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Social inequality

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Members of a society have different amounts of wealth, power, and prestige

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Social Stratification

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System by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy -Stratification is a trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences. -Stratification persists over generations. -Stratification is universal but variable. -Stratification involves not just inequality but beliefs.

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Social mobitiy

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Change in one's position in the hierarchy

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Vertical mobility

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up or down in the hierarchy

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Horizontal Mobility

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Lateral movement one social position to another of the same rank. manager -; teacher

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Intergenerational mobility

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changes in the social position of children relative to their parents. each generation pushes the next generation up

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Intragenerational mobility

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changes within a persons adult life Marry well, invented something

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Open systems

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permit some social mobility

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Closed systems

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allow for very little change in social position born into slavery, can't move

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Caste

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social stratification based on ascription or birth -Determines occupation -Mandate endogamy -Cultural beliefs underlie system -Limit outgroup social contacts

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Class

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stratification based on both birth and individual achievement Bill gates children will be set fo life

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Meritocracy

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stratification based on personal merit

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Kar Marx

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Stratification gives some people advantages over others. -Classes defined by relationship to the means of production

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Bourgeoisie

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people who own factories and other productive businesses

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Proletariat

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sell their productive labor to the capitalists -Alienation - experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness -isolation and misery

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Max Weber

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3 components of stratification -Class - similar level of wealth and income -Status - people who rank the same in prestige and lifestyle -Power - ability to exercise one's will over others Position in stratification reflects a combination of all 3

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Poverty

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Relative poverty - deprivation of some people relative to those who have more Absolute poverty - deprivation of resources that is life-threatening

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Who are the poor?

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Stereotype - unmotivated individuals who are unwilling to work Over 30% are children Of poor adults - Over 50% are not able to work due to illness, disability, age, or homemaker status 2/3 are women ½ of those women are in transition - economic crisis caused by departure, disability, or death of spouse

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Herbert Gans

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Poverty and the poor satisfy positive functions for many non-poor groups -Society's dirty work performed at low cost -Creates jobs that serve the poor -Upholds conventional social norms -Guarantees higher status of more affluent -Absorb costs of social change

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High income countries

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rich, industrialized nations

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Middle income countries

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some industrialization but primarily agriculture

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Low income countries

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primarily agrarian with little industry

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Slavery

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Chattel - one person owns another Child slavery - abandoned children Debt bondage - people paid less than charged for food and other necessities - human trafficking Servile forms of marriage - women must serve husband

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Modernization theory

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Model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences among nations. Technology raises standard of living Tradition greatest barrier to econ development Rich nations play important roles in economic development Helping control population Increasing food production Introducing industrial technology Providing foreign aid

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Dependency theory

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Model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor societies by rich ones Economic success of rich societies achieved at the expense of poor ones Wallerstein's capitalist world economy

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Colonialism

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the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural dominance over a people by a foreign power for an extended period.

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research concerning the degree of social mobility within the occupational structure of the U.S. indicates that

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occupational mobility has been common among males.

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A class system employs a social ranking based primarily on

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economic position

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A stratification system that implies that the position of each individual is influenced by the person's achieved status is referred to as a(n)

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open stratification

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The objective method of assessing social class assigns individuals to classes on the basis of

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criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence.

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Max Weber referred to people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable experiences as

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life chances

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Which of the following terms is used by sociologists for a structured ranking of groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in society?

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Stratification

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Some sociologists have suggested that in the southern U.S. in the pre-civil rights era, an African American individual was born into a status that would always be subordinate to the status of all of the White members of the community. This is an example of a(

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Caste system

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In Karl Marx's view, social relations during any period of history depend on who controls the

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primary mode of economic production.

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One shortcoming of Karl Marx's work is that he failed to anticipate the

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extent to which political liberties and relative prosperity could contribute to a false consciousness.

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Which term was used by Karl Marx to refer to the capitalist class that owns the means of production?

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bourgeoisie

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he owner of a major league baseball team can fire employees for not winning a pennant, have the city build him a new ballpark, and prevent companies that compete against his own team from airing advertisements during the team's televised games. In Max Weber's view, this owner would most likely be considered to have

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powa

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Which of the following terms did Karl Marx use to refer to an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect the class's objective position?

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false consciousness

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Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue that most talented people would not go to school for many years to become biochemists if they could make as much money and gain as much respect working as elevator operators?

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Functionalist perspective

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Which of the following terms refers to hereditary systems of rank that are relatively fixed, immobile, and generally religiously dictated?

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Castes

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The federal tax policies of the last four decades, especially in the 1980s and in the ten years from 2001 to 2010, have favored

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the affluent

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Which sociological perspective suggests that the higher rates of poverty among single mothers are due to the difficulty women have finding affordable child care, to sexual harassment, and to sex discrimination in the labor market?

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Conflict Perspective

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Which of the following did Max Weber suggest were analytically distinct components of stratification?

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class, status and power

Ch. 8 & 9 inequality

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