question

Psychologists claim that a child must develop a sense of values by the age of _____ in order to become an adult with a conscience.

answer

seven

question

The proverb "It takes a village to raise a child" originated in the ________ tradition.

answer

African

question

________ usually refers to theories about the moral rules we follow.

answer

Ethics

question

A(n) ______________ argument is a conclusion based on gathering of evidence, but you can't be certain that the conclusion is true.

answer

inductive

question

The logical fallacy of using threats is called the ____________ fallacy.

answer

Ad baculum

question

The logical fallacy of ___________ makes the assumption that what you're trying to prove is a fact.

answer

begging the question

question

The logical fallacy of a ___ _________ assumes that drastic consequences will follow a certain policy.

answer

slippery slope

question

For Nussbaum, we understand ourselves and our emotions best through ___________.

answer

narratives

question

According to Nussbaum, when we experience the emotions of _________ and _________, we are establishing the environment of "Us vs. Them."

answer

disgust and shame

question

Which logical fallacy makes the assumption that what you're trying to prove is a fact?

answer

begging the question

question

The fallacy of ad miserecordiam commonly appeals to:

answer

pity for the individual

question

Illya Ehrenburg says good stories can help a people survive great hardships. What kind of hardship was he specifically referring to?

answer

a wartime situation

question

Martha Nussbaum claims that:

answer

Emotions can have cognitive value.

question

Explain the difference between morals and ethics.

answer

Morality refers to the moral rules we follow and ethics is the theories about those rules.

question

Which of the following are NOT listed in our book as a logical fallacy?.

answer

begging the answer

question

The criminal justice system has recently begun to experiment with sentencing convicted offenders to _______________ in order to teach them moral responsibility.

answer

reading books and watching films

question

There is a ______________between stories that moralize and stories that discuss moral problems.

answer

difference

question

A didactic story is a story that ____________.

answer

teaches a lesson

question

Even stories that are believed to be factual have an element of _____________.

answer

poetic creativity

question

Traditional myths have two purposes: ___________and ___________.

answer

to strengthen social bonding and to fortify the individual psychologically.

question

Fairy tales are, to some psychoanalysts, pure ______________.

answer

wish fulfillment

question

The story of the prodigal son belongs to the category of _____________

answer

parables.

question

Crime stories generally concern themselves with the battle between _________________.

answer

good and evil.

question

The science fiction genre sometimes referred to as _____________ contains visions of a dark and frightening future.

answer

cyberpunk

question

We can learn moral lessons from ______________.

answer

morally good people and from morally flawed people.

question

Even if one is opposed to war, one can find ___________ in war stories.

answer

moral lessons

question

The story of the Golem figure teaches a lesson of keeping a moral perspective in our ____________.

answer

undertakings.

question

Plato claimed that art is __________ because it fans violent emotions.

answer

harmful

question

Aristotle viewed art as _______.

answer

good.

question

The moral message of gruesome fairy tales may be the following:

answer

Evil can be dealt with if we have fortitude.

question

What is a parable?

answer

an allegorical story for adults

question

The theme of courage vs. cowardice is timeless in what genre of contemporary stories:

answer

Western

question

Which of the following is NOT a traditional story: myths, comedy, fairy tales, fables

answer

comedy

question

_______________ believes that deep down all people have some values in common.

answer

soft universalism

question

A good way to test a moral theory is to examine its capacity for ________________ .

answer

solving problems

question

Cultural relativism is a _____________ theory.

answer

descriptive

question

________________ describes how customs differ from culture to culture.

answer

cultural relativism

question

Ethical relativism is a _____________ theory.

answer

normative

question

A ____________________ involves a moral judgment, evaluation, or justification.

answer

normative ethical theory

question

Benedict tells of the Northwest Coast Indians that when the ________________ the tribe set out and killed seven men and two children as they slept.

answer

chief's sister died

question

Benedict is saying that morality is ______________.

answer

culturally defined

question

Ethical relativism cannot make a claim to tolerance being universally good if all values are ____________.

answer

culture-relative

question

One of the arguments against ethical relativism says that the theory cannot distinguish between the __________________________ of a culture.

answer

actual morality and the professed morality

question

__________________________ is also sometimes known as multicultural pluralism.

answer

inclusive multiculturalism

question

________________________ claims there are some underlying values all cultures can agree on.

answer

soft universalism

question

In the primary readings, Benedict refers to a Melanesian culture that has developed _____________ into being the culturally accepted norm.

