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the process by which children and adolescents socialize just as parents socialize.

answer

Reciprocal Socialization

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constellatoin of subsystems that vary in terms of generation, gender, and role. Each family member is a participant in several subsystems. When the behavior of one family member changes, it can influence the behavior of other family members.

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The Family is a social system that can be thought of as

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can influence parent-adolescent relationships.

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Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes in adolescents

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is the most stressful during the apex of pubertal growth.

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Conflict between parents and adolescents

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why they are being disciplined. Even when parents give, what seem to be logical reasons for discipline, adolescents' cognitive sophistication may call to attention to deficiencies in the reasoning.

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With increased logical skills, adolescents want to know

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comes into play in parent-adolescent relationships. Parents are now evaluated against what an ideal parent is.

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The adolescent's increasing idealistic thought

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may change. Preadolescent children are more compliant. As they enter puberty, children begin to question or seek rationales for parental demands. Begin to push more strongly for independence.

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Expecatation parents and adolescents have for each other

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Marital satisfaction Economics burdens Career re-evaluation Time perspective Health and body concerns

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Parental changes that contribute to parent-adolescent relationships involves:

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Adults follow one trajectory and children and adolescents follow another one.

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Multiple developmental trajectories:

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how both adult and child/adolescent developemental trajectories mesh.

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It's important to consider

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timing of entry into marriage, cohabitation or parenthood.

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Adult developmental trajectories include

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timing of child care and entry into middle school.

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Child developmental trajectories include

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effective monitoring. Especially important as children move into the adolescent years.

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A key aspect of the managerial role of parenting is

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who find information, make contacts, help struture choices, and provide guidance.

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Parents can play an important role as effective managers

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for the adolescents' social contact with peers, friends, and adults.

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Parents can serve as regulators of opportunies

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emphasizes 4 styles of parenting that are associated with different aspects of adolescent's social behavior.

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Diana Baumrind

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restrictive, punitivie style

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Authoritarian

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parents encourage adolescents to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions.

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Authoritative

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parents are very univolved in adolescent's life

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Neglectful

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parents are highly involved with their adolescents but place few demands on controls on them.

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Indulgent

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positive aspects of development in adolescence.

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In, general researchers have found authoritative parenting to be related to

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linked with positive outcomes in emerging adulthood children.

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A recent study examinded parenting styles with emerging adult children. Authoritative parenting style was

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controlling-indulgent style on the part of both mothers and fathers.

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The most negative outcomes were related to a

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The parenting styles don't capture reciprocal socialization. Many parents use a combinations of techniques rather than single technique. Some critics argue that the concept of parenting style is too board.

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Further thought on Baumrind's parenting styles

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connotes self direction and independence.

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The term autonomy generally

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emotional autonmoy, the capacity to relinquish childlike dependencies on parents.

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One aspect of Autonomy that is especially important is

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Boys are usually given more independence than girls. Especially true in those US families with a traditional gender role orientation.

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Gender differences characterize autonmomy in adolescence

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Cultures Parents Adolescents

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Expectations about the appropriate timeing of adolescent autonmoy often varys across

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when they leave home and go away to college.

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Many emerging adults experience a transition in the developement of automony

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As adolescents mature, they detach themselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents. Parent adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughtout adolescence.

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The old model or parent-adolescent relationships suggested that

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Parents serve as important attachment figures, resources, and support systems as dolescents explore a complex social world. In general, parent adolescent conflict is only moderate and that everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal.

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The new model of parent-adolescent relationships

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as a secure base from which to explore the environment. Thought to be an important foundation for psychological development later in childhood, adolescence and adulthood.

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Securely attached infants use the caregiver, usually the mother,

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either avoid the caregiver or show considerable resistance or ambivalence toward the caregiver. Thought to be related to difficullties in relationships and problems in later development.

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Insecurely attached infants

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relationships with their parents improve when they leave home. Often grow closer psychologically to their parents and share more with them.

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For the most part, emerging adults'

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yet still depending on parents in some manner. Many emerging adults continue to live at home or return to live at home.

