American History Chapter 8 Vocabulary – Flashcards
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Industrial Revolution
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effort beginning in Britain in the late 1700s to increase production by using machines powered by sources rather than humans or animals
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interchangeable parts
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a system of manufacturing in which all parts are made to an exact standard for easy mass- assembly
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cotton gin
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machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fiber
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patent
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a license that gives an inventor the exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention for a set period of time
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Market Revolution
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shift from a home based, often agriculture, economy to one based on money and the buying and selling of goods
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manufacturing
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making of goods by machinery
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centralized
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concentrated in one place
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free enterprise system-
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economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods
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specialization
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in production, a system in which each worker performs a single part of an entire process
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investment capital
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money that a business spends in hopes of future gains
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bank note
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piece of paper that a bank issues to its customers and that can be exchanged for gold or silver coin
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section
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a geographic region
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rural
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pertaining to the countryside
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urban
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relating to a city
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industrialization
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the growth of industry
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tenement
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a low-cost apartment building that often has poor standards of sanitation, safety, and comfort and is designed to house as families as possible
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strike
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a work stoppage intended to force an employer to meet certain demands as in the demand for higher wages
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labor union
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organization of workers formed to protect the interest of its members
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cotton belt
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common 1850s nickname for the band of states from South Carolina to Texas whose economies relied almost completely on cotton production
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Turner's Rebellion
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unsuccessful slave revolt led by Nat Turner in 1831
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Dartmouth College v. Woodward
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1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that states could not interfere with private contracts
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McCulloch v. Maryland
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1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Congress has the authority to take actions necessary to fulfill its constitutional duties
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Gibbons v. Ogden
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1824 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that states could not regulate commerce on interstate waterways
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Monroe Doctrine
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declaration by president Monroe in 1823 that the United States would oppose efforts by any outside power to control a nation in the Western Hemisphere
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American System
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a combination of government-backed economic development and protective tariffs aimed at encouraging business growth
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patronage
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practice of hiring political supporters for government jobs
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spoils system
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system or practice of giving appointed offices as rewards from the successful party in an election; name for the patronage system under President Jackson
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Tariff of 1828
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a high tariff on imports that benefited the industrial North while forcing Southerners to pay higher prices on manufactured goods; called the "Tariff of Abominations" by Southerners
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nullify
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to reject, as in when a state judges a federal law to be unconstitutional
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states' rights
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the powers that the Constitution neither gives to the federal government nor denies to the states
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secede
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to withdraw formally from a membership in a group or organization
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Indian Removal Act
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1830 law calling for the President to give Native Americans land in parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange for land taken from them in the East
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Trail of Tears
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the forced movement of Cherokees in 1838 to land west of the Mississippi River
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Black Hawk War
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uprising led by a warrior named Black Hawk in which the Native Americans tried to reclaim their land in the Illinois territory
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Second Seminole War
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1835 war in which the Seminoles tried to retain their land in Florida