answer

paranoia

question

One of these answers is not on the list of the four major approaches to the phenomenon of moral differences:

answer

ethical egoism

question

What do the three theories of moral nihilism, moral skepticism, and moral subjectivism have in common, aside from their rejection of universal moral values?

answer

They have poor problem-solving capacities.

question

What do moral subjectivism and ethical relativism have in common?

answer

The view that moral values are relative.

question

Why is the problem of induction a problem for ethical relativism?

answer

because we can never know for certain when we have accumulated enough material to make a theory

question

What is the key issue for Benedict?

answer

all of the above

question

Which one of these four arguments is not one of the main arguments against ethical relativism?

answer

Ethical relativism is blasphemous, so it should be prohibited.

question

According to Rachels, there are three universal moral standards disproving ethical relativism. Which one of these doesn't belong on the list?

answer

a prohibition against incest

question

A psychological egoist is ______________________ .

answer

a person who believes that everyone is selfish.

question

Thomas Hobbes thought that all acts, even acts of pity, could be attributed to a natural tendency toward _______________.

answer

selfishness.

question

When a theory is unfalsifiable, we might also say that it is ________________; that is, it takes for granted what it is supposed to prove.

answer

begging the question

question

A theory must be theoretically ____________ in order to be philosophically acceptable.

answer

falsifiable

question

____________________ was a psychological egoist.

answer

Abraham Lincoln

question

The principle of falsification was advanced by _______________

answer

Karl Popper.

question

________________ is the theory that everyone ought to do what I want.

answer

Individual ethical egoism

question

Ethical egoism is a _________________ theory.

answer

consequentialist

question

David Hume holds the theory that humans are by nature ____________ .

answer

benevolent.

question

________________________ is known as Golden Rule Altruism.

answer

Reciprocal egoism

question

___________________ expressed the idea that other people are always more important than yourself.

answer

Emmanual Lewis

question

Mary Midgley suggests that instead of being fundamentally selfish, we extend out caring capacity to strangers, thus making them ______________ for a while.

answer

honorary relatives

question

Thomas Hobbes expressed the opinion that justice is an invention based on ______________ .

answer

self-preservation.

question

Psychological egoism claims that:

answer

people always act selfishly.

question

Why do we feel pity toward others, according to Thomas Hobbes?

answer

We are afraid their misfortune might happen to us.

question

There are three major reaons for choosing to believe in psychological egoism. Which shouldn't be listed?

answer

The theory allows us to choose when to be selfish and when to consider the feelings of others.

question

What is the fallacy of the suppressed correlative?

answer

one way of criticizing psychological egoism: it suppresses the term of unselfishness, which is the correlative of selfishness.

question

Three major criticisms against psychological egoism are listed in the textbook. Which one should not be on the list?

answer

The theory misinterprets the old saying, "Ought implies can," to mean "If I ought to do something, then I will be able to do it."

question

Abraham Lincoln claimed that he saved the pigs from drowning because:

answer

he wouldn't have had peace of mind all day otherwise.

question

Ethical egoism doesn't work in practice because:

answer

if everybody looks after his or her own self-interests, then you will have a lot of competition.

question

What is the genetic fallacy?

answer

Confusing the origin of something with what it became at a later stage.

question

The principle of utility is the same as the ____________________ .

answer

the greatest happiness principle.

question

For Bentham, moral goodness is the same as pleasure, and moral evil is the same as _____ .

answer

pain.

question

Bentham believes that pleasure is a(n) _______________________ .

answer

intrinsic value.

question

________________ can be both intrinsic and instrumental at the same time.

answer

Pleasure

question

The ___________________ is a way in which we calculate the utility of an action according to its ability to produce pleasure and prevent pain.

answer

hedonistic calculus

question

One of the arguments against the hedonistic calculus is that it is biased in favor of our ________________ .

answer

choice of values.

question

___________________ argued that animals can't feel pain, because they have no mind.

answer

Descartes

question

For Bentham, the criterion of who belongs in the moral universe is who can _______________.

answer

suffer.

question

___________________ claims that something is desirable if it is desired.

answer

Mill

question

Mill reached a crisis when he realized that making everyone else happy _______________________ .

answer

doesn't necessarily make oneself happy.

question

Mill believed that the government should not interfere with people's lives unless they do harm to ______________ .

answer

others.

question

Bentham declares the interest of the community to be of ___________________ than the interest of the individual.

answer

greater importance

question

Utilitarianism would agree to which one of the following statements?

answer

The end justifies the means.

