question

A bicameral legislature is one that has

answer

two chambers or houses

question

Which is the best description of the K Street Project?

answer

It was an attempt to place former Republican staffers in key lobbying positions to help ensure a large flow of corporate donations to the Republican Party.

question

Which of the following is the best definition of a congressional caucus?

answer

unofficial groups of representatives or senators sharing similar interests or opinions

question

The most common occupation among members of Congress before coming to Congress is

answer

lawyer

question

The four joint committees in Congress are

answer

economic, taxation, library, and printing

question

Gerrymandering refers to

answer

the manipulation of electoral districts to serve the interests of a particular group

question

One reason why redistricting is controversial is that

answer

computer technologies allow legislatures to know statistically what kinds of people live where and this can be used to give one party an advantage over the other.

question

As of 2012, how many women serve in the U.S. Senate?

answer

20

question

The House Ways and Means Committee is one of the most important committees in Congress because

answer

it has jurisdiction over taxes, trade, and entitlement programs such as Social Security and Medicare.

question

How long is the term of office for a U.S. senator?

answer

6yrs

question

The process of allocating congressional seats among the fifty states is called

answer

apportionment

question

In the House of Representatives, the majority leader

answer

is subordinate to the Speaker of the House

question

Who is the Speaker of the House?

answer

The elected leader of the majority party in the House is the Speaker.

question

Which statement about the membership of Congress is not true?

answer

Senators and members of the House are less likely than the population on the whole to be Protestants.

question

Who has the most real power in the Senate?

answer

the majority and minority leaders

question

The filibuster is likely to remain a feature of legislative politics in the United States because

answer

a sixty-seven vote majority is required to eliminate it

question

Which of the following is the best definition of a constituent?

answer

It is a person who lives in the district represented by a member of the legislature

question

The two presidents to be impeached by the House of Representatives were Bill Clinton and

answer

Andrew Johnson

question

Approximately what percentage of proposed bills die in committee?

answer

95%

question

Pork-barrel legislation

answer

deals with specific projects and their location within a particular congressional district

question

What are the greatest dangers associated with a trustee model of representation?

answer

Representatives may become inattentive to the wishes and opinions of their constituents.

question

Congress is a ______ legislature with ______ members.

answer

bicameral; 535

question

Which of the following best explains the small number of women in Congress?

answer

Incumbency is a very powerful resource, and most incumbents have been men

question

What did the Supreme Court declare in Miller v. Johnson?

answer

The racial composition of a district could not be the predominant factor when redistricting.

question

Conference committees are

answer

temporary, involve members from both houses of Congress, and are charged with reaching a compromise on legislation once it has been passed by both the House and the Senate.

question

The Congressional Research Service and the Government Accountability Office are examples of

answer

staff agencies.

question

Which of the following statements about Congress's role in foreign policy is not accurate?

answer

The Constitution directs Congress to stay out of foreign affairs and concentrate solely on domestic politics.

question

A vote on which 50 percent or more of the members of one party take one position while at least 50 percent of the members of the other party take the opposing position is called

answer

a party unity vote.

question

Cloture is

answer

the process by which three-fifths of the Senate can end a filibuster.

question

A filibuster allows members of the Senate to

answer

prevent a vote on a bill by speaking continuously on the floor.

question

What did the framers mean to accomplish by indirect election of the president?

answer

to make the president responsible to state and national legislatures

question

An executive order is

answer

a rule or regulation issued unilaterally by the president, with the status of a law.

question

Why is the president's State of the Union address important?

answer

It is an opportunity for the president to set the legislative agenda by initiating proposals and directing public attention to the executive's goals.

question

Which of the following statements about presidential pardons is false?

answer

George Washington declared amnesty to all Americans who fought for the British during the War for Independence

question

______ powers are specifically established by the language of the Constitution.

answer

Expressed

question

The first lady is an important resource for the president in his capacity as

answer

head of state.

question

The office of the presidency was established by ___________ of the Constitution.

