A & P 2 Ch 17 & 18 Study – Flashcards
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The means by which a pathogenic organism invades the body
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Portal of Entry
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A posion produced by a pathogen
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Toxin
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The factor that includes an individual's physical and emotional health
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Predisposition
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The power of an organism to overcome body defenses and cause disease
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Virulence
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The number of pathogens that invade the body
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Dose
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A substance that prevents multiplication of viruses
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Interferon
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A lymphocyte that nonspecifically destroys abnormal cells
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Natural killer cell
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A general term describing protective responses effective against any pathogen
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Nonspecific defenses
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A general term describing immune responses directed against an individual pathogen
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Specific defenses
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A granular leukocyte that participates in nonspecific defenses
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Neutrophil
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True of False...Histamine is secreted by the damaged cells themselves
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True
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True of False...Mast cells are similar to macrophages
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False
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True of False...Histamine makes vessels constrict
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False
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True of False...Leukocytes actually leave the blood vessels in order to fight infection in injured tissues
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True
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True of False...The inflammatory exudate does not contain any cells
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False
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Species or Individual Immunity...The type of protection that prevents humans from contracting distemper
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Species Immunity
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Species or Individual Immunity...The type of protection that prevents some humans from contacting cold sores
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Individual Immunity
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Species or Individual Immunity...The type of protection that prevents animals from contracting measles
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Species Immunity
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Any foreign substance introduced into the body that provokes an immune response
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Antigen
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An antibody-producing cell derived from a B cell
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Plasma cell
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A cell that reduces an immune response by inhibiting or destroying activated lymphocytes
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Treg cell
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A cell that matures in the thymus that directly destroys a foreign cell
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Tc cell
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A circulating protein also known as immunoglobulin
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antibody
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A B or T cell that can rapidly activate an immune response when the pathogen is encountered for a second time
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Memory cell
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Macrophages are derived from this type of cell
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Monocyte
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The organelle in macrophages that digests a foreign substance
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Lysosome
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The part of a foreign substance that is inserted into a macrophage membrane
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Foreign antigen
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The self-antogen inserted into the macrophage membrane
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MHC protein
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The part of the helper T cell tht binds to a macrophage
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T cell receptor
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The substance released by the helper T cell after it is activated by binding to the macrophage
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Interleukin
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Active (ACT) or passive immunity (P), and natural (N) or artificial immunity (ART)...Immunity resulting from exposure to a microbial toxin
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Active and Natural Immmunity
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Active (ACT) or passive immunity (P), and natural (N) or artificial immunity (ART)...Immunity resulting from the transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus
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Passive and Natural Immunity
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Active (ACT) or passive immunity (P), and natural (N) or artificial immunity (ART)...Immunity resulting from the HPV vaccination
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Active and Artificial Immunity
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Active (ACT) or passive immunity (P), and natural (N) or artificial immunity (ART)...Immunity resulting from the administration of antiserum
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Passive and Artificial Immunity
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The process of reducing the virulence of a pathogen to prepare a vaccine
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Attenuation
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A toxin treated wiht heat or chemicals to reduce its harmfullness so that it may by used as a vaccine
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Toxoid
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The fraction of the blood plasma that contains antibodies
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Gamma Globulin
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A process designed to induce an immune response against a particular oathogen, resulting in teh aquisition of artificial adaptive immunity
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Immunization
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The type of immune serum used to provide passive immunity to botulism
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Antitoxin
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An immune serum administered to a snake bite victim
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Antivenin
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A vaccine that prevents sexually transmitted genitl warts
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HPV vaccine
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A vaccine that prevents chicken pox
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Varicella vaccine
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A protein that stimulated an allergic response, as is found in pollen and house dust
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Allergen
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The virus that causes AIDS
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HIV
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The manufacture of antibodies to one's own tissues
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Autoimmunity
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A tendency to react unfavorably to a substance that is normally harmless to most people
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Allergy
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A malignant skin cancer common in AIDS patients but rare in the general population
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Kaposi sarcoma
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An RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to manufacture DNA
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Retrovirus
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A cancer of the blood-forming cells in bone marrow
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Multiple myeloma
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A cancer treatment that attempts to stimulate the patient's immune system
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Immunotherapy
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The process by which immune cells continuously monitor for cancerous cells
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Immune surveillance
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A common occurence in transplant patients, in which the patient's immune system attacks the donated organ or tissue
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Rejection syndrome
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A drug given to transplant recipients to reduce rejection syndrome
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Gluocorticoid
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The cells involved in rejection transplanted organs
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T cells