question

Mill disagrees with Bentham by claiming the following:

answer

There is a qualitative difference between pleasures.

question

Utilitarianism may agree to animal experiments under certain circumstances. Which is the most likely circumstance?

answer

Whenever it is likely to bring about so much happiness or decrease unhappiness to such a degree that it outweighs the suffering of the animal.

question

How does Mill propose to determine which pleasures are higher and which are lower?

answer

By asking people who have experience with both kinds of pleasure.

question

According to J.S. Mil, there is only one legitimate reason for interfering with other people's lives:

answer

If they do harm to others.

question

According to Mill, what kind of harm qualifies as the criterion for intervention by the government and/or individuals?

answer

Direct harm to others.

question

What is act utilitarianism?

answer

the same as rule utilitarianism: the consequences of any type of act (rule) are what count.

question

In Kant's view, a _______________ is good regardless of whether it accomplishes its purpose or not.

answer

good will

question

Kant is a ______________.

answer

hard universalist.

question

The _____________ his a conditional command, describing an "if-then" situation.

answer

hypothetical imperative

question

When we universalize a maxim, we ask ourselves if it could be make into a _____________

answer

universal law.

question

Being used as merely a means to an end is the same as being regarded as having ___________________ only.

answer

instrumental value

question

_________________ have intrinsic value according to Kant.

answer

rational beings

question

Kant had doubts about the full rationality of __________________________.

answer

women and people of color

question

Kant's legacy is a respect for the __________________, regardless of Kant's own prejudices.

answer

rationality of all humanity

question

According to Kant, humans have ____________; animal choice is merely brutish.

answer

free choice

question

What is a deontological theory?

answer

a theory assessing the morality of an action in terms of duty or rightness in itself

question

A store owner is trying to decide whether or not to cheat her customers. Which one of her arguments would qualify as a moral decision, according to Kant?

answer

She decides not to cheat her customers because such an act could not be made into a universal law.

question

What is an autonomous lawmaker?

answer

a person who follows the categorical imperative

question

Which one of the following is not a major criticism raised against Kant's moral theory?

answer

The categorical imperative discriminates against people of no or low income.

question

Kant has three main themes in his book Grounding. Which one of the following does not belong?

answer

the theory about the inalienable right to the pursuit of happiness for rational beings

question

What does Kant mean by "universal law"?

answer

a moral law, binding for all rational beings

question

What does Kant mean by "the right to a person akin to a thing?"

answer

an intermediate category of being a person but without complete freedom

question

Kant claims that you qualify as a person if you are ___________________ .

answer

a rational being

question

Patria potestas is the right of the __________ to treat his family any way he pleases.

answer

father

question

Many social thinkers prefer using the term _______ instead of human beings.

answer

person

question

Most child psychologists today agree that children below the age of _____________ don't know enough about the difference between right and wrong to be held morally accountable.

answer

7 or 8

question

Historically, gods and goddesses, totems, and dead ancestors have been granted ______________ .

answer

personhood

question

_________________ argued in favor of universal right to self-determination, provided that the individuals in question have been properly educated.

answer

John Stuart Mill

question

Jeremy Bentham was critical of the _______________ .

answer

concept of rights

question

Karl Marx argued in favor of _______________ .

answer

positive rights

question

Education is an example of _______________ .

answer

a positive rights

question

A ______________ is a right not to be interfered with.

answer

negative right

question

The three negative rights advocated by John Locke are: The right to __________________ .

answer

life, liberty, and property

question

________________ agrees with John Locke about the three negative rights.

answer

Ayn Rand

question

John Hospers and Ayn Rand both express views that are shared by many _______________ .

answer

libertarians

question

When we apply the veil of ignorance, we find ourselves in the ______________ .

answer

original position

question

The original position theory is a modern version of the old _______________ .

answer

social contract theory

question

Elizabeth Wolgast is an advocate of _______________ .

answer

communitarianism

question

_____________ argues that community traditions may often be oppressive to women.

answer

Marilyn Friedman

question

Three thinkers mentioned in the textbook agree about the three negative rights. Which one shouldn't be on the list.

answer

John Rawls

question

Which description best characterizes the original position?

answer

a principle for fair distribution: make rules as if you didn't know who you might be when they take effect.

question

There are three factors separating retribution from vengeance. Which one shouldn't be on the list.

answer

Retribution is forward looking, whereas vengeance is backward looking

question

Theories that consider what proper human conduct is are often referred to as _____________ .

