American History Ch4 – Flashcards

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Headright
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the right to acquire a certain amount of land granted to the person who finances the passage of a laborer
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Disfranchise
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to take away the right to vote
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Civil war
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any conflict between the citizens or inhabitants of the same country
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Indentured servant
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a laborer bound to unpaid service to a master for a fixed term, in exchange for benefits such as transportation, tools, and clothes
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Tidewater
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the territory adjoining water affected by tides-that is, near the seacoast of coastal rivers
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Middle passage
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that portion of a slave ship's journey in which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas
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Fertility
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the ability to reproduce and bear abundant young
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Menial
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fit for servants; humble or low
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Militia
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a voluntary, nonprofessional armed force of citizens, usually called to military service only in emergencies
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Hierarchy
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a social group arranged in ranks or classes
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Corporation
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a private group or institution to which the government grants legal rights to carry on certain specified activites
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Jeremiad
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a sermon or prophecy recounting wrongdoing, warning of doom, and calling for repentance
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Lynching
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the illegal execution of an accused person by mob action, without due process of law
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Hinterland
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an inland region set back from a port, river, or seacoast
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Social Structure
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the basic pattern of the distribution of status and wealth in a society
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Blue Blood
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of nobel or upper-class descent
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Life expectancy among the 17th-century settlers of Maryland and Virginia was about 160 years
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false-
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Because men greatly outnumbered women in the Chesapeake region, a fierce competition arose among men for scarce females to marry
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true
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Pregnancies among unmarried youg women were common in the 17th century colonial South
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true
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Chesapeake Bay tobacco planters responded to falling prices by cutting back production
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false-
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The head-right system of land grants to those who brought laborers to America primarily benefited wealthy planters rather than the poor indentured servants
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true
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Most of the European immigrants who came to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century were poor indentured servants
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true
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Bacon's Rebellion involved an alliance of white indentured servants with Virginia's Indians in an attack on the elite planter class
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false-
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African slaves began to outnumber white indentured servants as the primary labor supply in the plantation colonies by the 1680s
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true
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Slaves brought to North America developed a culture that mixed African and American speech, religion, and patterns of life
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true
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Directly beneath the wealthy slaveowning planters, in the southern social structure, were the white indentured servants
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false-
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New Englanders' long lives contributed to the general stability and order of their childrearing and family life
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true
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New England expansion was carried out primarily by independent pioneers and land speculators who bought up large plots and then sold them to individual farmers
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false-
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The development of the Half-Way Covenant, in the 1660s, reflected both a decline in Puritan religious fervor and a broadening of religious participation
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true
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The Salem Witch Trials reflected the persecution of poor women by upper-class males and clergy
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false-
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New Englanders' Calvinist heritage and stern, self-reliant character created a legacy of high idealism and reform that greatly affected later American society
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true
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For most of their early history, the colonies of Maryland and Virginia
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contained far more men than women
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The primary beneficiaries of the head-right system were
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well-off planters who acquired land by paying the transatlantic passage for indentured servants
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The primary cause of Bacon's Rebellion was
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the poverty and discontent of many single young men unable to acquire land
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African slavery became the prevalent form of labor in the 1680s when
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Bacon's rebellion and rising wages in England made white indentured servants no longer a reliable labor force
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Most of the slaves who eventually reached North America were originally
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captured by West African coastal tribes and sold to European slave merchants
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Political and economic power in the southern colonies was dominated by
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extended families of wealthy planters
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Because there were few urban centers in the colonial South
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a professional class of lawyers and financiers was slow to develop
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The average colonial New England woman who did not die in childbirth could expect to
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experience about 10 pregnancies, occurring on average every two years from her twenties through menopause
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In New England, elementary education
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was mandatory for any town with more than fifty families
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The Congregational Church of the Puritans contributed to
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the development of basic ideas of democracy as expressed in the New England town meeting
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In contrast to the Chesapeake Bay colonists in the South, those in New England
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enjoyed longer lived and more stable families
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The focus of much of New England's politics, religion, and education was the institution of the
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town
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The Half-Way Covenant provided
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baptism, but not full communion, to people who had not had a conversion experience
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Those people accused of being witches in Salem were generally
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from families associated with Salem's burgeoning market economy
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English settlers greatly altered the character of the New England environment by
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their extensive introduction of livestock
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Families
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early Maryland and Virginia settlers had difficulty creating them and even more difficulty making them last
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Tobacco
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the principal economic product of early Maryland and Virginia
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Indentured Servants
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immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor
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Head-Right
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Maryland and Virginia's system of granting land to anyone who would pay trans-Atlantic passage for laborers
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Slave Codes
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laws first passed in 1662 that made blacks and their children the lifelong property of their white masters
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Rhode Island
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New England colony that was home to most North American slave traders
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Royal African Company
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English company that lost its monopoly on the slave trade in 1698
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Gullah
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African American language that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa
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New York City
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site of northern slave revolt of 1712 that led to the deaths of nine whites and the execution of more than twenty blacks
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First Families of Virginia (FFV)
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shorthand term for the wealthy extended clans like the Fitzhughs, Lees, and Washingtons that dominated politics in the most populous colony
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Midwifery
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occupation of assisting in childbirth that was a virtual female monopoly in colonial New England
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Town Meeting
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the basic local political institution of New England, in which all freemen gathered to elect officials and debate local affairs
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Half-Way Covenant
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formula devised by Puritan ministers in 1662 to offer partial church membership to people who had not experienced conversion
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Salem Witch Trials
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late 17th century judicial event that inflamed popular feelings, let to the deaths of twenty people, and weakened the Puritan clergy's prestige
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Jeremiad
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a form of Puritan sermon that scolded parishioners for declining piety and urged repentance and reform
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Chesapeake
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Virginia-Maryland by area, site of the earliest colonial settlements
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Indentured servants
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primary form of labor in early southern colonies until the 1680s
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Nathaniel Bacon
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Agitator who led poor former indentured servants and frontiersmen on a rampage against Indians and colonial government
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William Berkeley
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colonial Virginia official who crushed rebels and wreaked cruel revenge
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Royal African Company
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organization whose loss of the slave trade monopoly in 1698 led to free-enterprise expansion of the business
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Middle Passage
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term for the brutal slave journey from Africa to the Americas
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Ringshout
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West African religious rite, retained by African Americans, in which participants responded to the shouts of a preacher
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Stono River
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site of a 1739 South Carolina slave revolt
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Gullah
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Coastal African American language that blended elements of English with the African languages Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa
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New England conscience
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the legacy of Puritan religion that inspires idealism and reform among later generations of Americans
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Harvard
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the oldest college in America, originally based on the Puritan commitment to an educated ministry
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William and Mary
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the oldest college in the South, founded in 1693
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Half-Way Covenant
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helped erase the earlier Puritan distinction between the converted elect and other members of society
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Salem witch trials
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Phenomena started by adolescent girls' accusations that ended with the deaths of twenty people
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Leisler's Rebellion
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a bloody New York revolt of 1689-1691 that reflected class antagonism between rich landlords and aspiring merchants
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