Amsco APUSH Chapter 19 – Flashcards
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close wins in elections of 1876 + 1892 forced both parties to avoid taking strong positions on important issues
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close elections
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-one party controls the presidency -the other party controls Congress
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divided government
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Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, and Benjamin Harrison
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weak presidents
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-result of the spoil's system -Halfbreeds=Stalwarts+rivals, led by Blaine, -Mugwumps=repubs. who were against the ___ game
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patronage politics
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-use of powers by government officials for private gain -ex: Boss Tweed (Tammany Hall)
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corrupt politicians
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Republican party kept reminding voters of civil war + how veteran's wounds were caused by DEMOCRATS + Lincoln was murdered by a DEMOCRAT
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Union veterans, "bloody shirt"
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-Republicans -economic plan to higher protective tariffs
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Whig past,pro-business
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Republicans followed this Supported pro-business economy + high protective tariffs
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Hamiltonian tradition
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-republicans -anti-slavery past
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Social reformers, temperance
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-republicans -men in business, middle-class -supported temperance/prohibition
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Anglo-Saxon heritage
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-republicans -supported temperance/prohibition
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Protestant Religion
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-republicans -anti-slavery past
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African Americans
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-democratic until mid-20th century
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former Confederacy, "Solid South"
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-democrats of the gilded age argued for these, following the Jeffersonian tradition
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states' rights, limited government
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-states' rights -limited fed gov powers
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Jeffersonian tradition
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-democrats in the north
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big-city political machines
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-democrats in the north
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immigrant vote
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-democrats -Catholics, Lutherans, Jews
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against prohibition
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-democrats -against prohibition crusades conducted by Protestant groups
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Catholics, Lutherans, Jews
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-often patronized (spoils system, not actually qualified for the job)
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federal government jobs
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-Conkling's supporters, Republicans, were known as ___ -Conkling's rivals led by Blaine were known as ____ -republicans who did not play the patronage game were known as____
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Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and Mugwumps
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-James Garfield won presidency, gave out federal jobs to other Halfbreeds
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Election of 1880
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-A Stalwart shot Garfield in the back as he was boarding a train bc of his patronage -Arthur is now president
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assassination of James Garfield
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-president after Garfield died -passed bill reforming civil service=get job based on qualifications, not connections -developed modern navy+questioned high tariff(=no renomination by Republicans)
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Chester Arthur
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-Civil Service Commission+system where applicants for fed. jobs were based on qualifications
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Pendleton Act of 1881
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-Pendleton Act of 1881 -politicians depended less on their armies of party workers, and more on the rich to fund their campaigns
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civil service reform
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-Blaine=dishonest=Republican nominee -Cleveland=honest, frugal, conscientious+uncompromising =Democrat nominee -Cleveland=1st demo as pres since 1856
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election of 1884
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-honest, frugal, conscientious, uncompromising -fathered a child of a woman not his wife= democrats are "Rum, Romanism, Rebellion" -won presidency
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Grover Cleveland
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-Republicans during civil war to protect US industry + fund union gov -After war, Democrats didn't want these bc they raised prices on consumer goods
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high tariff
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-business sees high tariff as protection -consumer sees high tariff as high prices on consumer goods
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business vs. consumers
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-republicans see that this would wreck business prosperity -Cleveland was not reelected
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Cleveland threatens lower tariff
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-raised tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of more than 48%
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McKinley Tariff of 1890
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-provided a moderate reduction in tariff reduction rates -included 2% income tax on incomes more than $2,000
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Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894
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-increased tariff 46% -made gold the official standard currency of the US in 1900
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Dingley Tariff of 1897- 46.5 percent
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-hard=backed by gold, supported by bankers, creditors, investors, established businesses -soft=greenbacks, supported by debtors, farmers, start-up businesses
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"hard" money vs. "soft" money