answer

ethics of conduct

question

What are the key virtues of the African Virtue theory?

answer

kindness, faithfulness, compassion, and hospitality

question

The values of the Native American have come to stand for _____________, because it commonly is believed that these people lived in harmony with nature, without abusing their won resources.

answer

ecological virtue

question

The Socratic method is also known as the _______________ .

answer

dialectic method

question

Socrates implied that he was not bound to any one conception of reality unless it could be tested by _______________ .

answer

reason

question

Socrates gave several reasons why he did not want to attempt to escape from prison. Which one of these is the most likely one?

answer

because two wrongs don't make a right

question

Socrates believed there is a difference between ___________ and _____________ .

answer

opinion and knowledge

question

Why do people do morally wrong acts, according to Socrates?

answer

because people are ignorant

question

Socrates insists that only a well-balanced person with a sense of justice can be _____________ .

answer

happy

question

For Plato, the virtue of ______________ is achieved when one's desires (appetites) are properly controlled.

answer

temperance

question

A virtuous person must, according to Plato, be able to maintain a balance between the three part of his or her psyche. Identify the one part that doesn't belong.

answer

memory

question

Which virtue corresponds to which part of the psyche, according to Plato? (Only one pair is correctly matched.)

answer

Courage corresponds to willpower

question

What is a "tripartite soul"?

answer

a soul consisting of three parts

question

What was Plato's view of the role of women in his ideal republic?

answer

Women should be able to occupy any role there were intellectually suited for.

question

There are three major theories of metaphysics; identify the one that doesn't belong.

answer

realism

question

A metaphysical materialist is primarily interested in accumulating _________________ .

answer

material goods

question

In his later dialogues, Plato uses the character of _______________ as a mouthpiece for his own philosophy.

answer

Socrates

question

The world of Forms is _______________, according to Plato.

answer

unchangeable

question

How do we learn about the Forms, according to Plato?

answer

by using our reason to recall the knowledge we had before we were born

question

What is the most important Form according to Plato?

answer

the Form of the Good

question

Aristotle was accused of the same crime as ___________ .

answer

Socrates

question

For Aristotle, the _________ have no existence outside the world of things.

answer

Forms

question

________________ is the gathering of evidence, making hypothesis, and testing theories on the basis of experience.

answer

empirical research

question

To Aristotle, virtue means acting with ___________ .

answer

excellence

question

According to Aristotle, we determine a thing's ___________ by investigating what the thing in question does best.

answer

purpose

question

What is teleology?

answer

a theory that everything has a purpose

question

Aristotle's theory of causation includes four causes; identify the one that doesn't belong.

answer

the ideal cause

question

What is the highest virtue?

answer

wisdom

question

Every _________ and ___________ has a mean, a deficiency, and an excess.

answer

action and emotion

question

Three girls standing on a bridge, watching a small boy being swept downstream. Which virtue is this story an example of?

answer

courage

question

According to Aristotle, if you have a deficiency of truthfulness, you are

answer

using irony

question

What is, to Aristotle, the ultimate form of human happiness?

answer

habitually using one's reason during contemplation

question

Thomas Aquinas sees four elements to his natural law theory, encompassing God's purpose for humans. which one shouldn't be on the list?

answer

We are obliged to treat animals with compassion and dignity

question

There are four major modern criticisms of the teleology of classical virtue theory. Select the one that doesn't belong on the list.

answer

Why should we be virtuous if there is no personal profit involved?

question

There is a _____________ between a morality of virtue and an ethics of virtue.

answer

difference

question

A __________________ is an either-or situation that really has more than two alternatives.

answer

false dichotomy

question

_____________ believes that a virtuous person usually does the right thing, but someone who follows moral rules of conduct may not always be a virtuous person.

answer

Mayo

question

There are three major criticisms that one may raise against Mayo's idea of emulating role models. Which one shouldn't be one the list?

answer

Everyone is imperfect, so there really are no role models.

question

Kant insisted that trying to learn virtue from role models does not lead to virtue, but to _______________ and _____________ .

answer

jealousy and resentment

question

Philippa Foot stresses that having a virtue is not the same as having a skill; it is having the proper _____________ .

answer

intention

question

In her virtue theory, Philippa foot shows a strong kinship with which philosopher?

answer

Aristotle

question

Alasdair MacIntyre claims that virtue is linked to

answer

telling cultural stories.

question

For Kierkegaard the phrase "subjectivity is truth" means the following:

answer

there is no objective truth about life, only a personal truth for each individual

question

Kierkegaard theorizes that there are three stages to the development of one's character. which of the following is not one of the stages?

