ADJ 133 Exam Questions
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The mediator between people's essential selfishness and generosity is referred to as:
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justice
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Who of the following is not associated with developmental theories?
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Bentham
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Which statement is not consistent with ethical formalism?
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Lying is never justified.
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Which of the following best describes a situation in which one person must make a decision about what to do?
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ethical dilemmas
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According to the text, injury to the frontal lobe of the brain can result in all of the following except:
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memory loss
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Which of the following is an example of an imperfect duty?
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to be generous
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Which theory of distributive justice would be most opposed to government involvement in the distribution of goods?
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Libertarian
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The system of ethics of virtue is associated with:
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Aristotle
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The type of justice that seeks to achieve the greatest good for all is called
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utilitarian justice
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Which of "The 6 Pillars of Character" includes being a good steward of the natural resources and doing one's fair share?
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Citizenship
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Immanuel Kant is most associated with which ethical system?
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ethical formalism
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Which ethical system is most consistent with a Marxist theory of distributive justice?
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Ethics of Care
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The _________________ principle directs a decision maker to act according to a specific, unbending rule.
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imperative
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According to the text, behavioral decisions that can be judged under ethical standards involve four elements. Which of the following is one of these elements?
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behavior must stem from free will in order to be judged under ethical standards
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Sanitizing language, such as "wasting" or "whacking" instead of killing is an example of:
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euphemistic labeling
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According to the text, the last step necessary to clarify any dilemma is:
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resolve the ethical dilemma by using some means of decision making.
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Most behaviors that might be judged as ethical or unethical for criminal justice professionals fall into four major categories. Which of the following does not represents one of these four categories?
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marital infidelity
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Which statement about hypothetical imperatives is true?
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Hypothetical imperatives are commands that designate certain actions to attain certain ends
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________________ describes the position of what is good or bad changes depending on the individual or group, and that are no moral absolutes.
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Ethical relativism
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Procedural protections that are part of due process include all of the following except:
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Right to restart proceedings
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The application of ethical principles to specific issues such as social research or medical practice is called:
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applied ethics
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Which part of the brain is associated with feelings of empathy?
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frontal lobes
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Which of Kohlberg's moral stages has an interpersonal concordance orientation?
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Stage 3
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_____________________ postulates that what is good for one's survival and personal happiness is moral
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Egoism
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Hallmarks of community justice models include the following except:
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The punishment imposed by the community should be of equal or greater severity than the crime itself.
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Which of the following statements about developmental theories is false?
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Kohlberg's moral stages of development consist of two levels of moral reasoning, with three stages in each level.
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Situational ethics is often used as a synonym for:
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relativism
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Which of the following statements represents an example of an ethical dilemma?
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whether you should use marijuana for medicinal purposes
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All public servants have the following characteristics except:
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power to use force
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The roots of restorative justice can be found as far back as:
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Roman and Grecian law
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According to the chapter, which of the following is NOT a valid component of civil disobedience?
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Any activity must be approved by whatever authority is in power.
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According to Bandura, self-regulation can be "turned off," leading to inhumane acts, through cognitive restructuring via several different mechanisms. Which of the following is not one of these mechanisms?
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Advantageous labeling
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Which of "The 6 Pillars of Character" encompasses the ideas of altruism and benevolence?
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Caring
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According to Beccaria's and Bentham's utilitarian rationale, punishment should be based on:
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the seriousness of the crime
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During Kohlberg's _______level, the person approaches a moral issue motivated purely by personal interests.
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pre-conventional
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According to Barry, human beings can "know" God's will in three ways. Which of the following is not one of these three ways?
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Individual occurrence
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An ancient right based on church power which allowed a person respite from punishment as long as he or she was within the confines of church grounds is called:
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Sanctuary
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Superogatories have to do with:
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duties
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Which of the following is a type of test that measures an individual's ability to recognize and/or agree with moral terms?
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recognition tests
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The term _______________ refers to what is judged as good conduct.
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morality
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Which of the following statements is false?
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Rawls's theory is solely Kantian because it demands a basic level of individual rights.
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Which of the following is not one of the ethical principles that govern public servants identified by the Josephson Institute?
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incomplete judgment
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Which is not considered a moral virtue?
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Love
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Social learning theory was developed by:
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Albert Bandura
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of frontal lobe damage?
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loss of motor function
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Which type of justice is concerned with the allocation of society's resources?
