question

Headright

answer

the right to acquire a certain amount of land granted to the person who finances the passage of a laborer

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Disfranchise

answer

to take away the right to vote

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Civil war

answer

any conflict between the citizens or inhabitants of the same country

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Indentured servant

answer

a laborer bound to unpaid service to a master for a fixed term, in exchange for benefits such as transportation, tools, and clothes

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Tidewater

answer

the territory adjoining water affected by tides-that is, near the seacoast of coastal rivers

question

Middle passage

answer

that portion of a slave ship's journey in which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas

question

Fertility

answer

the ability to reproduce and bear abundant young

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Menial

answer

fit for servants; humble or low

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Militia

answer

a voluntary, nonprofessional armed force of citizens, usually called to military service only in emergencies

question

Hierarchy

answer

a social group arranged in ranks or classes

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Corporation

answer

a private group or institution to which the government grants legal rights to carry on certain specified activites

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Jeremiad

answer

a sermon or prophecy recounting wrongdoing, warning of doom, and calling for repentance

question

Lynching

answer

the illegal execution of an accused person by mob action, without due process of law

question

Hinterland

answer

an inland region set back from a port, river, or seacoast

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Social Structure

answer

the basic pattern of the distribution of status and wealth in a society

question

Blue Blood

answer

of nobel or upper-class descent

question

Life expectancy among the 17th-century settlers of Maryland and Virginia was about 160 years

answer

false-

question

Because men greatly outnumbered women in the Chesapeake region, a fierce competition arose among men for scarce females to marry

answer

true

question

Pregnancies among unmarried youg women were common in the 17th century colonial South

answer

true

question

Chesapeake Bay tobacco planters responded to falling prices by cutting back production

answer

false-

question

The head-right system of land grants to those who brought laborers to America primarily benefited wealthy planters rather than the poor indentured servants

answer

true

question

Most of the European immigrants who came to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century were poor indentured servants

answer

true

question

Bacon's Rebellion involved an alliance of white indentured servants with Virginia's Indians in an attack on the elite planter class

answer

false-

question

African slaves began to outnumber white indentured servants as the primary labor supply in the plantation colonies by the 1680s

answer

true

question

Slaves brought to North America developed a culture that mixed African and American speech, religion, and patterns of life

answer

true

question

Directly beneath the wealthy slaveowning planters, in the southern social structure, were the white indentured servants

answer

false-

question

New Englanders' long lives contributed to the general stability and order of their childrearing and family life

answer

true

question

New England expansion was carried out primarily by independent pioneers and land speculators who bought up large plots and then sold them to individual farmers

answer

false-

question

The development of the Half-Way Covenant, in the 1660s, reflected both a decline in Puritan religious fervor and a broadening of religious participation

answer

true

question

The Salem Witch Trials reflected the persecution of poor women by upper-class males and clergy

answer

false-

question

New Englanders' Calvinist heritage and stern, self-reliant character created a legacy of high idealism and reform that greatly affected later American society

answer

true

question

For most of their early history, the colonies of Maryland and Virginia

answer

contained far more men than women

question

The primary beneficiaries of the head-right system were

answer

well-off planters who acquired land by paying the transatlantic passage for indentured servants

question

The primary cause of Bacon's Rebellion was

answer

the poverty and discontent of many single young men unable to acquire land

question

African slavery became the prevalent form of labor in the 1680s when

answer

Bacon's rebellion and rising wages in England made white indentured servants no longer a reliable labor force

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Most of the slaves who eventually reached North America were originally

answer

captured by West African coastal tribes and sold to European slave merchants

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Political and economic power in the southern colonies was dominated by

answer

extended families of wealthy planters

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Because there were few urban centers in the colonial South

answer

a professional class of lawyers and financiers was slow to develop

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The average colonial New England woman who did not die in childbirth could expect to

answer

experience about 10 pregnancies, occurring on average every two years from her twenties through menopause

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In New England, elementary education

answer

was mandatory for any town with more than fifty families

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The Congregational Church of the Puritans contributed to

answer

the development of basic ideas of democracy as expressed in the New England town meeting

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In contrast to the Chesapeake Bay colonists in the South, those in New England

answer

enjoyed longer lived and more stable families

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The focus of much of New England's politics, religion, and education was the institution of the

answer

town

question

The Half-Way Covenant provided

answer

baptism, but not full communion, to people who had not had a conversion experience

question

Those people accused of being witches in Salem were generally

answer

from families associated with Salem's burgeoning market economy

question

English settlers greatly altered the character of the New England environment by

answer

their extensive introduction of livestock

question

Families

answer

early Maryland and Virginia settlers had difficulty creating them and even more difficulty making them last

question

Tobacco

answer

the principal economic product of early Maryland and Virginia

question

Indentured Servants

answer

immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor

question

Head-Right

answer

Maryland and Virginia's system of granting land to anyone who would pay trans-Atlantic passage for laborers

question

Slave Codes

answer

laws first passed in 1662 that made blacks and their children the lifelong property of their white masters

question

Rhode Island

answer

New England colony that was home to most North American slave traders

question

Royal African Company

answer

English company that lost its monopoly on the slave trade in 1698

question

Gullah

answer

African American language that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa

question

New York City

answer

site of northern slave revolt of 1712 that led to the deaths of nine whites and the execution of more than twenty blacks

question

First Families of Virginia (FFV)

answer

shorthand term for the wealthy extended clans like the Fitzhughs, Lees, and Washingtons that dominated politics in the most populous colony

question

Midwifery

answer

occupation of assisting in childbirth that was a virtual female monopoly in colonial New England

question

Town Meeting

answer

the basic local political institution of New England, in which all freemen gathered to elect officials and debate local affairs

question

Half-Way Covenant

answer

formula devised by Puritan ministers in 1662 to offer partial church membership to people who had not experienced conversion

question

Salem Witch Trials

answer

late 17th century judicial event that inflamed popular feelings, let to the deaths of twenty people, and weakened the Puritan clergy's prestige

question

Jeremiad

answer

a form of Puritan sermon that scolded parishioners for declining piety and urged repentance and reform

question

Chesapeake

answer

Virginia-Maryland by area, site of the earliest colonial settlements

question

Indentured servants

answer

primary form of labor in early southern colonies until the 1680s

question

Nathaniel Bacon

answer

Agitator who led poor former indentured servants and frontiersmen on a rampage against Indians and colonial government

question

William Berkeley

answer

colonial Virginia official who crushed rebels and wreaked cruel revenge

question

Royal African Company

answer

organization whose loss of the slave trade monopoly in 1698 led to free-enterprise expansion of the business

question

Middle Passage

answer

term for the brutal slave journey from Africa to the Americas

question

Ringshout

answer

West African religious rite, retained by African Americans, in which participants responded to the shouts of a preacher

question

Stono River

answer

site of a 1739 South Carolina slave revolt

question

Gullah

answer

Coastal African American language that blended elements of English with the African languages Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa

question

New England conscience

answer

the legacy of Puritan religion that inspires idealism and reform among later generations of Americans

question

Harvard

answer

the oldest college in America, originally based on the Puritan commitment to an educated ministry

question

William and Mary

answer

the oldest college in the South, founded in 1693

question

Half-Way Covenant

answer

helped erase the earlier Puritan distinction between the converted elect and other members of society

question

Salem witch trials

answer

Phenomena started by adolescent girls' accusations that ended with the deaths of twenty people

question

Leisler's Rebellion

answer

a bloody New York revolt of 1689-1691 that reflected class antagonism between rich landlords and aspiring merchants

American History Ch4 – Flashcards

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