answer

the existential stage

question

Alasdair MacIntyre claims that virtue is linked to

answer

telling cultural stories.

question

Heidegger calls humans __________________ , because human existence is different from the existence of things and animals.

answer

Being-there

question

What does Heidegger mean by saying that Being-Theres always care about something?

answer

Humans are always engaged in something.

question

_____________ thinks humans feel anguish when they realize that all their concerns and rules are relative.

answer

Heidegger

question

For Sartre, the belief that there is no god, and life is absurd, leads to the following conclusion:

answer

Humans must create their own values through making choices.

question

What does Sartre mean by "Bad Faith"?

answer

trying to avoid making a choice by pretending that you have no choice.

question

Levinas says that "ethics precedes ontology." What does he mean?

answer

that understanding the needs of the Other comes before a philosophy of existence

question

David Hume and Jean-Jacques Rousseau agreed that humans are naturally compassionate ___________ .

answer

toward each other

question

Mencius and Rousseau agreed that humans are good by nature but have been corrupted ____________ .

answer

by circumstances of life

question

For Philip Hallie, _____________ has the psychological effect that the victim comes to believe the cruelty is justified.

answer

institutionalized cruelty

question

What is institutionalized cruelty, according to Philip Hallie?

answer

a systematic physical and psychological breakdown of victims by victimizers

question

For Hallie, following a ___________ command is harder than following a ____________ command.

answer

positive moral; negative moral

question

Philip Hallie considers the virtue of compassion as a(n) ______________ and; therefore, essential for the moral make-up of a decent human being.

answer

emotion

question

For Richard Taylor reason has no role to play in moral matters; all one needs is _____________.

answer

compassion

question

What is Bennett's argument against Huck Finn?

answer

Huck did the right thing, but for the wrong reason; he should have found good reasons for helping Jim rather than just follow his instinct

question

The Way is practiced by developing ___________ and ______________.

answer

good habits and continual good thinking

question

Confucius identifies a man of virtue as having three specific characteristics. Which of the following is not one of those characteristics?

answer

a good head for business

question

Which is Mencius's view of human nature?

answer

Humans are born good and remain good if guided properly

question

What is the most important duty, according to Mencius?

answer

the duty toward one's parents

question

Lin Yutang believes we owe a debt of gratitude to our patents for having ____________ .

answer

raised us

question

According to Jane English, what kind of obligations do we have toward our parents?

answer

We have obligations according to their need and our ability to help, as long as there is friendship.

question

According to Berger, we must make certain that three factors are in place in order to find out whether we owe a debt of gratitude to someone. Which one shouldn't be on the list?

answer

We must find out if the favor was too generous

question

Feminism was originally associated with ____________________ .

answer

acquiring political and social rights for women.

question

Identify "sexual dimorphism."

answer

one sex is larger than the other

question

________________ founded her own covenant, and was the author of books about religion and science.

answer

Hildegard of Bingen

question

Identify an early spokesperson in France for women's rights

answer

Poulain de la Barre

question

________________ was an eighteenth-century spokesperson for women's rights

answer

Mary Wollstonecraft

question

Rosenstand mentions four different feminist approaches. Find the one that isn't mentioned.

answer

Christian feminism

question

_________________ believes that women and men possess fundamentally different qualities and that both genders should learn from each other.

answer

difference feminism

question

_______________ feminism believes that the battle for equality for women has been won and we shouldn't think of women as being victims.

answer

equity feminism

question

Simone de Beauvoir is, aside from being a feminist, also associate with which philosophical tradition?

answer

existentialism

question

Simone de Beauvoir claims that

answer

women and men have different patterns of behavior because of differences in upbringing

question

Simone de Beauvoir believes that if boys and girls are given a non sexist education they will become basically similar persons; gender differences are all a matter of ______________.

answer

environment

question

The theory of psychosexual neutrality holds that

answer

sex roles are purely a matter of upbringing, or nurture

question

What is Heinz's dilemma?

answer

Heinz's wife is sick, and he has no money for medication. Should he steal the drugs she needs?

question

How does Gilligan evaluate Amy's solution to Heinz's dilemma?

answer

Boys tend to think in terms of justice, and girls in tem of caring, and Jake's and Amy's answers are both right, each in their own way.

question

The term radical feminism is associated with the Latin word for ______________, radix.