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Challenges involve the emerging adult's increasing autonmoy by possessing adult statues in many areas,

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Emotional quality of the relationship Familiarity and intimacy of the relationship Variation in sibling relationships

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Three important characteristics of sibling relationships

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socializing adolescents than parents.

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Siblings can be more influential in

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adolescent development, especially combined with poor parenting. Conflict decreases in emerging adulthood when less time is spent together.

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High sibling conflict can be detrimental to

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effects on behavior have often been overemphasized. When all factor that influence adolescent behavior are considered, birth order itself shows limited ability to predict adolescent behavior. Some reviews show differences in intelligence, achievement, behavior, etc. Important to consider other influences aside from brith order.

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Family researchers have found that birth order

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in a wider variety of famliy strutures than ever before in history. U.S has the highest percentage of single parent families, compared with virtually all other countries.

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More U.S adoelscents are growing up

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will have lived a portion of their lives in a stepfamily.

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By age 18, 25% of all American children

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will experience their parents' divorce. A majority of adolescents and emerging adults in divorce families don't have significant adjustment problems.

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Estimated that 40% of children borned to married parents

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family processes matter a great deal.

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In divorced families,

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the adjustment of adolescents is improved.

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When the divorced parents have a good relationship and us authoritative parenting

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emotional problems, insecure social relationships, and antisocial behavior in adolescents.

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Conflict (especially when it is intense and prolonged) between divorced parents is linked to

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Adolescent's adjustment prior to the divorce Personality and temperament Developmental Status Custody Gender Relocation Socioeconomic status

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Factors that are involved in the adolescent's individual risk vulnerability in a divoreced family

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grown steadily in recent years.

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Number of remarriages involving children has

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Stepfather Stepmother Blended or complex

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Different types of stepfamilies are based on family stucturea and relationships. Commons types of stepfamilies strutures

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have more adjustment problems than counterparts in non divorced families.

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Adolescents in stepfamilies

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the uncertanity in stepfamilies about who is in or out of the family and who is performing or responsible for certain tasks in the family system.

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Boundary ambiguity

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especially difficult time for the formation of a stepfamily.

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Researchers have found that early adolescences is an

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is a part of modern life, but its effects are still debated.

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Materanl employment

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typically don't see their parents from the time they leave for school iln the morning until after work hours. Although latchkey adolescents can be vulnerable to problems, experiences of latchkys adoelscents vary greatly.

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Latchkey adolescents

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most US adopted children were healthy, non latino white infants.

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In the first half of the 20th century

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have been adopting a much wider diversity of children.

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US couples have increasingly

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no income requiremtns and now allow adults from a wider range of backgrounds to adopt children. Difficult to generlaize about the average adopted adolescent or average adoptive parent.

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Many adoption agencies today have

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effectively. Those adopted early are more likely to have positive outcomes than thoses adopted later.

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The vast majority of adopted children and adolescents adjsut

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experience psychological and school related problems than non adopted children.

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Adopted children and adolescents are more likely to

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are no difference than those for effectively parenting biological adolescents. Parents of adopted adolescents do face some unique circumstances. Ex. Recoginzing the differences involved in adoptive family life.

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Many of the keys to effectively parenting adopted adolescents

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are creating families that include children and adolescents.

answer

Increasingly, gay and lesbian couples

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sexual identity of parents of parents at the time of a childs' birth or adoption.

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An important aspect of gay male and lesbian familes with adolescents is the

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differences in children and adolescents growing up with a gay fathers and lesbian mothers and in children and adolescetns growing up with heterosexual parents.

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Researchers have found few

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Show them warmth and respect Demonstrate sustained interest in their lives Recognize and adapt to their changin cognitive and socioemotional development. Communicate expectations for high standards of conduct and achievement. Display authoritative, constructive ways of dealing with problems and conflict.

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Competent adolescent development is more likely to happen when adolescents have parents who:

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larger number of acquaintances than children. Teens prefer a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and intimate.

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Adolescents typically have a

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take on more importance.

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Cliques and crowds

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become part of most adolescents' and emerging adults lives.

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Dating and romantic relationships

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especially becomes important in emerging adulthood.

