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a social condition in which privileges and obligations are given to some but denied to others

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Social Inequality

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when unequal treatment is systematic, and perpetuated by dominant groups, social systems, and institutions; built into the system

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structural inequality

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the relative access individuals and groups have to basic material resources, wealth, power, and prestige

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social differentiation

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one of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

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social stratification

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Wealth , Prestige , Power

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stratification dimensions

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the state or quality of being just, fair, or impartial; fair and equal treatment; something that is fair; the money value of a property above and beyond any mortgage or other claim, personal freedom from servitude or confinement or oppression

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Equity Vs. Liberty

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Socially objectivated knowledge that serves to explain and justify the social order. Legitimations are the answer to the questions about 'why' of institutional arrangements. To be effective, legitimations establish a continuing symmetry between objective and subjective definitions of reality.

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Legitimation

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stratified societies that permit a great deal of social mobility, stratified societies that severly restrict social mobility

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Open vs. Closed societies

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A characteristic of societies in which it is possible for an individual or a family to move from one social class to another, and thus alter their social status and economic standing.

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Class Mobility

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are systems in which a person's position may be a position of power and privilege or of disadvantage, but in either case his or her place is permanently fixed., closed, hereditary system of stratification, often dictated by religion

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Caste systems

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economic inequality where power is connected to land and inherited, Societal systems that are characterized by the concentration of economic and political power in the hands of a small minority of political-military elite, with the peasantry tied to the land.

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Estate systems

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-ownership of some people by others -least common among nomads, especially hunters and gathers -most common in agricultural societies

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Slavery Systems

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depending on your class you can either afford to have better health care and food, if your class is lower than you access what's available for your class

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Class Impacts Food access and Health

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qualitative, to describe people and their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Done through Observational studies, Archival studies, and surveys

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description research

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focus on causes (etiology) identify causes and risk factors; experimental vs. non experimental

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Explanation research

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research in which you have ideas about it and prescribe what you will find

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prescription research

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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems, seeks to gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself

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Applied research vs. pure research

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The theory that a culture includes a number of social groups that differently shape the knowledge, identities, and opportunities of members of those groups.

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standpoint theory

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a tendency for researchers to selectively notice evidence that supports their hypothesis, expectations influence what is recorded

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Researcher bias

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Prostitutes, children, prisoners, racial minorities, jews 1. racial and ethnic minorities 2. women 3. gays and lesbians 4. older adults 5. persons with disabilities

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disadvantaged groups Used for Risky Research

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Initiated in 1932, recruited black men to study Syphilis, never told me they had it, did not treat disease, just observed, a research projet conducted unethically toward African American men in Alabama

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Tuskegee Syphilis Study

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Volunteers to consent to participate Researcher fully gives all information to client Risk associated with study reduced wherever possible Participants can withdrawal from study at any time Qualified researchers conduct study Society should benifet from findings Research on humans needs to be based on previous animal research or literature Never begin if death or injury could result

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Nuremberg Codes

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a committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology

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Institutional Review Board

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ECONOMIC INEQUALITY

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Source of All Inequality

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MEANS OF PRODUCTION

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Ruling Class Maintain control through

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Specific set of social relations that organizes labor, Way of organizing productions. A set of relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, and knowledge.

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mode of production

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A society's shared sense of identity and worldview. The collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values by which a group of people makes sense of the world—its shape, challenges, and opportunities—and their place in it...this includes religion and national ideology

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Superstructure

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How society is set up is how the mode of production will flow. If the rich are on top the rich will be on top of the mode of production

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Karl Marx superstructure will reflect the mode of production

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the resources (lands, tools, equipment, factories, transportation, and labor) essential to the production and distribution of goods and services

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Means of Production

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1. Means of Production 2. Government 3. Ideas and values regarding inequality

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Marx 3 Ways to Maintain Power

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educated, middle class of France; provided force behind the Revolution, marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production, a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages, marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

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Bourgeoisie Vs. Proletariat

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Marx's term for explanations of social problems as the shortcomings of individuals rather than as the flaws of society, marx's term to refer to workers identifying with the interests of capitalists

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False Consciousness

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Changing the Ecomoic system changes inequality

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Marx: Inequality Changes by ?