answer

root

question

According to radical feminism, the roots of discrimination of women can be traced to

answer

the structure of patriarchy

question

Andrea Dworkin is

answer

a radical feminist

question

What court case made abortion a possibility for American women?

answer

Roe v. Wade

question

Which of the following is not a type of euthanasia?

answer

inactive

question

Which is the most common form of euthanasia?

answer

passive

question

What are the key arguments in favor of active voluntary euthanasia? Choose the one that isn't one

answer

the right of the living family members to not have to pay for the patient.

question

What are the counterarguments against active voluntary euthanasia? Choose the one that isn't correct.

answer

the patient will avoid inevitable suffering

question

What do ethicists mean when they say "media ethics"?

answer

the rules of ethical conduct associated with the news media

question

Deborah Tannen argues that the media's proper role is to be a/an

answer

watch dog

question

What constitutes as an unjust war?

answer

the principles being fought for are unclear or downright objectionable

question

Just War theory outlines several rules that have to be in place in order to call a conflict just. Which one shouldn't be on the list?

answer

there has to be an assumption that God will approve of going to war

question

The term "discrimination" in Just War theory means:

answer

that one must distinguish between soldiers and civilians

question

What do those who follow Kant believe when it comes to animal rights?

answer

those who are capable of entering into a mutual relationship are eligible for rights

question

What two effects did Locke believe capital punishment would have?

answer

deterrence and retribution

question

Which of the following are part of the argument against capital punishment?

answer

all of the above

question

Which of the following are arguments for capital punishment?

answer

all of the above

question

Psychologists claim that a child must develop a sense of values by the age of _______ in order to become an adult with a conscience.

answer

Seven

question

The proverb "It takes a village to raise a child" originated in the ________ tradition.

answer

African

question

__________ usually refers to theories about the moral rules we follow.

answer

Ethics

question

A(n) _____________ argument is a conclusion based on gathering of evidence, but you can't be certain that the conclusion is true.

answer

inductive

question

The logical fallacy of using threats is called the ________ fallacy.

answer

Ad baculum

question

The logical fallacy of ____________ makes the assumption that what you're trying to prove is a fact.

answer

begging the question

question

The logical fallacy of a ____________ assumes that drastic consequences will follow a certain policy.

answer

slippery slope

question

For Nussbaum, we understand ourselves and our emotions best through narratives.

answer

Narratives

question

According to Nussbaum, when we experience the emotions of __________ and _________, we are establishing the environment of "Us vs. Them."

answer

Disgust and shame

question

Which logical fallacy makes the assumption that what you're trying to prove is a fact?

answer

begging the question

question

The criminal justice system has recently begun to experiment with sentencing convicted offenders to ___________ films in order to teach them moral responsibility.

answer

reading books and watching films

question

There is a ___________ between stories that moralize and stories that discuss moral problems.

answer

difference

question

A didactic story is a story that _________.

answer

teaches a lesson

question

Even stories that are believed to be factual have an element of poetic creativity. (T)

answer

poetic creativity

question

Traditional myths have two purposes: ____________ and _____________ .

answer

to strengthen social bonding and to fortify the individual psychologically

question

Fairy tales are, to some psychoanalysts, pure _____________ .

answer

wish fulfillment

question

The story of the prodigal son belongs to the category of ______________ .

answer

parables

question

Crime stories generally concern themselves with the battle between ___________ .

answer

good and evil

question

The science fiction genre sometimes referred to as _____________ contains visions of a dark and frightening future.

answer

cyberpunk

question

We can learn moral lessons from ______________ .

answer

morally good people and from morally flawed people

question

____________________ believes that deep down all people have some values in common.

answer

soft universalism

question

A good way to test a moral theory is to examine its capacity for _____________.

answer

solving problems

question

Cultural relativism is a ___________ theory.

answer

descriptive

question

________________ describes how customs differ form culture to culture.

answer

cultural relativism

question

Ethical relativism is a _________ theory.

answer

normative

question

A _____________ involves a moral judgment, evaluation, or justification.

answer

normative ethical theory

question

Benedict tells of the Northwest Coast Indians that when the ______________ died the tribe set out and killed seven men and two children as they slept.

answer

chief's sister died

question

Benedict is saying that morality is ____________.

answer

culturally defined

question

Ethical relativism cannot make a claim to tolerance being universally good if all values are _____________ .

answer

culture-relative

question

One of the arguments against ethical relativism says that the theory cannot distinguish between the ______________________ of a culture

answer

actual morality and the professed morality

question

A psychological egoist is ________________ .