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A tissue that does not stimulate an immune response when transplanted
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Cornea
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The type of lymphocyte involved in nonspecific immunity is the
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Natural Killer cell
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What describes an activity of B cells
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Manufacture of antibodies
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What is a specific defense against infection
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Antibodies
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Cells that combine with foreign antigens and present them to T cells are
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Macrophages
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Complement proteins
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Promote inflammation, attract phagocytes and destroys cells
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Interleukins are
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Substances released from the Th cells that stimulate other leukocytes
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MHC antigens are
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one's own proteins
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What is a result in active immunity
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Vaccination
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Whooping cough is also called
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Pertussis
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Transplantation of an organ or tissue may fail becawuse the recipient's immune system will attempt to destroy the organ, leading to
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Rejection Syndrome
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Circulating antibodies are responsible for the type of immuntiy termed
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Humoral
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Heat, redness, swelling, and pain are considered the classic symptoms of
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Inflammatory reaction
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Antibodies that neutralize toxins but do not affect the organism producing the toxin are called
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Antitoxins
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The use of methods to stimulate the immune system in the hope of combatting cancer is a form of treatment
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Immunotherapy
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The MMR vaccine protects against rubella, measles, and
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Mumps
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The site by which a pathogen enters the body is called the
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Portal of entry
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Antibodies transmitted from a mother's blood to a fetus provide a type of short-term borrowed immunity called
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Passive immunity
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The administration of vaccine, on the other hand, stimulates the body to produce a longer lasting type of immunity called
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Active
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The action of leukocytes in which they engulf and digest invading pathogens is known as
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Phagocytosis
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The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli
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Pulmonary ventilation
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The exchange of specific gases between the alveoli and the blood
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External gas exchange
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The exchange of specific gases between the blood and the cells
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Internal gas exchange
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The process by which cells use oxygen and nutrients to generate energy
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Cellular respiration
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The openings of the nose
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Nares
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The three projections arising from the lateral walls of each nasal cavity
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Conchae
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The scientific name for the voice box
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Larynx
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The leaf-shaoed structure that helps to prevent the entrance of food into the trachea
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Epiglottis
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One of the two branches formed by division of the trachea
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Bronchus
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The notch of depression where the bronchus, blood vessels, and nerves enter the lung
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Hilum
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The area below the nasal cavities that is common to both the digestive and respiratory systems
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Pharynx
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A small air-conducting tube containing a smooth muscle layer but little or no cartilage
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Bronchiole
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The substance in th efluid lining the alveoli that prevents their collapse
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Surfactant
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The phase of pulmonary ventilation in which air is expelled from the alveoli
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Exhalation
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The phase of pulmonary ventilation in which the diaphragm contracts
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Inhalation
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The serous membrane around each lung
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Pleura
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The only respiratory structures involved in external gas exchange
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Alveoli
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The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a relaxed breath
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Tidal volume
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The ease with which the lungs and thorax can be expanded
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Compliance
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The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration
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Vital capacity
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True of False...Inhalation is the active phase of breathing
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True
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True of False...During quiet breathing, exhalation does not require any muscle contraction
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True
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True of False...The diaphragm rises when it contracts
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False
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True of False...the external intercostal muscles contract during active exhalation
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False
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True of False...the external intercostal muscles contract during a large inhalation
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True
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True of False...The diaphragm relaxes during exhalation
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True
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The process by which oxygen moves from the blood into tissues
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Diffusion
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The gas converted into bicarbonate in the blood
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Carbon dioxide
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An important blood buffer produced from carbon dioxide
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Bicarbonate ion
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The substance that carries most of the oxygen in the blood
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Oxygen
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The gas that is more concentrated in the blood than in metabolically active tissues
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Carbon dioxide
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An ion that renders blood more acidic
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Hydrogen ion
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The proportion of total blood carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma
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10%
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The proportion of total blood carbon dioxide transported in the form of bicarbonate
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75%
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The proportion of total blood carbon dioxide carried on plasma proteins
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15%
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The location of the central chemoreceptors
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Brainstem
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A rise in the blood carbon dioxide concentration
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Hypercapnia