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marx's term for awareness of a common identity based on one's position in the means of production, A belief that you are a member of an economic group whose interests are opposed to people in other such groups

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Class Consciousness

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an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth., a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.

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Capitalism Vs. Socialism

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Power Inequality-macro level government, Property inequality wealth economic type of job, Prestige Inequality-Status of the job you have

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Weber: Source of Inequality

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Bureaucracies- Vehicle for those to maintain power

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Weber: Ruling class maintain control through:

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1. Legal Rational 2. Traditional 3. Charismatic

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Weber: 3 Authority Sources

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Not 2 classes but 4 classes: Bourgeoisie, Petty Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, Contradictory Class Locations

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Wright's Neo Marxian Theory

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Authority in bureaucracies is bigger sources of power than ownership ie. Stock owners have less power than business managers

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Dahrendorf's Neo-Weberian Theory

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Elites replace themselves in positions of power they share a common thread of being an elite. A worker won't challenge an elite decision because they don't have the knowledge an elite person has.

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Iron Law Of Oligarchy

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The belief that there is a right way to function specific divisions to help the overall institution

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Functionalism Theory view of Inequality

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how the system of social stratification, the level of inequality, and the power of elites in the society are made acceptable to the general population

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Legitimation

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The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion., To look at society as an organism and how it has evolved from simple to move complex forms.Learn to adapt to the environment. Problem-"Survival of the Fittest" has countries to abuse their power.

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Social Darwinism Theory

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a way of life that perpetuates poverty from one generation to the next, assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, trapping them in poverty

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Culture of Poverty Theory

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the lack of basic resources creates barriers that prevent people from obtaining those resources, A phenomenon where poor families become trapped in poverty for generations. Because they have no access to critical resources, such as education and financial services, subsequent generations are also impoverished (poor).

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Cycle of Poverty theory

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the belief that rulers should be chosen for their superior abilities and not because of their wealth or birth, Social stratification based on personal merit

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Meritocracy

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- Individual achievement, equality of opportunity, meritocracy and the work ethic are woven together with the fundamental premises of liberal capitalism • We have a democratic political system combined with a capitalist socioeconomic system

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Liberal Capitalism

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People are lazy and stupid

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Popular Explanation of Poverty

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The poor are blamed for them being poor, they need to work harder if they want more, Equal opportunity

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Policy Implications of this view

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That certain people are just born into that way of thinking that they can not move out of it, but if they want too they can but they don't they like being poor

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Legitimizing Stereotypes

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poor have no merit lack of it, lazy, stupid, had no control over there situations to become poor

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undeserving poor vs. deserving poor

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an abundance of material possessions and resources

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Wealth

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owns 33% of the nations wealth

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Wealthiest 1%

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Owns 70% of the nations wealth

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Wealthiest 10%

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Your social class position relative to your parents, change in social status that occurs from the parents to the children's generation., move up in the context of our own life Family rich you rich

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Inter generational Vs. Intra generational

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the accessibility of opportunities for an individual within that individual's environment

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Opportunity Structure

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An increase in the lowest level of education required to enter a field,. the level of education you have to get a certain level of job

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Credential ism

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Depending on your level of education what kind of job you have access to

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Level of Education impacts income

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taxes levied on all taxpayers, regardless of income or ability to pay, they tend to place proportionally more of a burden on those with lower incomes., tax in which people with lower incomes pay a larger portion of their income

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Regressive Taxes

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taxes that require all income groups to pay the same percentage of their income in taxes, or flat taxes, are taxes for which the rate stays the same regardless of income

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Proportional taxes

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A tax rate that increases as the amount of ones income increases, based on a taxpayer's ability to pay (higher taxable income = higher tax rate) Best way to redistribute the wealth

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Progressive Taxes

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Regressive Taxes

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U.S. Tax system used

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a lack of resources that is life-threatening, inability to afford the minimal requirements for sustaining a reasonably healthy existence

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Absolute Poverty

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a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole

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Relative Poverty

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amount of yearly income a family requires to meet its basic needs, according to the federal government

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Poverty Line

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1 year below the poverty line during their lifetime

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59% Will be at this line in their lifetime

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