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Deciding on a specific lifestyle

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individuals who are about the same age or maturity level.

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Peers

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among peer groups is common. Would occur even if schools were not age graded and adolescents were left alone to determine the composition.

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Age grading

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provide a source of information about the world outside the family.

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One of the most important functions of the peer groups is to

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contexts (i.e., the type of peer the adolescent interacts, the situation or location where they are)

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Peer interaction is influenced by

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influenced by factors such as how effectively parents manage adolescents' peer interactions and whether adults are present.

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Peer contexts also are

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affect peer interactions.

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Individual differences factors and personality traits can

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both positive and negative.

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Peer influences can be

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fairness and justice by working through disagreements with peers.

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Individuals learn the principles of

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and sensitive partners in intimate relationships by forging close friendships.

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Adolescents learn to be skilled

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related to an individual's subsequent mental health.

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Rejection and neglect by peers are

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the peer culture can be a corrupt influence that undermines parental values and control.

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For some adolescents,

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parents have little authority to dictate adolescents' choices.

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Both parents and adolescents view peer relations as an area in which

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Parents' choices of neighborhoods, churches, schools, and their own friends influence the pool from which their adolescents select possible friends. Parents can model or coach their adolescents in ways of relating to peers.

answer

What are some of the ways the worlds of parents and peers are in fact connnected?

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conformity to peers peaks-especially conformity to their antisocial standards.

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Around the 8th and 9th grades,

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their social identity are most likely to conform to peers. E.g low self-esteem, social anxiety.

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Adolescents who are uncertain about

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when they are in the presence of someone they perceive to have higher status.

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Peers are also more likely to conform

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the extent to which children and adolescents are liked or disliked by their peer group.

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Sociometric Status is used to describe

question

typically assessed by asking children to rate how much they like or dislike each of their classmates. It may also be assessed by asking children and adolescents to nominate the peers they like the most and those they like the least.

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Sociometric status is

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5 types of peer statuses.

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Developmentalist have distinguished

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frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.

answer

Popular children

question

receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers.

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Average Children

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are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

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Neglected children

question

infrequently nominated as someones's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.

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Rejected children

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frequently nominated BOTH as someone's best friend and as being disliked.

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Controversial children

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involves thoughts about social matters.

answer

Social Cognition

question

children and adolescents may have difficulty in peer relations because they lack appropriate social cognitive skills.

answer

From a social cognitive perspective,

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more social knowledge. Considerable individual variation in how much one adolescent knows about what it takes to make friends, to be accepted by peers. etc.

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Adolescent increasingly acquire

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related to peer popularity.

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Social intelligence is

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influences peer relations.

answer

Social information processing

question

adolescents go through 5 steps in processing information about their social world. Decoding of social cues Interpretation Response search Selection of an optimal response Enactment

answer

Dodge argues that

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an important role in peer relations as well. For example, the ability to regulate emotion is linked to successful peer relations.

answer

Emotion plays

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who engage in mutual companionship, support and intimacy.

answer

Friends are a subset of peers

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Companionship Stimulation Physical support ego support social comparison intimacy/affection

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The functions that adolescents' friendships serve can be categorized in 6 ways

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the most influential theorist in the study of adolescent friendships and many of his ideas have withstood the test of time:

answer

Harry Stack Sullivan has been

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our emotional well-being.

answer

Everyone has basic social needs and whether these needs are fulfilled largely determines

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meeting social needs.

answer

During adolescence, friends become increasingly important in

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intensifies during early adolescence, motivating teenagers to seek out close friends.

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Need for intimacy

question

they experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth.

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If adolescent fail to forge such close friendships,

question

Who has studied peer relations across 4 decades, argues that children and adolescents use friends as cognitive and social resources regularly.

answer

Willard Hartup

question

important to consider.

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The quality of friendship is

question

when adolescents have friends who are socially skilled, supportive, and oriented toward academic achievement.

answer

Developmental advantages occur

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have coercive, conflict-ridden, and poor-quality friendships.

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It is developmentally disadvantageous to

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Many aspects of friendship are the same in adolescence as in emerging adulthood.

answer

Friendship in emerging adulthood

question

Close relationships in emerging adulthood were more integrated and similar than in adolescence.