answer

Article II

question

A signing statement is a(n)

answer

announcement the president makes about his interpretation of a congressional enactment he is signing into law.

question

After the president and vice president, which office is next in the line of succession?

answer

Speaker of the House

question

The last time Congress exercised its constitutional power to declare war was in

answer

1941.

question

The National Security Council is composed of all of the following except the

answer

Speaker of the House.

question

Which first lady was the first to seek and win public office on her own?

answer

Hillary Clinton

question

What is required for Congress to override a presidential veto?

answer

two-thirds of both houses of Congress

question

The formal group of presidential foreign policy advisers, established in 1947, is called the

answer

National Security Council

question

According to the text, what are the three most common ways for a president to expand his base of power?

answer

party support, popular mobilization, and administrative control

question

The president has the power to appoint which of the following positions?

answer

cabinet secretaries

question

Which executive agency has the least discretion, as a result of very detailed congressional legislation?

answer

the Internal Revenue Service

question

The Office of Management and Budget is important because

answer

its personnel are an integral part of virtually every conceivable presidential responsibility, such as overseeing regulatory proposals, reporting on agency activities, and preparing the national budget.

question

When Dwight Eisenhower sent federal troops into Little Rock High School in 1957, it demonstrated that

answer

the president may make unilateral use of the emergency powers to protect states against domestic disorder.

question

In United States v. Nixon, the Supreme Court

answer

required Nixon to turn over secret tapes to Congress.

question

The power to declare war is given to ______ under the Constitution.

answer

both houses of Congress

question

The turning point in American politics toward a president-centered government came about during the administration of

answer

Franklin Roosevelt.

question

The Environmental Protection Agency was created in 1970 by

answer

an executive order.

question

When are the president's partisan ties most important?

answer

in dealing with Congress on legislative matter

question

In undertaking the campaign against the Taliban in 2001, George W. Bush

answer

sought and received congressional authorization for the bombing but not a declaration of war.

question

The president's expressed powers include all of the following except

answer

partisan

question

What is the primary constitutional task of the vice president, besides succeeding the president in case of death, resignation, or incapacitation?

answer

to cast tie-breaking votes in the Senate

question

The rise of the national convention was important because it

answer

gave the presidency a mass popular base that would eventually support and demand increased presidential power.

question

Which president began the era of greater presidential control over the budgeting process?

answer

Franklin Roosevelt

question

The ______ asserted that the president could send American troops into action abroad only in the event of a declaration of war or other statutory authorization by Congress, or if American troops were attacked or directly endangered

answer

War Powers Resolution of 1973

question

Executive privilege refers to

answer

the claim that confidential communications between a president and close advisers should not be revealed without the consent of the president.

question

Which of the following statements about congressional oversight of the bureaucracy is most accurate?

answer

While the number of oversight hearings has increased over time as the bureaucracy has expanded, the extent of oversight does depend somewhat on which party controls the White House.

question

Which of the following statements best describes the trend in government secrecy since 2001?

answer

The number of classified documents has increased substantially since 2001 while the pages of material that have been declassified has declined sharply.

question

The USA PATRIOT Act

answer

allows the attorney general to detain any foreigner suspected of posing a threat to internal security.

question

Public bureaucracies are powerful because

answer

legislatures, chief executives, and the people delegate vast power to them to make sure a particular job is done

question

At its peak in ______, the federal bureaucracy had ______ employees, not including military personnel

answer

1968; 3 million

question

What was the chief bureaucratic flaw identified by the 9/11 Commission?

answer

There was a lack of communication between the domestic and foreign security agencies.

question

Which of the following is the best description of an iron triangle?

answer

the stable relationship between a bureaucratic agency, a clientele group, and a legislative committee

question

Which of the following is not a federal department entrusted with providing national security?

answer

Police

question

Individual members of Congress can discover questions of public responsibility when engaged in

answer

constituent case work.

question

Which of the following is not a task of the Treasury Department?