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Wanted hard money to avoid inflation VS Wanted easy money to 1)borrow money at low interest rates 2)pay off loans easier with inflated dollars
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banks, creditors vs. debtors
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-Over-enterprising, when profits failed to materialize, loans went unpaid, and caused the bust -economic strains on blacks+debtors -controversies over soft v. hard $
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Panic of 1873, "Crime of 73"
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-withdrew all greenbacks from circulation
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Specie Resumption Act of 1875
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-campaigned for expansion of paper money -would benefit working people, whereas hard money benefited only the rich -party died out 1870s during hard times
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Greenback party
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-populist candidate for president -won 1 mill votes+22 electoral votes, (one of the few 3rd parties to get electoral votes)
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James B. Weaver
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-allowed limited coinage of $2mill-$4mill in silver each month -16:1 silver:gold
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Bland-Allison Act of 1878
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-increased the coinage of silver, but too little to satisfy miners and farmers
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
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-gold reserves=dangerously low=repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act -didn't help, borrowed $65mill from Morgan in gold to support the gold standard
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run on gold reserves, J.P. Morgan bail out
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-Decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade for gold -gold reserves=dangerously low=repeal
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repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act
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-Cleveland (Demo.) = low tariff -Harrison (Repub.) = high tariff -Repubs argue lower tariff=wreck businesses prosperity -Harrison won in electoral college (not popular vote)
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election of 1888, Harrion
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-republicans controlled congress+presidency -congress=most active, passing the 1st billion dollar budget in US history
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"Billion Dollar Congress"
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-made up of farmers, greenbacks, laborers, grangers -Omaha platform 1892
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rise of the Populist Party
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-More political than Granges -opposed tariffs+wanted financial reforms -emerged into the populist party
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Farmers' Alliances in South and West
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-Watson appealed to poor farmers of both races to unite on their common economic grievances by joining the People's Party
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Alliance of whites and blacks in South
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-radical populist leader whose early success turned sour -became a vicious racist
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Thomas Watson
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-populist movements were biracial, southerners felt threatened by black power -push harder to limit political rights future democratic reforms: income tax, direct election of senators, secret ballot
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reformers vs. racism in South
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1)direct popular election of senators 2)use of initiatives+referendums 3) unlimited coinage of silver to increase $ supply 4)graduated income tax 5)public ownership of railroads by the US govt 6)telephone systems owned+operated by the govt 7)loans+fed warehouses for farmers 8)8 hour work day for industrial workers
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Omaha Platform
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government regulation and ownership
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-populist party lost badly -Cleveland beat Harrison bc of the unpop. high-tax McKinley Tariff -1st+only pres to return to White House after leaving it
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election of 1892, Cleveland returns
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-stock market crashed from over speculation+dozens of railroads went bankrupt due to overbuilding -4yrs w/ farms foreclosing, unemployment in 20% of workforce -Cleveland took a hands-off policy towards economy+let it play its course
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Panic of 1893
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-depression increased, 1000s of unemployed marched to Washington led by Populist Coxey -demanded the govt. spend $500mill on public works program to create jobs
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Coxey's Army, March on Washinton
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-by Harvey, easy answer to depression -taught people injustices of rich bankers+ that coined silver would return to prosperity
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Coin's Financial School
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After his "Cross of Gold" speech he was nominated at the Democratic ticket for the election of 1896
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William Jennings Bryan
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William Jennings Bryan "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold."
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"Cross of Gold" Speech
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-democrats split in 2: loyal to Cleveland + prosilver democrats looking for a leader
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fusion of Democrats and Populists
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-Bland-Allison Act
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unlimited coinage of silver at 16 to 1
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-National Democratic Party -supported hard money (reason for the democratic split) -presidential candidate=Palmer
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"Gold Bug" Democrats
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-rich from business, was the financial power behind McKinley's campaign -campaigned through mass media+got Republican ticket from business leaders who feared "silver lunacy"=inflation
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Mark Hanna, money and mass media
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-enacted Dingley Tariff of 1897 -gold became official standard of US currency after being found in Alaska -during war w/Spain help make US a world power
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McKinley victory
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gold standard and higher tariff
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rise of modern urban-industrial society
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decline of traditional rural-agricultural
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start of the modern presidency
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era of Republican dominance
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