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Susan Craddock

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(2002)post structuralism ‘fundamentally relational’ nature of vulnerability. instead of behaviours or groups

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Epstien (1995)

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'absolute identity boundaries’ obfuscates the fact that individuals found within particular ascribed identities such as commercial sex worker can have extremely varied practices and therefore highly discrepant levels of vulnerability. Different types of prostitute

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Pronyk (2008)

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A combined microfinance and training intervention can reduce HIV risk behaviour in young female participants
South Africa Limpopo province

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Williamson (2008)

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Sexual risk behaviour and knowledge of HIV status among community samples of gay men in the UK. 40% of those with HIV were undiagnosed

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Sheridan (2007)

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HIV prevalence and risk behaviour among men who have sex with men in Vientiane Capital, Lao People's Democratic Republic. 57.6% reported sex with women

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Wallace 1999

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Deindustrialization, inner-city decay, and the hierarchical diffusion of AIDS in the USA: how neoliberal and cold war policies magnified the ecological niche for emerging infections and created a national security crisis. 'planned shrinkage'

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Virginia Berridge 1996

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Aids in the UK. new right reaction of Thatcher, and liberal consensus of post war governments. Battle to normalise and gay.

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Sir Donald Acheson

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Chief Medical Officer. Alliance with gay and medico-scientfic groups outside government

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Mitzi (1999)

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HIV prevalence, sexual risk behaviour and sexual mixing patterns among migrants in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Only 1% prevalence, Half of those who had come to the Netherlands more than 5 years ago, had visited their country of origin during the past 5 years

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Hamers (2003)

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HIV in central and eastern Europe. institutionalised young children were infected with HIV. collapse of the Soviet Union during the 1990s in the midst of a severe socioeconomic crisis and at the time when Afghanistan became the world's largest opium producer.

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Cynthia Cannon 2009

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United States HIV Policy from the Human Rights Perspective

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French (1999)

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HIV infection leads to a progressive reduction in the number of T cells expressing CD4. tuberculosis representing 4.5% of all deaths

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Stuart Gillesbie (2005)

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Food and Nutrition Security the ability of households and communities to ensure food and nutrition security

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Shah et al. (2001)

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In central Malawi, found women in the patrilocal villages to be more vulnerable to food insecurity. A newly widowed woman is expected to leave her husband’s village and has no control over land and other assets she may have been using jointly with her husband

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(Whiteside et al. 2003)

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In Swaziland, widow inheritance and polygamy were among the more important social drivers of HIV spread

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Stillwaggon (2002

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in her pioneering work, found falling calorie and protein consumption and increasing inequality to be strongly correlated with HIV prevalence in 44 sub-Saharan African countries. – correlation or causation, social vulnerabilties

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Yamano and Jayne (2004),

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Kenyan households surveyed in 1997 and 2000, found the death of a prime-age male household head to be associated with a 68 percent reduction in per caput household crop production value.

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De Waal and Whiteside (2003)

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have posited a “new-variant famine” hypothesis in which hunger and HIV/AIDS reinforce each other with catastrophic consequences

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Daniel Low-Beer & Rand L Stoneburner (2003):

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In Uganda, HIV prevalence declined from 21% to 9.8% from 1991–199848% of men and women reported that they stuck to one partner, 11% of women and 14% of men stopped all sex, 82% of women heard of AIDS from this source compared to 40–65% in other countries.condom use. faith Philip Lutaaya high levels of social capital and communication in addition to formal HIV interventions. and thailand

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Gideon Mendel

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Kenyan voices, photography, Be positive

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Susan Sontag

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"The photographer's intentions do not determine the meaning of aphotograph, which will have its own career, blown by the whims and loyalties of the diverse communities that have use for it."

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Sarah Schulman (1998)

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A Review of Stage Struck, Theatre, AIDS, and the Marketing of Gay America. Pink dollar, public homosexuality

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Johnston (2007)

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Off the Map: Why HIV/AIDS Programming is failing same-sex practicing people in Africa. “anti-gay discrimination is fuelling the African HIV/AIDS epidemic”

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PEPFAR

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President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Cunts.

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Cathy Cohen (1999)

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Boundaires of Blackness. Secondary marginilasation

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Kimberle Crenshaw (1989)

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Intersectionality is a feminist sociological theory The theory suggests—and seeks to examine how—various biological, social and cultural categories

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John Rawl

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justice is fairness

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Audre Lorde

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anti povitism, reject male female binary. Carrabbean America poet and activismKitchen Table: Women of Color Press

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Kimberle Williams Crenshaw

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critical race theory

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Patricia Hill Collins

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Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment

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Paul Gilroy(1987)

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There ain’t not black in the Union Jack. ‘narcissistic obsession’ with the notion of identity.