answer

a person who believes that everyone is selfish

question

Thomas Hobbes thought that all acts, even acts of pity, could be attributed to a natural tendency toward _____________ .

answer

selfishness

question

When a theory is unfalsifiable, we might also say that it is ________________; that is, it takes for granted what it is supposed to prove.

answer

begging the question

question

A theory must be theoretically ___________ in order to be philosophically acceptable.

answer

falsifiable

question

______________ was a psychological egoist.

answer

Abraham Lincoln

question

The principle of falsification was advanced by ________________ .

answer

Karl Popper

question

___________________ is the theory that everyone ought to do what I want.

answer

individual ethical egoism

question

Ethical egoism is a ____________ theory.

answer

consequentialist

question

David Hume holds the theory that humans are by nature _______________ .

answer

benevolent

question

___________________ is known as Golden Rule Altruism.

answer

reciprocal altruism

question

The principle of utility is the same as the _________________ .

answer

the greatest happiness principle

question

For Bentham moral goodness is the same as pleasure, and moral evil is the same as _____ .

answer

pain

question

Bentham believes that pleasure is a(n) ___________ .

answer

intrinsic value

question

_________________ can be both intrinsic and instrumental at the same time.

answer

Pleasure

question

The ____________ is a method by which we calculate the utility of an action according to its ability to produce pleasure or prevent pain.

answer

hedonistic calculus

question

One of the arguments against the hedonistic calculus is that it is biased in favor of our ___________ .

answer

choice of values

question

____________ argued animals can't feel pain, because they have no mind.

answer

Descartes

question

For Bentham, the criterion of who belongs in the moral universe is who can _________ .

answer

suffer

question

___________ claims that something is desirable if it is desired.

answer

Mill

question

Mill reached a crisis when he realized that making everyone else happy ______________ .

answer

doesn't necessarilty make oneself happy

question

In Kant's view, a ____________ is good regardless of whether it accomplishes its purpose or not.

answer

good will

question

Kant is a ____________ .

answer

hard universalist

question

The ______________ is a conditional command, describing an "if-then" situation.

answer

hypothetical imperative

question

When we universalize a maxim, we ask ourselves if it could be made into a ___________ .

answer

universal law

question

Being used as merely a means to an end is the same as being regarded as having ___________ only.

answer

instrumental value

question

____________ have intrinsic value according to Kant.

answer

rational beings

question

Kant had doubts about the full rationality of _____________ .

answer

women and people of color

question

Kant's legacy is a respect for the __________ , regardless of Kant's own prejudices.

answer

rationality of all humanity

question

According to Kant, humans have _______; animal choice is merely brutish.

answer

free choice

question

What is a deontological theory?

answer

a theory assessing the morality of an action in terms of duty or rightness in itself

question

Kant claims that you qualify as a person if you are __________ .

answer

a rational being

question

Patria potestas is the right of the _________ to treat his family any way he pleases.

answer

father

question

Many social thinkers prefer using the term _________ instead of human beings.

answer

person

question

Most child psychologists today agree that children below the age of _________ don't know enough about the difference between right and wrong to be held morally accountable.

answer

7 or 8

question

Historically, gods and goddesses, totems, and dead ancestors have been granted ____________ .

answer

personhood

question

______________ argued in favor of universal right to self-determination, provided that the individuals in question have been properly educated.

answer

John Stuart Mill

question

Jeremy Bentham was critical of the __________ .

answer

concept of rights

question

Karl Marx argued in favor of _____________ .

answer

positive rights

question

Education is an example of ____________ .

answer

a positive right

question

A ____________ is a right not to be interfered with.

answer

negative right

question

Theories that consider what proper human conduct is are often referred to as ______________ .

answer

ethics of conduct

question

What are the key virtues of the African virtue theory?

answer

kindness, faithfulness, compassion, and hospitality

question

The values of the Native American have come to stand for _____________ , because it commonly is believed that these people lived in harmony with nature, without abusing their own resources.

answer

ecological virtue

question

The Socratic method is also known as the ______________ .

answer

dialectic method

question

Socrates implied that he was not bound to any one conception of reality unless it could be tested by __________ .

answer

reason

question

Socrates gave several reasons why he did not want to attempt to escape from prison. Which one of these is the most likely one?

answer

because two wrongs don't make a right

question

Socrates believed there is a difference between ____________ and _____________ .

answer

opinion and knowledge

question

Why do people do morally wrong acts, according to Socrates?

answer

because people are ignorant

question

Socrates insists that only a well-balanced person with a sense of justice can be ___________ .