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One difference was found in a recent longitudinal study

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decline in satisfaction and commitment in the first year of college.

answer

Another study indicated that best friendships often

question

in the context of friendship, intimacy has been defined in different ways.

answer

Intimacy and similarity

question

most often defined as self-disclosure or sharing of private thoughts.

answer

Intimacy

question

intimacy is an important feature. .

answer

The most consistent finding in research on adolescent friendships is that

question

friends are generally similar in terms of age, sex, ethnicity, etc. Similarity is referred to as homophily, the tendency to associate with similar others.

answer

Throughout the childhood and adolescent years,

question

some become best friends with younger or older individuals.

answer

Although most adolescents develop friendships with individuals who are close to their age,

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Adolescents who interact with older youth DO engage in these behaviors more frequently. Unclear whether the older youth guide younger adolescents toward deviant behavior OR whether the younger adolescent were already prone to deviant behavior before they developed the friendship with the older youth.

answer

Do older friends encourage adolescents to engage in delinquent behavior or early sexual behavior?

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Each of us has times in our lives when we feel lonely.

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Loneliness

question

a chronic condition.

answer

For some individuals loneliness is

question

linked with impaired physical and mental health.

answer

Chronic loneliness is

question

from the desire for solitude

answer

It's important to distinguish loneliness

question

interwoven with the passage through life transitions.

answer

Loneliness is often

question

may create loneliness especially if student leave the familiar world of their hometown and family to enter college.

answer

The first year of college

question

Childhood groups often are friends or neighborhood acquaintances. Usually aren't as formalized as many adolescent groups.

answer

Childhood groups differ from adolescent groups in several important ways

question

a broader array of members.

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Adolescent groups tend to include

question

increases during adolescence.

answer

Opposite sex participation in social groups

question

are small groups that range from 2 to 12 individuals and average 5 to 6 individuals. Members usually of the same sex and are similar in age.

answer

Cliques

question

because adolescents engage in similar activities. Ex. club or sports team.

answer

Cliques tend to form

question

larger and less personal than cliques

answer

Crowds are

question

requtation, and they may or may not spend much (if any) time together.

answer

Adolescents are usually members of a based on

question

by the activities adolescents engage in.

answer

Many crowds are defined

question

early adolescence and usually becomes less prominent in late adolescence.

answer

Reputation-based crowds often appear for 1st time in

question

on group size and interaction in same sex groups.

answer

Evidence related to the peer group focuses

question

larger clusters.

answer

Boy are more likely than girls to associate in

question

competition, conflict, ego displays, risk taking to seek dominance.

answer

Boys are more likely than girls to engage in

question

emphasize power and excitement

answer

Boys friendships tend to

question

"collaborativev discourse" in which they talk and act in a reciprocla manner.

answer

Females are more likely to engage in

question

likely to focus on intimacy.

answer

Femlaes' friendship in adolescence are more

question

serve many functions (ex. recreation, learning about intimacy)

answer

Dating can

question

Strong sexual and infatuation components, often predominates in the early part of a love relationship. Characterizes most adolescents love and also extremely important among college students.

answer

Romantice Love (passionate love or eros)

question

When individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for that person. More characteristic of adult love than adolescent love.

answer

Affectionate love (companionate love)

question

3 stages characterize development of adolescent romantic relationships.

answer

Heterosexual romantic relationships have

question

11 to 13 years of age. Triggered by puberty, developing a crush is common.

answer

Entry into Romantic attraction and affiliations

question

14 to 16 years of age, casual dating and dating in groups occur.

answer

Exploring romantic relationships

question

17 to 19 years of age, characterized by strong emotional bonds more closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships.

answer

Consolildating dyadic romanitic bonds

question

heterosecual adolescent dating.

answer

Most studies focus on

question

gay, lesbian and bisexual adolescent fully. Experiences and desires likely differ in important ways.

answer

Important to explore romantic relationships in

question

a bit later than heterosexual individuals.

answer

Many experience initial same sex activity

question

but few have same sex romantic relationships because of social stigma and disapproval from families.