answer

setting interest rates

question

Devolution describes a process through which

answer

the federal government is downsized by delegating the implementation of programs to state and local governments

question

The response to the Department of Homeland Security's color-coded terror-level warning system reveals

answer

that bureaucratic agencies, like politicians, must pay attention to public opinion

question

Making permanent cuts in existing agencies is often difficult because

answer

most agencies have a supportive constituency that will fight to reinstate any cuts that are made.

question

The "virtual fourth branch of government" refers to

answer

government contracting

question

According to the text, what would be the most likely outcome if the federal government were to cease all economic regulation?

answer

The marketplace would fall into chaos

question

The most significant example of devolution in recent decades has been in the area of

answer

welfare policy

question

The ______ is the center of military policy and management

answer

Joint Chiefs of Staff

question

What is an independent agency?

answer

an agency that is not part of any Cabinet department

question

Which statement about regulatory agencies is correct?

answer

No new regulatory programs have been established since the 1970s.

question

The head of a department is called the

answer

secretary

question

The concept of oversight refers to the effort made by

answer

Congress to make executive agencies accountable for their actions

question

Congress was attempting to strike a balance between the need for secrecy in national security and the right of individuals to know what their government is doing when it passed the ______ Act.

answer

Freedom of Information

question

Ronald Reagan's inability to dismantle the Department of Education reflects the power of

answer

iron triangles

question

In order to change the level of national economic activity and defend the value of the dollar in international trade, the federal government

answer

manipulates interest rates

question

The Freedom of Information Act is designed to

answer

make more national security documents available to the public.

question

Which of the following is an agency created by Congress to assist it in overseeing the federal bureaucracy?

answer

General Accounting Office

question

Bureaucracy, literally translated, means

answer

rule by offices and desks.

question

Which of the following is not part of the Justice Department?

answer

the Internal Revenue Service

question

The first regulatory agencies established by Congress were

answer

independent regulatory commissions.

question

The Constitution

answer

is almost completely silent on the rules regarding how political parties must go about selecting a candidate to run for any elective office.

question

How many party systems has the United States had since 1789?

answer

6

question

The "Era of Good Feelings" was

answer

the period of one-party politics from the collapse of the Federalist Party until the 1830s.

question

A "safe district" is

answer

a district where a majority of voters identify with their member of Congress's party.

question

Third-party candidates are better off under what system of election?

answer

proportional representation

question

Party activists are ______ to contribute time, energy, and effort to party affairs and ______ to hold more extreme views than the party's rank-and-file voters

answer

more likely; more likely

question

What were the most common favors political bosses distributed to loyal party members during the era of political machines?

answer

jobs

question

During the 1980s, under the leadership of Ronald Reagan, which two groups did the Republican Party add to their coalition?

answer

religious conservatives and working-class whites

question

An individual's psychological attachment to one party or another is called a party

answer

identification

question

Which of the following parties originated from internal mobilization?

answer

Jeffersonian party

question

Third parties in the United States typically represent

answer

social and economic interests that are disregarded by the two major parties for certain reasons.

question

Who elects the chairperson for the Republican and Democratic national committees?

answer

the president if the party controls the White House, or the party committee if the party does not control the White House

question

The New Deal coalition was severely strained and ultimately broken apart by

answer

the Vietnam War and the issue of civil rights

question

Which system develops when the winner of an electoral race obtains more votes than any other candidate?

answer

the plurality system

question

Issues such as the environment, health care, retirement benefits, and taxation are on the political agenda in the United States because

answer

contemporary political parties mainly compete for the support of middle-class Americans and these issues are important to the middle class.

question

One important cause of the United States' two-party system is

answer

single-member electoral districts

question

Which of the following statements about contemporary American politics is most accurate?

answer

While political elites are highly polarized, most Americans are moderates in terms of public opinion.

question

The first party system was characterized by conflict between the ______ and the ______.

answer

Federalists; Jeffersonian Republicans

question

During the nineteenth century, party machines depended heavily on ______ in order to reward loyal party supporters.

answer

patronage

question

Which of the following is not accomplished at a party's national convention?

answer

nomination of Senate and House candidates

question

Which of the following is the best definition of soft money?

answer

money contributed directly to political parties and other organizations for political activities that are not regulated by federal campaign spending laws

question

Political scientists disagree over whether an electoral realignment occurred in 1968 because

answer

no one party clearly dominated the national government after the election

question

From 1896 to 1932, the ______ Party was the nation's majority party.

answer

Republican

question

Which of the following transpires when one party controls the presidency while another party controls one or both houses of Congress?

answer

a divided government

question

A party's platform is best understood as a

answer

negotiated agreement between the party's various factions.

question

The Populist Party appeals to which of the following groups?

answer

Western mining interests, small farmers, and urban workers

question

______ are nonprofit independent groups that receive and distribute funds to influence the nomination, election, and defeat of a candidate.

answer

527 Committees

question

Which famous American, in his farewell address, encouraged his fellow citizens to shun partisan politics?

answer

George Washington

question

What issue led to the demise of the Whig Party?

answer

slavery

question

State ballot access laws, such as registration fees and petition requirements, have the effect of

answer

reducing the number of third-party and independent candidates who can run for office.

question

House members requirements

answer

25 years old, 7 yrs citizenship (Must be a resident in residing state)

question

Senate members requirements

answer

30 years old, 9 yrs citizenship (Must be a resident in residing state)

question

Occupation of Members of Congress

answer

Atypical occupations; Overrepresent law and business; Underrepresent labor.

question

Religion of Members of Congress

answer

All major religions are represented, however, most tend to be Protestant

question

Education of Members of Congress

answer

Highly educated, over 90% have advanced degrees

question

Income of Members of Congress

answer

above average

question

House members average age

answer

51

question

Senate members average age

answer

58

question

The Congress is bicameral meaning...

answer

has 2 legislative houses or chambers, the House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate

question

House has how many members elected from single member districts?

answer

435

question

Senate has how many members?

answer

100

question

How many members of senate are designated to each state?

answer

2 per state

question

House is elected every...

answer

2 years

question

Which chamber of congress is thought to be "closer to the people"?

answer

The House

question

Members of House are distributed based on...

answer

population

question

Members of Senate are elected by...

answer

state-wide constituencies for six year terms in staggered elections

question

One-third Members of_____ are elected every two years.

answer

Senate

question

Senate Representation is based on States..

answer

States, so Delaware has as many Senators as Texas

question

Senate has Popularly been elected since 1913 because of ..

answer

17th Amendment

question

Lawmaking in the U.S. requires the action of both..

answer

chambers and the President

question

The U.S. system embodies...

answer

the separation of powers and the system of checks and balances

question

Sole legislative power is vested in the ...

answer

the U.S. Congress, consisting of a House and a Senate

question

According to the Constitution, members of Congress are required to meet how many times a year?

answer

once a year

question

Protected speech provisions ...

answer

cannot be questioned about debates off the floor of Congress.

question

Members of Congress ...

answer

Set their own salaries (27th Amendment)

question

Duties and Powers of Congress are listed in which Article ?

answer

ONE

question

Taxing..[Duties and powers of Congress]

answer

(shall originate in the House)

question

Revenue provision.. [Duties and powers of Congress]

answer

(power of the purse)

question

Power over Courts and the President...[Duties and powers of Congress]

answer

[Duties and powers of Congress]

question

Override presidential vetoes...[Duties and powers of Congress]

answer

[Duties and powers of Congress]

question

Power of impeachment...[Duties and powers of Congress]

answer

(House)

question

impeachment trials....[Duties and powers of Congress]

answer

(Senate)

question

The basic organization in Congress...

answer

a committee

question

Committees tie..

answer

the Congress to the people and their interests

question

Committees affect..

answer

- Election prospects: serves reelection motives - The fortune of the parties (Democrats and Republicans) - Flow of information among members and between members and the public - Flow of benefits - Flow of legislation in the respective houses

question

Why are committees the center of Congress?

answer

- This is where work is accomplished - Convey information about issues, legislation, agendas, etc. - Create opportunities for advocacy, position-taking, credit-claiming, etc. - Serve as forum for distributional debates: Who gets what? -These are forums for agenda setting

question

House has how many standing committees?

answer

20

question

House has how many select committees?

answer

2

question

House has how many subcommittees?

answer

90+

question

Senate has how many standing committees?

answer

17

question

Senate has how many select committees

answer

4

question

Senate has how many subcommittees

answer

70+

question

There are how many joint, House-Senate committees

answer

4(J)

question

Which chamber stays in session the most?

answer

Senate

question

Institutionalization

answer

The process by which rules, and structures takes shape and are incorporated into the existing practices of a governmental body or other existing institution

question

What are the major parts of institutionalization?

answer

-Size of staff -Workload -Leadership -Norm

question

Why does congress have rules?

answer

Organize the flow of business on the floor — to get things done • Rules divide the workflow of legislating and doing the publics' business • Protect majority and minority rights in the legislature

question

Senate norms

answer

- Apprenticeship • Concentrate on Senate rather than publicity • Specialize in relevant issues to constituents and committees • Act courteously toward colleagues • Extend reciprocity to colleagues • Defend Senate, loyally

question

House Norms

answer

• Build friendships • Important work is done in committees • Procedural rules are essential and should be preserved • Members should not criticize each other on the floor • Members should be willing to trade votes • Members should specialize in committee or policy areas • Freshmen should serve apprenticeship

question

Why not the "Textbook Congress?"

answer

• Bill proposals and ideas come from multiple sources • Writing laws is complex • Bill referrals and scheduling are strategic • Floor debates are complex and governed by rules • Conference committees and interchamber bargaining • President has a role throughout the process

question

Textbook View

answer

- Bill is introduced in a chamber of Congress • Presiding officer of the chamber refers the bill to committee(s) • Committee(s) holds hearings, marks up, and reports a bill back to the floor • Floor debates and passes the legislation • Legislation is sent to the other chamber where this process is repeated • Once the legislation passes both chambers, it is sent to a conference committee to iron out any differences in the legislation passed by each chamber. Or the chambers pass one version. • Both chambers approve the same piece of legislation and it is sent to the president for approval

question

House Rule X

answer

sets out the jurisdiction of the committees and the precedents for referrals.

question

Union Calendar {House}

answer

bills that raise or spend money

question

House Calendar {House}

answer

all other major legislation

question

Private Calendar is a type of {House}

answer

House calendar

question

Corrections Calendar{House}

answer

2nd and 4th Tuesdays of each month

question

Senate Rules are more so..

answer

Informal

question

Calendar of Business

answer

Senate Calendar

question

• Executive calendar (for treaties, nominations)

answer

Senate Calendar

question

Hold

answer

request by a Senator to be notified when a piece of legislation or an issue is to be considered. It is enforced by the threat of a filibuster.

question

Filibuster

answer

threat or the eventuality where a member fails to yield the floor and engages in continual debate

question

Cloture

answer

Vote on ending in debate. Requires a 3/5 5 majority, unless on a rule change, when a 2/3 is required

question

Committees are...

answer

Bipartisan

question

2/3 of all votes in a given year could be called _____ votes.

answer

Party:

question

Ideology

answer

members harbor ideological positions. 90% of all roll calls can be explained by a division based on race and economic politics.

question

President

answer

2/3 to 3/4 of presidential positions become law

question

The president Must be a ________, at least ___ years old and a U.S. resident for __years

answer

natural born citizen, 35, 14

question

President is limited to how many terms by the 25th Amendment

answer

2

question

Impeachment of President

answer

House impeaches; Senate convicts with a 2/3 majority vote

question

Succession is in the 25th Amendment. The "succession amendment" resulted from ____ presidency

answer

FDR's presidency

question

Who can declare war?

