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-

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Great American Desert

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Line north to south from the Dakotas through west Texas. Lands west of this line were generally poor and marginal. Settlers rashly tried to farm here in the 1870's and met ruin.

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100th Meridian

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The railroad network across the great plains split up the ____ destroying the Indians' way of life

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buffalo herds

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...

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Great Plains

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gold, silver, iron, coal

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mineral resources

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people kept going west in search for mining wealth. _______ towns were created as rich strikes were found which soon became ghost towns once resources ran out

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Mining frontier, boomtowns

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Prohibited further immigration to US by Chinese (similar act around till 1965) -First major act of congress to restrict immigration based on race

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Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

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...

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commercial cities

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...

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longhorns, vaqueros

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Came to an end in the 1880's bc of barbed wire + industrialization from RR's

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cattle drives

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invented by Joseph Glidden, cut off the "open range"

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barbed wire

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invented barbed wire

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Joseph Glidden

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160 acres of free land if fam. farmed it for 5 yrs Free land + RR promotions + land speculations = vast migration west

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Homestead Act

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a way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in ground where there is some moisture

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dry farming

question

...

answer

Great Plains tribes

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Pueblo tribes such as the Apache & Hopi who were majorly nomadic but also developed agriculture.

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Southwest tribes

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...

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federal treaty tribes

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...

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causes of "Indian wars"

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1876 - Sioux destroyed Custer;s Command

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Little Big Horn

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promoted the reestablishment of tribal organization + culture

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Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

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Wanted to eradicate tribal life and assimilate Native Americans into white culture through education, land policy, and federal law.

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assimilationists

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wrote A Century of Dishonor (1881) which created sympathy for American Indians but also created support for ending Indian culture through Assimilation

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Helen Hunt Jackson

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-broke up tribal organizations which many people thought prevented them from becoming "civilized" law abiding citizens -divided tribal lands into plots of ? 160 acres of land -US citizenship granted on those who stayed on lands for 25 years + "adopted the habits of civilized life.

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Dawes Act of 1887

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Religious movement that Indians believed could return prosperity to them. Gov, tried to supress movement by arresting leaders (Sitting Bull killed)

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Ghost Dance movement

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Killed culture, tribal life + people, forced survivors to assimilate into "American life".

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Mexican War aftermath

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Hispanic culture settled here bc of this , i.e. New Mexico, border towns, + barrios of Cali

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Spanish-speaking areas

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...

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Migration for jobs

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over harvesting of trees for lumber + firewood in the West led to this

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deforestation

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1st National Park (1872) ; (1864) preserve this valley in California CONSERVATION MVT.

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Yellowstone, Yosemite

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Responsible for management and conservation of most federal land and natural resources. 1849 (Secretary : Carl Schurz)

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Department of Interior conservationists and preservationists

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withdrew federal timberland from development + regulate their use to be used for future development of national parks + conserving land

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Forest Management Act of 1897

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1892: he founded this which worked to preserve natural areas from human interference

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John Muir, Sierra Club

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Wartorn + recovering w/ plans of self-sufficient economy w/ modern capitalist values, industrial growth, + improved transportation

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"New South"

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editor of the Atlanta Constitution who spread ideas for the new south though editorials + argued for the economic diversity + laissez-faire capitalism

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Henry Grady

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1 of the nation's leading ______ industry ALABAMA

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Birmingham (steel)

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center of South's lumber industry TENNESSEE

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Memphis (lumber)

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capital of the nations ________ industry VIRGINIA

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Richmond (tobacco)

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By 1900 the New South became integrated into this due to growing industry demands for transportation

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integrated rail network

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# of US farms doubled between 1865-1900 and farming became commercialized and specialized for national scale

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agriculture's dominance

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more than 1/2 of white farms + 3/4's of black farmers were these

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sharecropping; tenant farmers

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African American scientist who promoted growth of peanuts, sweet potatoes + soybeans (shows more diversity in agriculture)

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George Washington Carver

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Established by Booker T. Washington : taught hard work + economic self work to African Americans through farming at this agricultural school

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Tuskegee Institute

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People who believed in the superiority of the white race

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white supremacists

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Court ruled that Congress could not legislate against the racial discrimination practiced by private citizens including railroads, hotels, + businesses used by the public

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Civil Rights Case of 1883

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Louisiana made law "separate but equal accommodations" on RR's for blacks + whites. Supreme court upheld this law saying it did not violate the 14th Amendment's guarantee of "equal protection of the laws"

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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Segregation laws: i.e. segregated washrooms, drinking fountains, park benches + all public places

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Jim Crow laws

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used to restrict voting from blacks -one of them said blacks could only vote if their grandfather had voted before Reconstruction

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literacy tests, poll taxes , grandfather clauses

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some political primaries only for whites to vote blacks barred from serving on juries

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white primaries, white juries

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this racial tactic killed more than 1,400 men during the 1890's

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lynch mobs

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hindered blacks from entering skilled trades + even factory jobs

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economic discrimination

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Bishop Henry Turner formed the "International Migration Society" in 1894 to help blacks emigrate to Africa

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African American migration

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Editor of Memphis Free Speech who campaigned against lynching + Jim Crow laws (she received death threats and had to move North)

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Ida B. Wells

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former slave who established Tuskegee Institute -thought earning $ was more effective @ empowering blacks than politics -Organized the National Negro Business League

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Booker T. Washington

question

...

answer

Economic cooperation

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Farmer began working on a national scale, producing large quanitites of crops to sell to markets across the country with the aid of RR's and companies like Sears + Montgomery Ward

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markets and farmers

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Wheat and corn prices dropped greatly. As prices fell farmers w/ mortgages were faced w/ high interest rates + need to grow more more to pay debts. Increased production only lowered prices more (vicious cycle)

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crop price deflation

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farmers and small business people kept getting screwed over by RR's and middlemen. Middlemen took cut of their profits and RR's took what $ remained by charging wicked high prices for short hauls on lines w/ no competition

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railroads and middlemen

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Organized by Oliver H. Kelly. A social + educational organization for farmers + their families. Worked to protect people from middlemen , trusts , + RR's

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National Grange Movement

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Established by the National Grange Movement - businesses owned + run by farmers to save the cost charged by middlemen

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cooperatives

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-regulated rates charged by RR's + elevators -made it illegal for RR's to fix prices (pools) + to give rebates to rich costumers -Munn v. Illinois

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Granger laws

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Supreme Court upheld the right of a state to regulate businesses of a public nature (i.e. RR's)

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Munn v. Illinois

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Supreme Court ruled that individual states could not regulate interstate commerce (nullified many of the state regulations achieved by the Grangers)

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Wabash v. Illinois

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had power to investigate + prosecute pools, rebates, + discriminatory practices. The ICC lost most of its federal court cases but helped stabilize RR rates + curtailing destructive competition

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Interstate Commerce Commission

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1. supported direct election of US senators 2. Lower tariff rates 3. graduated income tax (higher taxes for rich) 4. new banking system regulated by the federal gov 5. new treasury notes + silver 6. Federal storage for farmers' crops + federal loans

answer

Ocala Platform of 1890

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Showed that the "Frontier" was completely settled

answer

census of 1890

question

"American social development has been continually beginning over again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character. The true point of view in the history of this nation is not the Atlantic coast, it is the Great West."

answer

Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"

question

...

answer

role of cities, "nature's metropolis"

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