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The location of a peripheral chemoreceptor
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Aortic arch
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The substance that acts directly on the central chemoreceptors to stimulate breathing
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Hydrogen ion
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The gas that stimulates breathing when its concentration increases
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Carbon dioxide
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The nerve that controls the diaphragm
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Phrenic nerve
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Hypoventilation or Hyperventilation...The breathing pattern that causes hypocapnia
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Hyperventilation
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Hypoventilation or Hyperventilation...The breathing pattern resulting from the respiratory obstruction
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Hypoventilation
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Hypoventilation or Hyperventilation...The breathing pattern that causes hypercapnia
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Hypoventilation
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Hypoventilation or Hyperventilation...The breathing pattern that causes acidosis
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Hypoventilation
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Hypoventilation or Hyperventilation...the breathing pattern that sometimes occurs during anxiety attacks
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Hyperventilation
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Difficult or labored breathing
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Dyspnea
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An abnormal increase in the depth and rate of breathing
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Hyperpnea
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A temporary cessation of breathing
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Apnea
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Difficult breathing that is relieved by sitting upright
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Orthopnea
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An abnormal decrease int he deoth and rate of breathing
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Hypopnea
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Rapid breathing observed during exercise
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Tachypnea
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A variable respiratory rhythm observed in some critically ill patients
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Cheyne-Stokes respiration
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Technical name for the common cold, based on the discharge of fluid from the nose
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Acute coryza
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A collection of fluid, as may occur in the pleural space
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Effusion
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A bacterial or viral infection that affects an entire lung at once
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Lobar pneumonia
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An infectious lung disease characterized by the presence of small lung lesions
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Tuberculosis
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An allergic reaction that affects the upper respiratory tract and eyes
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Hay fever
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An allergic reaction that affects the bronchial tubes
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Asthma
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A condition in young children in which the airways are constricted as a result of a viral infection
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Croup
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Infection of the alveoli occuring mainly in patients with suppressed immune systems
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Pneumocystis pneumonia
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A lung infection in which infected alveoli are scattered throughout the lung
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Bronchopneumonia
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Destruction of the alveoli of the lungs often related to heavy smoking
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Emphysema
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Inflammation of the serous membrane covering the lungs
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Pleurisy
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The accumulation of blood in the pleural space
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Hemothorax
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The scientific term for a collapsed lung
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Atelectasis
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A type of COPD in which the airways are continually inflamed
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Chronic bronchitis
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The scientific term for "crib death"
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SIDS
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An operation to insert a metal or plastic tube into the trachea to serve as an airway for ventilation
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Tracheostomy
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The incision in the trachea through which the tube is inserted
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Tracheotomy
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An instrument used to inspect the bronchi and their branches
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Bronchoscope
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An apparatus used to remove mucous from the respiratory tract
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Suction apparatus
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An apparatus used to measure lung function
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Spirometer
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Carbon dioxide will diffuse out of blood during the phase of
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External exchange of gases
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A structural defect of the partition in the nose is called a(n)
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Deviated septum
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A rhythmic abnormality in breathing that is seen in critically ill patients is termed
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Cheyne-Stokes respiration
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Allergic rhinitis is the medical term for
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Hay fever
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Which of the following terms does NOT apply to the cells that line the conducting passages of the respiratory tract
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Connective
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An increase in blood carbon dioxide levels would result in
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More hydrogen ions in the blood
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Which of the following is NOT an upper respiratory infection
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Tuberculosis
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The substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli is
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Surfactant
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The residual volume is
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The amount of air that is always in the lungs, even after a maximal expiration
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Pneumothorax is the
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Presence of air in the pleural space
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The space between the vocal cords is called the
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Glottis
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An abnormal decrease in the depth and rate of respiration is termed
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Hypopnea
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A lower than normal level of oxygen in tissues is called
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Hypoxia
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Heart disease and other disorders may cause the bluish color of the skin and visible mucous membranes characteristics of a condition called
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Cyanosis
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The space between the lungs is called the
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Mediastinum
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The type of epithelium that lines the nasal cavity is
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Stratified squamous
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The term that is used for the pressure of each gas in a mixture of gases is
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Partial pressure
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Each heme region of a hemoglobin molecule contains an inorganic element called
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Iron
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Certain diplococci, staphylococci, chlamydiae, and viruses may cause an inflammation of the lungs. This disease is called
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Pneumonia
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The scientific name for the organism that causes tuberculosis is
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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The nerve that innervated the diaphragm is the
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Phrenic nerve