answer

Many have same sex sexual experience

question

Studies of romantic breakups have mainly focused on their negative aspects.

answer

Dissolution of a romantic relationship

question

the possibility that romantic breakup might lead to positive changes. Could be many positive outcomes.

answer

Few studies have examinded

question

that self reported positive growth was common following romantic breakups.

answer

One study of college students found

question

different motivations to the dating experience.

answer

Male and female adolescents bring

question

in terms of interpersonal qualities.

answer

Girls are more likely to describe romance

question

physical attraction.

answer

Boys describe romance in terms of

question

the cognitve models that adolescents and adults use to guide and evalutate dating interactions.

answer

Dating Scripts

question

exerts a powerful influence.

answer

Sociocultural context

question

people in various cultures often dictate.

answer

Values and religious beliefs of

question

when changes often take place in romantic relationships, characterized by residential and lifestyle changes.

answer

Emerging adulthood is a time

question

lifestyles and form many types of families, don't commonly follow traditions.

answer

Emerging adults today choose many

question

dramatic rise in the percentage of single adults.

answer

Recent decades have seen a

question

forming intimate relationships with other adults, confronting loneliness.

answer

Common problems of single adults may include

question

Having time to make decisions about one's life course. Time to develop personal resources to meet goals. Freedom to make autonomous decisions. Opportunities to explore new places and try out new things. Privacy.

answer

Advantages of being single include;

question

living together in a sexual relationships without being married.

answer

Cohabitation

question

number of cohabiting US couples since 1970.

answer

Dramatic increase in

question

75% cohabitiing prior to getting married

answer

More than

question

ongoing lifestyle as opposed to a precursor to marriage.

answer

Many cohabiting adults view this as a

question

short lived, with one third lasting less than a year.

answer

Cohabiting arrangements tend to be

question

down from 70% in 1960.

answer

Currently, slightly over 50% of Americans are married,

question

remainging single longer today.

answer

More adults are

question

first marrigage is higher than at any point in history.

answer

The US average age for a

question

to the decline in marriage rates.

answer

The increase in cohabitation and a slight decline in the percentage of divorced individuals who remarry also contribute

question

live longer, healthier lives than either divorced individuals or those who are unhappily married.

answer

Individuals who are happily married

question

shorten a person's life by an average of four years.

answer

An unhappy marriage can

question

similar to heterosexual relationships in their satisfactions, loves, joys and conflicts.

answer

In many ways, gay males and lesbian relationships are

question

flexible in their gender roles than heterosexual individuals.

answer

Some have found that gay males and lesbian couples are more

question

that are not supported by research.

answer

A number of misconceptions exist about gay and lesbian couples

question

epidemic in the US.

answer

Divorce has become an

question

down from recent decades.

answer

3.6 divorces per 1000 people in 2010,

question

Youthful marriage Low educaitonal level Not having a religious affiliation Coming from families in which parents are divorced Becoming parents before marriage.

answer

Some groups have a higher incidence of divorce

question

it usually takes place early in marriage (5th to 10th year)

answer

If a divorce is going to occur,

question

difficluty in trusting someone else ina romantic relationship.

answer

Psychologically, one of the most commn characteristics of divorced adults is

question

which can be positive as well as negative.

answer

However, people's lives can take diverse turns following a divorce,

question

two approaches: constructivist and direct instruction. Most teachers use a combination of both

answer

Contemporary Approaches to student learning

question

Empasizes importance of individuals actively constructiong their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.

answer

The constructivist approach is learner centered

question

teacher direction and control high teacher expectations for student's progress maxium time spent by students on academic tasks effforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum An important goal is maximizing student learning time.

answer

The Direct instruction approach is stuctured and teacher centered, characterized by

question

increased accountability from schools.

answer

Since 1990s, the US public and governments at every level have demanded

question

state mandated tests to measure just what students had or had not learned.

answer

One result has been the spread of

question

the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation was signed into law.

answer

Became national policy in 2002 when

question

number of positive effects, including improved stuent performance.

answer

Advocates argue that statewide standardized testing will have a

question

doing more harm than good.