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Miles (1984)

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to abolish the notion of race. Its acknowledgement makes it real

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Manuel Castells (1983)

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urban dimension of new social movements. Diverse but consider themselves around three central goasl: collective consumption (goods and services directly and indirectly provided by the state), cultural identity (territory protection), political self-management (degree of autonomy)

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Philip Kayal (1993)

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Massive GMHC

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ACT UP

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1987, Larry Kramer

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Ryan White

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Kicked out of school, blood transfusion

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St Patricks Cathedral

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Catholic church ACT UP cunts

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Michael Brown 1997

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Identities as performative. Vancouver Act UP shadow state

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UN AIDS

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US$ 8.7 billion in 2009 to US$ 7.6 billion in 2010. 33 million. 10,000 of 30,000 Africans

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Austin (1990)

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Black other, colonial legacy. AIDS Africa, media racist fantasy. Body embodiment - prostitute, homosexual

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Treichler (1991)

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specific kind of narrative around a specific kind of knowledge. Undifferentiated mass of disease

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Farmer (1992)

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Haiti 'calculus of blame'

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Watney (1994)

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African homosexuals ignored ultimate point of contradiction. two diseases protect white male

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Gorna (1996)

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Mainstreaming leaves women at risk. Not an 'equal opportunity virus' Ridiculous stats. Double standards of morality

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Danziger 1996

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Britain vs Sweden HIV testing

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Levy (2011)

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prostitution as violence. No harm reduction policies

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1985

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Normalising shift - risk groups and risk behaviours

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C C

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Cooperation and Control, Contain Control

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Patton (1994)

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Women as generalised and invisible - specific treament, gynacology

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Kearn (2009)

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Geographical luck

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Comaroff (2007)

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Neo liberalism eroding public institutions. Exclusion form 'pharmalogical salvation' beyong bare life.

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Biehl (2007)

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Brazil 3% and 15%

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Robins (2004)

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TAC< Presient Mbeki - anti colonial rhetoric

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Agamben (1988)

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Bare life

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Caltaldo (2008)

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Favelas, Rio Di Janeiro

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Nguyen (2005)

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Burkina Faso Jeunes sans forntiers - decisions based on 'social calculus'

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John Cady (1993)

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there is both immersive (blunt, direct) and counter-immersive (not so much reflection on experience, more about education of wider audience) literature. 'makes no demand'

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James Jones (1993)

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counter immersive. AIDS transcends the limits they oppose. argues that counter-immersive literature is still hugely political – shows that AIDS is hard to talk openly about.

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Herve Guibert

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– writing about the effects of AIDS on his body until his death: ‘living in death’. Rejects doctor’s clinical language stating that it does not match his own experiences (when his CD4 count is low, he is feeling fine etc), rejected AZT and embraced death: this is the book that did not save his life.
• Immersive piece – To the friend who did not save my life (1990): frantic, talks about Foucault (betrayal or moral imperative to tell the truth?)
play called Modesty and Shame

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Hollinghurst (2004)

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– The Line of Beauty – more mainstream than other authors: British, institutional credibility. Written much later – neither immersive nor counter-immersive: looking back at AIDS in the 1980s and 1990s rather than attempting to create new meaning (more radical styles of writing at time). Critiques Thatcher’s Britain – looking at politics rather than his own experience of AIDS. Nick,Leo and Wani

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Edmund White (2005)

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• 1997 The Farewell Symphony – loss of friends in the Violet Quill, talks about pretext of AIDS (gay liberalisation era) – going from active to ‘drowned out’ and passive gay community. lost friends to AIDS, therefore wanted to convey his own experience and their experiences of HIV. A counter-immersive piece: looks at the history of the medicalization of AIDS, treating gays as ‘subjects’.

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Randy Shiltz (1987)

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looks at the US spread of AIDS within the gay community:
• How narratives around the gay groups changed from ‘carefree’ (e.g. the free Castro District – liberal, gay sexuality) to seen as ‘deadly infections’. Closure of bath houses.
Distinction between policy and practice – AIDS being the ‘number 1 health priority’ but not given any extra funding by the CDC.Lack of government action around AIDS, but huge amount of support for the Legionnaire’s Disease due to it being a public emergency ($34,000 per death compared to $8000)

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Lakoff & Johnson (1980)

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Conventional – unaware, naturalised, seen as the ‘best way’ to describe reality.New – outside to our conventional systems, give new meanings, words creating new concepts and actions. Reverberations – the ability of a metaphor to shape people’s perceptions of the world:

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Hodge (2000)

answer

ACT UP

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