, your parents, and your grandparents.

answer

False

question

True or False? Your family of procreation is the one in which you were born.

answer

False

question

True or False? Although the nuclear family is found in many societies around the world, it is not a cultural universal.

answer

True

question

True or False? Industrialization increases mobility, which has played a major role in the decline of extended families in the US.

answer

True

question

True or False? Polygyny has not occurred in Turkey since it was outlawed by the government in 1926.

answer

False

question

True or False? Taboos against incest prevent it from ever occurring in human societies.

answer

False

question

True or False? Polygynous marriages often serve important economic and political functions, for instance, the numbers of wives a man has may be an indicator of his wealth, prestige, and status.

answer

True

question

True or False? Exogamy is the practice of seeking a mate within one's own group.

answer

False

question

Which of the following is not culturally constructed?

answer

Sex

question

Cross-cultural studies indicate that...

answer

... in most societies, women tend to be the primary child caregivers

question

Which of the following is an example of matrilineal-matrilocal society?

answer

Minangkabou

question

More than half of American households with incomes below the poverty line...

answer

... are headed by women

question

A political system ruled by men in which women have inferior status is known as a(n)...

answer

... patriarchy

question

True or False? Gender roles are the instinctual behaviors associated with each sex.

answer

False

question

True or False? Gender stratification refers to an unequal distribution of socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom between men and women.

answer

True

question

True or False? Cross-culturally women's activities tend to be associated with the home, whereas men are generally more active in the public domain.

answer

True

question

True or False? The specific roles assigned to each gender vary from culture to culture.

answer

True

question

True or False? The reasons why single parent families headed by women are becoming increasingly common include male migration, divorce, abandonment, and the idea that child care is women's responsibility.

answer

True

question

Which of the rituals or ceremonies below is not used to mark a passage to a new status or stage of life?

answer

Rally proceeding a basketball game

question

According to Tylor, what is the sequence through which religion evolved?

answer

Animism, Polytheism, Monotheism

question

Polytheism refers to...

answer

... belief in multiple gods

question

What kind of magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it?

answer

Contagious magic

question

What term refers to the manipulation of the supernatural to accomplish specific goals?

answer

Magic

question

Rites of passage usually consist of what phrases?

answer

Separation, Liminality, and Incorporation

question

What frequently occurs during the liminal phase of a rite of passage?

answer

Reversals of ordinary behavior

question

What is the term for the marginal, or in-between, phase of a rite of passage?

answer

Liminality

question

Witchcraft accusations are often aimed at...

answer

... socially marginal people

question

What is Communitas?

answer

A feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness

question

The use of voodoo dolls is an example of...

answer

... Imitative magic

question

Malinowski found the Trobriand Islanders used magic...

answer

... in pychologically stressful situations such as sailing

question

What did Handsome Lake initiate among the Iroquois at the beginning of the 19th century?

answer

A revitalization movement

question

What term refers to a custom or social action that operates to reduce status differences and bring standouts in line with community norms?

answer

Leveling mechanism

question

Which of the following statements about religions is not true?

answer

Religion serves only to maintain social solidarity; it does not create or maintain social divisions

question

The largest religion in the world in terms of number of practitioners is...

answer

... Christianity

question

True or False? In Melanesia, mana was a sacred force that could reside in people, animals, plants, and objects.

answer

True

question

True or False? According to Malinowski, religion provides people with emotional comfort during times of stress or uncertainty.

answer

True

question

True or False? In a Rite of passage, people experiencing liminality together form a community of equals.

answer

True

question

True or False? By participating in a ritual, performers signal that they accept a common social and moral order.

answer

True

question

True or False? Rites of passage involve 3 phases: Separation, liminality, and totemism.

answer

False

question

True or False? Totems are animals, plants, or geographical features from which members of a totemic group claim to be descended.

answer

True

Flashcards About Anthropology Exam 2

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