answer

happy

question

For Plato, the virtue of __________ is achieved when one's desires (appetites) are properly controlled.

answer

temperance

question

Aristotle was accused of the same crime as ____________ .

answer

Socrates

question

For Aristotle, the _____________ have no existence outside the world of things.

answer

Forms

question

_________________ is the gathering of evidence, making hypothesis, and testing theories on the basis of experience.

answer

empirical evidence

question

To Aristotle, virtue means acting with ___________ .

answer

excellence

question

According to Aristotle, we determine a thing's ____________ by investigating what the thing in question does best.

answer

purpose

question

What is teleology?

answer

a theory that everything has a purpose

question

Aristotle's theory of causation includes four causes; identify the one that doesn't belong.

answer

the ideal cause

question

What is the highest virtue?

answer

wisdom

question

Every __________ and _________ has a mean, a deficiency, and an excess.

answer

action and emotion

question

Three girls standing on a bridge, watching a small boy being swept downstream. Which virtue is this story an example of?

answer

courage

question

There is a ___________ between a morality of virtue and an ethics of virtue.

answer

difference

question

A ______________ is an either-or situation that really has more than two alternatives.

answer

false dichotomy

question

__________ believes that a virtuous person usually does the right thing, but someone who follows moral rules of conduct may not always be a virtuous person.

answer

Mayo

question

There are three major criticisms that one may raise against Mayo's idea of emulating role models. Which one shouldn't be on the list?

answer

Everyone is imperfect, so there really are no role models.

question

Kant insisted that trying to learn virtue from role models does not lead to virtue, but to __________ and __________ .

answer

jealousy and resentment

question

Philippa Foot stresses that having a virtue is not the same as having a skill; it is having the proper ______________ .

answer

intention

question

In her virtue theory, Philippa Foot shows a strong kinship with which philosopher?

answer

Aristotle

question

Alasdair MacIntyre claims that virtue is linked to

answer

telling one's culture's traditional stories.

question

For Kierkegaard the phrase "subjectivity is truth" means the following:

answer

There is no objective truth about life, only a personal truth for each individual

question

Kierkegaard theorizes that there are three stages to the development of one's character. Which of the following is not one of the stages?

answer

the existential stage

question

David Hume and Jean-Jacques Rousseau agreed that humans are naturally compassionate _____________ .

answer

toward each other

question

Menicius and Rousseau agreed that humans are good by nature but have been corrupted ______________ .

answer

by circumstances of life

question

For Philip Hallie, ______________ has the psychological effect that the victim comes to believe the cruelty is justified.

answer

institutionalized cruelty

question

What is institutionalized cruelty, according to Philip Hallie?

answer

a systematic physical and psychological breakdown of victims by victimizers

question

For Hallie, following a ______________ command is harder than following a _____________ command.

answer

positive moral; negative moral

question

Philip Hallie considers the virtue of compassion as a(n) _____________ and; therefore, essential for the moral make-up of a decent human being.

answer

emotion

question

For Richard Taylor reason has no role to play in moral matters; all one needs is ______________ .

answer

compassion

question

Feminism was originally associated with _____________________ .

answer

acquiring political and social rights for women.

question

Identify "sexual dimorphism."

answer

one sex is larger than the other

question

_________________ founded her own covenant, and was the author of books about religion and science.

answer

Hildegard of bingen

question

Identify an early spokesperson in France for women's rights.

answer

Poulain de la Barre

question

_________________ was an eighteenth-century spokesperson for women's rights.

answer

Mary Wollstonecraft

question

Rosenstand mentions four different feminist approaches. Find the one that isn't mentioned.

answer

Christian feminism

question

_______________ believes that women and men possess fundamentally different qualities and that both genders should learn from each other.

answer

difference feminism

question

What court case made abortion a possibility for American women?

answer

Roe v. Wade

question

Which of the following is not a type of euthanasia?

answer

inactive

question

Which is the most common form of euthanasia?

answer

passive

question

What are the key arguments in favor of active voluntary euthanasia? Choose the one that isn't one.

answer

the right of the living family members to not have to pay for the patient.

question

What are the counterarguments against active voluntary euthanasia? Choose the one that isn't correct.

answer

the patient will avoid inevitable suffering

question

What do ethicists mean when they say "media ethics"?

answer

the rules of ethical conduct associated with the news media

question

Deborah Tannen argues that the media's proper role is to be a/an

answer

watch dog

ALL ETHICS – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards