Copy of bio ch8 – Flashcards
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: variety of life at all levels of organization - Species diversity - Genetic diversity - Population and community diversity
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biodiversity
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: a set of individuals that share certain characteristics and can interbreed - Producing fertile offspring
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• Species
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: the number or variety of species in a particular region
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• Species diversity
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: the number of species
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- Richness
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: the extent to which species differ in number of individuals
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- Evenness (relative abundance)
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generates new species
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• Speciation
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reduces species richness
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- Extinction
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: scientists who classify species
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Taxonomists
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- Similarities reflect ...
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evolutionary relationships
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: groups of related species
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- Genera
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: groups of genera
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- Families
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• Every species has a two part scientific name
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- Genus and species
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: populations of species that occur in different areas and differ slightly from each other
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Subspecies
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stops short of separating the species
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- Divergence
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are denoted with a third part of the scientific name
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- Subspecies
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: in low populations, genetically similar parents mate and produce inferior offspring - Cheetahs, bison, elephant seals
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Inbreeding depression
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: the number and variety of ecosystems
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Ecosystem diversity
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• May include habitats, communities, or ecosystems at the landscape level
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Ecosystem diversity
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An area with a variety of vegetation holds more ___ than the same size area with one plant type
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biodiversity
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species richness increases toward the equator
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Latitudinal gradient
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why is species richness increased towards the equator
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- Steady climate - More niches - Species coexistence
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: occurs when the last member of a species dies and the species ceases to exist
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• Extinction
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: the disappearance of a population from a given area, but not the entire species globally
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• Extirpation
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- Can lead to extinction
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• Extirpation
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: natural extinctions
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Background extinction rate
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Earth has had ___ mass extinctions in the past 440 million years
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five
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- Each event eliminated at least 50% of all species
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mass extinctions
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species facing high risks of extinction
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Red List:
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• Five primary causes of population decline are:
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1 Habitat alteration/loss 2. Invasive species 3. Pollution 4. Overharvesting 5. Global Climate Change
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• This is the greatest cause of biodiversity loss
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Habitat alteration
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gradual, piecemeal degradation and loss of habitat
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• Habitat fragmentation:
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: free services provided by intact ecosystems
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Ecosystem services
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Benefits of Biodiversity
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1. Provide Ecosystem Services 2. Maintain Ecosystem Functions (keystone species, top predators, etc) 3. Food security 4. Provide drugs and medicines: 5. Economic Benefits 6. People value nature
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: travel to see wildlife and explore nature - A vital source of income
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Ecotourism
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: humans love nature and have an emotional bond with other living things
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• Biophilia
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: studies the factors behind the loss, protection, and restoration of biodiversity
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Conservation biology
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- An applied and goal-oriented science
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Conservation biology
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- Has implicit values and ethical standards
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Conservation biology
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: study the effects of loss of genetic variation (e.g., inbreeding depression)
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Conservation geneticists
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: how small a population can become before it runs into problems
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• Minimum viable population size
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: the primary legislation for protecting biodiversity in the U.S.
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Endangered Species Act(ESA) (1973)
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It forbids the government and citizens from taking actions that destroy endangered species or their habitats- Or trading in products made from endangered species
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Endangered Species Act(ESA) (1973)
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: Canada's endangered species law
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• Species at Risk Act (2002)
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- Stresses cooperation between landowners and provincial governments
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• Species at Risk Act (2002)
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- act that was Criticized as being too weak
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• Species at Risk Act (2002)
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: individuals are bred and raised so they can be reintroduced into the wild (last resort)
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Captive breeding
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: analyzes evidence to identify or answer questions relating to a crime
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Forensic science (forensics)
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: species (e.g., tigers) that, when protected, also help protect other, less charismatic species
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Umbrella species
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- Large species that need lots of habitat
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Umbrella species
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- Protecting their habitat automatically protects others
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Umbrella species
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:large, charismatic species used as spearheads for biodiversity conservation
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• Flagship species
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: an international approach oriented around geographic regions
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Biodiversity hot spots
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: species found nowhere else in the world
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endemic species
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: restores degraded areas to some semblance of their former condition
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Ecological restoration
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biologists partner with local people to protect land and wildlife
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community-based conservation
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- It offers education healthcare, and development aid
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community-based conservation
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- People are retrained to protect species
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community-based conservation
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- Local resources can be sustainably managed
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community-based conservation
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: tourists visit protected areas
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Ecotourism
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Raising ________ requires the most land and water.
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beef cattle
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composed or organic matter and is necessary to fertility and holding soil moisture
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humus
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________% of the food we consume comes from ________ crop species.
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90; 15
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Which of the following best describes integrated pest management (IPM)?
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biocontrol measures, crop rotation, habitat diversification
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We lose 5 to 7 million ha of productive cropland per year to ________.
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erosion, overirrigation and overgrazing
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It is more energetically efficient for us to eat more ________.
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plant based foods
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The greatest diversity (numbers of different species) of organisms can be found in ________.
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insects
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The extinction of a particular population from a given area (but not the entire species globally) is called ________.
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extripation