answer

Critics argue that the NCLB legislation is

question

presents very narrow view of students' skill

answer

Single test as sole indicator of student's progress and competence

question

difference critieria for what consititutes pass or failing grades. Many states have kept the standard for pass low.

answer

Each state has

question

difficult and stressful for many students. Takes place at a time when many changes in the individual, in the family, and in school are occurring simultaneously.

answer

The transition to middle or junior high school can be

question

top dog phenomenon.

answer

When students make the transitition, they experience the

question

Moving from being the oldest, biggest and most powerful students in elementary school to being the youngest, smallest and east powerful students in teh middle or junior high school.

answer

Top dog Phenomenon

question

educational and societal problem for many decades.

answer

Dropping out of high school has been an

question

declined in recent years.

answer

High school dropout rates have

question

school related, economic, family related, peer related and personal reasons.

answer

Students drop out of school for

question

are morely likely to drop out than those from middle income families.

answer

Students from low income families

question

friends who are also droputs.

answer

Many dropouts have

question

for personal reasons, such as pregnancy or marriage.

answer

Approximately 1/3 of girls drop out

question

Replays the top dog phenomenon. Move to a larger more impersonal school structure Interactino with peers from more diverse geographical backgrounds ande ethnic backgrounds. Increased focus on achievement and performance The transition can have positve aspects.

answer

The transitions from high school to college parallels transition to middle and high school in many ways.

question

is a strong asset.

answer

Having a college degree

question

those who don't graduate.

answer

College graduates can enter careers where they will earn more money in their lifetimes than

question

often difficult.

answer

The transition from college to work is

question

stress and are more depressed than in the past.

answer

Today's college students experience more

question

with shifting job market with fast-paced technological development.

answer

Sometimes difficult for colleges to provide training that keeps up

question

at the preschool, elementary, and secondary level.

answer

Social contexts differs

question

the classroom is the major context.

answer

In preschool and elementary school,

question

the school environment increases in scope and complexity. The social field is the school as a whole rather than the classroom.

answer

In middle or junior high schools,

question

is usually aware of the school as a social system.

answer

The student in secondary school

question

to present a positive environment for learning.

answer

It's important for classrooms

question

Using an Authoritative strategy Effectively managing the groups activities.

answer

Two effective general strategies for creating positive classroom environments are

question

encourages students to be independent thinkers and doers with effective monitoring.

answer

Authoritative Strategy

question

with much less effective strategies.

answer

The authoritative strategy contrasts

question

Restrictive and punitive, with the focus mainly on keeping order rather than on instruction and learning.

answer

Authoritarian Strategy of classroom management

question

Offers students considerable autonomy but provides them with little support for developing skills or managing their behavior.

answer

Permissive strategy of classroom management

question

fosters meaningful learning but also helps prevent academic and emotional problems from developing. Keeps students busy with active, appropriately challenging tasks. Has activities that encourage students to become absorbed and motivated and learn clear rules and regulations.

answer

A well managed classroom

question

lack of fit.

answer

Some of the negative psychological changes associated with adolescent development result from a

question

mismatch between the needs of developing adolescents and the opportunities afforded them by the schools they attend.

answer

Lack of fit

question

to make their school setting more personal, less formal, and more intrinsically challenging.

answer

Students benefit when teachers think of ways

question

family management practices are positively related to grades and self responsibility and negatively to school related problems.

answer

Parents

question

Maintaining a structural and organized family environment. Establishing routines for homework, chores, bedtime. etc. High expectations for achievement.

answer

Important to

question

Middle schools are structured in a way that encourages students to interact with larger numbers of peers on a daily basis.

answer

Peers

question

Being popular or accepted by peers is usually associated with academic success. Being rejected by peers is related to more negative academic outcomes.

answer

Peer statues have been studied in relation to school success.

question

Significant numbers of students are victimized by bullies.

answer

Bullying

question

gender differences regarding victims of boys is less clear.

answer

Boys are more likely to be bully girls but

question

most likely to be bullied.

answer

Boys and younger middle school students are

question

often the victims of bullying.

