Smith College Abnormal Psychology Chapters 1-4
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Reliability (Provide example)
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the degree to which a measurement is consistent. EX. Have a stomach ache and go to 4 different doctors and they all tell you something different
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Validity (Provide example)
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the degree to which something measures what it was designed to measure
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Standardization
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Application of certain standards to ensure consistency across different measurements (race, gender, age)
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Code of Hammurabi
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-Earliest documentation of madness -Disease caused by demons -1760 BC
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Ebers and Smith Papyrus
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-ancient Egypt -1550 BC -description of sadness and dementia (cognitive decline, and schizophrenia) -First mention of brain as the sight of mental activity
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Venidad
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Persia <1000 BC Caused by demons
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Etiology
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Cause of a disease or condition
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Prehistoric Period Etiology/Explanation of Madness
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Explanation: Something added/removed from the body (Stolen soul/supernatural being) Sympathetic Madness Etiology: Sacred Violation of taboo possession
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Sympathetic Magic Contiguity
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Similarity: Like produces like -Things once in contact continue to affect each other (voodoo, effigy) -Madness is caused by someone with magic who has evil intent towards you *Things once in contact continue to affect each other. Boy and the throw up
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Prehistoric: Prognosis/course
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-Magic, study of numbers -astrology -auguries-animal intestines -interpretation of dreams
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Prehistoric: Treatments
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Shaman (like produces like to change behavior) Trephining: hole in skull Herbs
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Ancient Hindu and Punjabi
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-Earliest non supernatural explanation Chakara Samhita: Doshas: Vata: air, goodness, brain Pitta: fire, passion, chest Kapha: water ignorance/instinctual (abdomen)
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Ancient Hindu and Punjabi Etiology and Treatment
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-prevalence of passion, produces imbalance -ceremonies, exposure to divine agents, shocks
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Ancient Hindu and Punjabi Elements
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Fire- goodness Air-passion earth- darkness water-imbecility
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Ancient Chinese Views Elements Etiology Treatment Public Attitude
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Yin and Yang- balance of opposing forces -Wood, fire, earth, metal, water -spirit invasion, loss of piety -Qigong- Breathing techniques acupuncture Benevolent-kind
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Early Judaic Etiology Treatments
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-punishment from god Cases: Saul and Nebuchadnezzar (depression, delusional thinking) Music assign guardian
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Classical Period: Pre-Hippocrates
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Explanation supernatural Mysticism Mythology Gods take mind away, possession Mania- agitation goddess of evil excitement Lyssa-Live under dog tongue- rabies
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Classical Period 6th Century
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Culture turned to observation and experimentation Templar Medicine Asclepian temples -healer-son of apollo, hot springs sleep, incubation, he will come and cure them Hippocrates early training
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Hippocrates Ideas
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Earliest writings somatogenesis - physiological explanation Pneuma- respiration, kept humors in balance Bodily Humors: Blood: cheerful Black bile: melancholic Yellow bile: choleric- hot temper Phlegm: sloth
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Hippocrates Define Madness and treatments
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*Excess of passion/emotion Mania-anxiety Melancholia Phrenitis- brain fever, schizo * Sobriety and tranquility regulating the environment increase/decrease heat,dryness Proper diet catharsis- reliving emotional experience- going to theatre and watching tragedies Sympathetic magic, money see monkey do
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Hippocrates Hysteria Origin and treatment
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-Involuntary psychogenic (not physically based) loss of function -Wandering womb, lack of fulfillment -Marriage, fumigation of vag, drink and masturbate
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Plato
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Step backwards Rational vs irrational soul(r controls ir. when sick they are disconnected) 3 kinds of disease madness melancholia, mania, dementia Non disease madness prophetic, erotic, ritual, poetic PERP All temporary separation, taken over by god or muse Humors: heart-center emotion anger and audacity diaphragm: hunger and passion spine and brain: sensory motor activity
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Aristotle
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Heart center of soul Temperature theory cold-apprehensive hot-amorous Brain is a cold organ- hot vapors move to brain and condenses causing a mental state. Too cool- not enough vapors Lunacy: brain is moist, moved by the moon
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Rome
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More philosophical than medical Stoicist- extreme self discipline Epicureans- seek out emotional experiences 1st use of libido-violent passion/emotion extreme fright would stop the madness 1st notion of insanity- not legally their fault physical restraints emetics( induce vomit) + purges
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Middle ages
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Back to supernatural dunk underwater- see if witch bloodletting and trephaning doctors came every 5-10 years Malleus maleficarum- determined who is a witch
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Late Middle Ages/Early Renaissance
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Start to see asylums people treat like zoo animals St Mary's of Bethlehem- Bedlem-chaos and confusion Rise of torture and punishment Make body bad place for demons to live scare to death desperation
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Late renaissance
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Johann Weyer-Father of psychiatry Early non-supernatural explanation lunacy came back rise in restraints Benjamin Rush-Tranquilizing chair-create calmness
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Reform Movement
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Phillip Pinel - French director of hospital removed restraints, and released a few patients William Tuke- Madness as illness Dorthea Dix- Crusade improve hospital conditions
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Mesmer
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Ideas of etiology movement of magnetic fluid changed behavior affected by planetary movements treatment with magnetic rods became entertainer-hypnotize-mesmerism
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Development of diagnostic schemes
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identification of general paresis (syphilis) Kraeplin: Manic depression from schizo-called premature dementia =-irreversible First diagnostic code Bleuler Came up with schizo- thought not chronic condition could get better
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Somatic therapy
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Physical treatment Convulsive Insulin- could help schizo ECT-Helped reduce depression Psychosugery: alleviate delusions-inject alcohol into lobes, not good on delusions, reduced agitation Psycopharmacology: blood pressure meds reduce psychotic symptoms