answer

Only Congress

question

Presidents duties?

answer

-Commander in chief -legislator -executive -chief diplomat/head of state

question

Formal Powers

answer

(based explicitly on Constitution)

question

Informal Powers

answer

(based on Constitution, congressional action, history)

question

President can take one of 4 actions on any bill:

answer

- Sign bill — Bill becomes law • Refuse to sign bill — bill becomes law if Congress is in session for the next 10 days • Veto bill — Bill is returned to the originating house with explanation. Bill does not become law, but can be made law by a 2/3 majority in each house • Pocket veto — Bill does not become law. Congress cannot override the veto but can attempt to pass the bill in the next session

question

EOP includes

answer

the White House Office (WHO) and 10 other offices

question

Invisible Primary:

answer

From the last election to the start of the Iowa caucus

question

Primaries and Caucuses:

answer

Select delegates for he party national conventions. This is how the party nominee is chosen.

question

General Election

answer

nominees run to win electoral college votes state-by-state.

question

In an Invisible Primary

answer

- Candidates have to build support and momentum • Need to raise money to show credibility • Have to build a campaign organization across the country to win delegates for the nomination • Stake out policy positions and win the support of key party groups

question

Caucuses:

answer

Meetings of local party supporters to select state delegates who then select delegates for the national party convention. Delegates are pledged to vote for a particular candidate.

question

Primaries

answer

Open or closed elections to select delegates to national conventions.

question

Primaries and Caucuses are...

answer

These are the means used to select delegates for the GOP and Democratic conventions

question

Bureaucracy

answer

-Organization and officials charged with planning and implementing policy. -Officials (often unelected) employed by government to provide policy services, government functions and public goods.

question

Who can remove officials?

answer

The president

question

Bureaucratization

answer

Rotation in office and the spoils system, which were intended to democratize the administration, led instead to this

question

Pendleton Act

answer

-Provides the basis of the modern civil service even though it put only 10 percent of federal jobs under the merit system. • Authorize the president to extend coverage by executive order — presidents did so for purely political reasons • When presidents left office, they extended civil service protections to those that they had appointed

question

Clientele Agencies

answer

the new departments was established to serve the particular clientele indicated by its title

question

Non-Cabinet Agencies

answer

- Independent Executive Agencies: report to President (CIA) • Independent Regulatory Agencies: do not report to President (FCC, FEC, SEC) • Government Corporations: TVA, USPS, Amtrak

question

Presidential appointments require..

answer

Senate approval

question

The president's primary control instrument is...

answer

the Office of Management and Budget

question

The Office of Management and Budget

answer

Oversees agency budgets and rule making and assembles the annual budget for all government agencies that the president is required to submit annually to Congress

question

Are created by Congress, funded by Congress and staffed by people appointed by Presidents

answer

Bureaucrats

question

Bureaucrats are...

answer

Political Actors

question

What are the 2 different models of oversight for Committees?

answer

• Police Patrols: Active pursuit of bureaucratic waste and oversight • (Used More) Fire Alarms: Waiting for problems in policy making and implementation to arise and then reacting

question

Policy Systems

answer

Result of oversight process and congressional reelection motives is a symbiotic relationship.

question

Bureaucrats most important political relationship is with

answer

Congress

question

Iron triangles

answer

narrowly focused subgovernments controlling policy in their domains — not visible to the full Congress, the president, and the public at large

question

issue networks

answer

"amorphous, ever-changing sets of politicians, lobbyists, academic and think-tank experts, and public interest entrepreneurs"

question

Constitutional Basis for Courts

answer

Article III Section 1

question

Constitution only creates which Court?

answer

The Supreme Court

question

Courts are a primary example of...

answer

federalism

question

The Supreme Court and lower courts as well as state courts exist to settle....

answer

cases or controversies

question

Most Cases are in

answer

State Courts

question

Original jurisdiction

answer

the power to hear a case for the first time

question

Appellate jurisdiction

answer

the power to review a lower court's decision

question

Civil case decisions are based on..