answer

Anxious, socially withdrawn and aggressive children are

question

Higher grades School engagement Less liklihood of dropping out Improved probability of going to college Higher self esteem Lower rates of depression, delinquency and substance abuse.

answer

Participation in extracurricular activities is linked to

question

Are more likely to have more students with low achievement scores and low graduation rates. Small percentages of students going to college. Are more likely to have young teachers with less experience. More non credentialed or non qualified teachers. More substitue teachers who regularly fill in. Are more likely to encourage rote learning. Don't provide adequate support for English language learners. Are still fairly segregated.

answer

Compared with schools in higher income areas, schools in lower income areas

question

Education that values diversity and includes the perspectives of a variety of cultural groups.

answer

Multicultural Education

question

civil rights movement of the 1960s and the call for equality and social justice for women and people of color.

answer

Multicultural Education grew out of

question

equal educational opportunity for all students.

answer

An importnat goal of Multicultural Education is

question

understanding or using spoken or written language. The difficulty can appear in listening, thinking, reading, writing, or spelling. Also may involve difficulty in doing mathematics.

answer

Adolescents with learning disabilities have difficulty in learning that involves

question

little to educate adolescents with disabilities.

answer

For many years, public schools did

question

mandated that all children and adolescents with disabilities receive a free, appropriate education. Increasingly, theses students are being educated in the regular classroom.

answer

In the last several decades, federal legislation has

question

the percentage of U.S students receiving special education services for a learning disability.

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Dramatic increases from the mid 1970s through the mid 1990s in

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poor diagnostic practices and over identification. Teachers sometimes are too quick to label children with the slightest learning problem as having a learning disability.

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Some experts say that the dramatic increase reflected

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which one or more of these characteristics are consistently shown, inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity over a period of time.

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ADHA is a disability in

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has increased substantially.

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The number of children and adolescents diagnosed and treated for ADHD

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4 to 9 times more in boys than in girls.

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This disorder occurs as much as

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have not been found.

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Definitive causes of ADHD

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Genetic inheritance of a predisposition. Brain damage during prenatal or postnatal development.

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A number of causes have been proposed including

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enhance the problems associated with ADHD.

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The increased academic and social demands of formal schooling and strict standards for behavioral control often

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decreases in only about one-third of adolescents. It's increasingly being recognized that these problems may continue into adulthood.

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Recent estimates suggest that ADHD

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stimulant medication (ex. ritalin or adderall) is effective in improving the attention of many children with ADHD. Usually doesn't improve attention to the same level as children who don't have ADHD. Behavior management treatments.

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Treatment of ADHD

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stimulants for children with milder forms of ADHD.

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Critics argue that many physicians are too quick to prescribe

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either refused enrollment to children with disabilities or inadequately served them.

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Until the 1970s most U.S public schools

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that all students with disabilities be given free, appropriate public education.

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In 1975, Public law 94-142, the Educational for All Handicapped Children Act, requires

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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Spells out broad mandates for services to children with disabilities of all kinds.

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In 1990, public law 94-142 was recast as the

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written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored for a student with a disability.

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Individualized education plan (IEP)

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a setting as similar as possible to one in which children who don't have a disability are educated.

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Least restrictive environment (LRE)

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education a child with special education needs full time in the regular classroom. Some education experts argue that some children with disabilities may not benefit from inclusion in the regular classroom.

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Inclusion

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above average intelligence (usually defined as an IQ of 130 or higher) and or superior talent in some domain, such as art, music, or mathematics.

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Adolescents who are gifted have

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Precocity Marching to their own drummer A passion to master

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Characteristics of children who are gifted:

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product of both heredity and environment. Those who are gifted often recall signs of high ability in a specific area at a very young age, prior to or at the beginning of formal training.

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Giftedness is a

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typically not gifted in all domains. During the childhood and adolescent years, the domain(s) in which individuals are gifted usually emerges.

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Individuals who are highly gifted are

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disruptive, skip classes and lose interest in achieving.

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Underchallenged students who are gifted can become

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socially isolated and underchallenged in the classroom.

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A number of experts argue that too often students who are gifted are

Adolescence Chapters 8,9, and 10 – Flashcards

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