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distributive justice
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The approach in which each case is treated as one of many is called:
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bureaucratic justice
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In terms of undercover operations, ethical formalism would most likely:
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condemn undercover operations where innocent people are deceived because the actions could not be justified under the categorical imperative
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"The 'end' of drug interdiction justifies the 'means' of harassing and inconveniencing a racial or ethnic minority group." This statement is most likely to be supported by:
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a utilitarian system
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According to the text, citizens from which country report trusting their police more any other professional group?
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Finland
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According to South, some of the ethical problems with informants include all except:
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informant being killed
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The Buddy Boys operated in which city?
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New York
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Which of the following statements is false?
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Hispanics are less likely than blacks to report feeling that the police would treat them fairly.
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The Knapp Commission coined the term "grass eaters" to refer to officers who did all of the following except:
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picked up merchandise at a crime scene
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Research on excessive force finds that:
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It seems to be an activity that is disproportionally engaged in by a small number
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Which of the following is not a rule of legal paternalism?
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Laws should allow private individuals to make decisions about private matters.
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Muir's typology of police styles includes:
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The watchman
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___________________ is different from the other three means of control in that it is physical.
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Force
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Cohen and Feldberg propose five ethical standards that can be derived from the social contract. Which of the following is not one of these five principles?
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decentralization
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The strongest ethical argument against undercover officers having intimate relationships with suspects comes from:
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ethics of care
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According to the objective approach, if the state provided an "essential element" that made the crime possible, or if there was extensive and coercive pressure on the defendant to engage in criminal actions, a court might rule that:
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entrapment had occurred
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The _________ approach examines the government's participation and whether it has exceeded accepted legal standards to determine in entrapment occurred.
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objective
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According to Carter, the elements of police work that can lead to drug use include all of the following except:
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time spent in traffic patrol duties
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Which of the following statements is true?
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one of the biggest problems with informants is that their reliability is highly questionable
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A model of law enforcement that creates partnerships with the community and addresses underlying problems rather than simply enforcing the law is referred to as:
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community policing
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The "rotten bushel" explanation is which type of explanation for police deviance?
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Individual
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The concept that there are many groups in society and that they form allegiances and coalitions in a dynamic exchange of power is most consistent with:
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the pluralist paradigm
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Positivist law refers to:
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those laws written and enforced by society
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In Barker and Carter's proposed typology of lies, deviant lies are:
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those used in the courtroom to make a case or cover up a wrongdoing
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The law enforcement approach first implemented when William Bratton was police chief in New York City in the 1990s is called:
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zero-tolerance policy
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Legal moralism is used to justify laws against:
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prostitution
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Wilson described types of police as including all except:
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service
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Barker and Carter proposed that police abuse of authority comes in all of the following areas except:
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sexual abuse
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Which one of the following incidents is an example of deadly force?
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the Amadou Diallo incident
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According to Barker and Carter, unlawful searchers or seizures are examples of which of the following types of abuse?
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legal abuse
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Items of value received by an individual because of his or her role or position rather than because of a personal relationship with the giver are called:
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gratuities
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Barker and Carter proposed a typology of lies that included:
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deviant lies
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The term Baksheesh is a euphemism for:
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graft
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The most common reasons for false convictions include all of the following EXCEPT:
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inaccurate reporting in the media
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The model of justice in which the largest portion of criminal cases forms the bottom layers and the few serious cases form the top layer is called:
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bureaucratic justice
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Civilians who are used to obtain information about criminal activity and/or participate in it so evidence can be obtained for an arrest are called:
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informants
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In Muir's typology of police styles, the reciprocator:
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had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace
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Natural law refers to:
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the idea that principles of morals and rights are inherent in nature
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Which of the following statements about interrogations is true?
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the "third degree" is no longer legitimate
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Kania believes that gratuities should be allowed because:
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they cement social bonds.
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The practice of not ticketing an officer who is stopped for speeding or for other driving violations is called:
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professional courtesy
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Emile Durkheim is associated with which paradigm of law?
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Consensus Paradigm
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According to Klockars, what are the four elements of police power?
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power, persuasion, force, and authority
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Which of the following is not considered graft?
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taking merchandize from a crime scene
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The classic father confessor approach to interrogations involves:
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a sympathetic figure for the defendant to confide to
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The public servant model of policing includes all the following except:
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Police are not public servants of those who commit crime.
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Souryal argued that there are different kinds of loyalty to superiors or to fellow officers, including all of the following except:
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fragmented loyalty
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In Barker and Carter's typology of lies, accepted lies are:
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those used during undercover investigations
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Graft is defined as the exploitation of one's role by:
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accepting bribes or protection money
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Authority is defined as:
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the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role
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According to ______theory, each individual gives up some liberties and, in return, is protected from others who have their liberties restricted as well.
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social contract
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