answer

standard is a "preponderance of the evidence"

question

Appeals decisions are based on..

answer

based on the dispute and application of law

question

TX judges are..

answer

Elected

question

District courts:

answer

Hear federal criminal and civil cases

question

Specialized Federal Courts:

answer

congressional or legislative courts: • Tax Court • Patent Court • Military Courts

question

Appellate Courts

answer

appeals from lower courts, federal agency rulings

question

Supreme Court:

answer

appeals from state Supreme Courts and federal appellate courts

question

Twelve circuits

answer

federal judicial districts PLUS a federal circuit that grants appeals from specialized federal courts

question

Supreme Court Jurisdiction

answer

-Mainly hears appeals • Has original jurisdiction on a small set of items: • Cases involving foreign ambassadors or diplomats • Cases with a state as a party: example — the Ellis Island dispute • Congress cannot expand the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court (Marbury v. Madison 1803)

question

Determination of the jurisdiction of appellate courts is done by either...

answer

statute or discretion

question

In the Supreme Court...

answer

Four out of nine judges need to grant cert to review a case

question

SCOTUS

answer

• Left: Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, Kagan • Center: Kennedy • Right: Roberts (Chief Justice), Alito, Scalia, Thomas

question

What are thresholds for SCOTUS?

answer

- MUST BE A TRUE CASE OF CONTROVERSY. The court gets to choose its own jurisdiction. This is the idea of justiciability or whether a case is nonjusticable. (Political questions doctrine) • ADVERSENESS: the case must have opposing interests on each side • The case cannot be about ADVISORY OPINIONS. The Court can only offer a judgment about the existence of rights when it is presented with a situation or clarification STANDING TO SUE: Parties to a suit must show standing: "a legally protected interest, an injury that is real rather than abstract and hypothetical." (Fisher, 100). Congress may determine part of the Court's jurisdiction via rules of standing • MOOTNESS: the case cannot be moot. The results of the case must have an actual effect. • RIPENESS: the matter has to be ready to be decided cannot be brought too early. The parties to the case must show that they have looked to other venues for resolution.

question

Marbury v. Madison

answer

• Marbury emerges as a matter of political dispute • Marbury had been appointed Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia by President John Adams but whose commission was not subsequently delivered • Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to force the new Secretary of State James Madison to deliver the documents • Marbury sues to get his commission which had been held up by Jefferson and Madison *While on the surface it appeared that Jefferson and his party had won, Marshall had opened the door to power for the Court in the form of judicial review

question

what are the 3 "issue eras"

answer

-Nation vs. state authority • Government regulation of the economy • Civil Rights and liberties

question

Nation V. State

answer

Under Marshall, the Court favored national authority when it conflicted with states' rights

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Burke (18th century):

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A body of men united forpromoting by their joint endeavors the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed

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Downs (20th century):

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A team of men seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duty constituted election

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Party Organization

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Dedicated to electing the party's candidates

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Party in Government

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An alliance of current officeholders cooperating to shape public policy

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Party in the Electorate

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Composed of those voters who identify with the party and regularly vote for its nominees

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Our system of elections, where only a single winner is chosen by..

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plurality vote

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An alternative to the American system is one based on..

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proportional representation

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First Party System (1790-1824)

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• Creation of national parties in government

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Second Party System (1824-1860)

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Basic party organizational structures set

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• Third Party System (1860-1894)

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• Republican party and the rise of party machines

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• Fourth Party System (1894-1932)

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• Fall of party machines

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• Fifth Party System (1932-?)

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• New Deal coalition

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• Sixth Party System (c. 1950s-1960s?)

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• Southern realignment and the rise of polarization

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Hamilton Faction was a..

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(Federalists)

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Jefferson and Madison Faction

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(Anti-Federalists, Democratic-Republicans)

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Dealignment

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Reduction in party identifiers into 1980s but increase in party identifiers since then

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