Potential links between social inequalities and the health of the population Essay Example

unemployment, particularly long-term unemployment, and poverty is significant. Poverty is linked to the inadequate state benefits outlined by Rowntree. These benefits are funded by taxpayers, making it unpopular to raise taxes. There are ongoing worries about preventing beneficiaries from earning more than employed individuals. Consequently, the long-term jobless face discrimination, marginalization, prejudice, social exclusion, and the impacts of poverty.

Numerous studies have extensively examined the negative impact of unemployment on health. Studies have shown that unemployment is linked to higher mortality rates, reduced mental well-being, increased illness, chronic diseases, and greater exposure to lifestyle-related risks. It is important to note that the relationship between unemployment and negative health effects is complex and varies among individuals. Furthermore, various factors such as education, socioeconomic status, gender, age, social and family support, quality of healthcare system, and state assistance can interact with the influence of unemployment on health.

Social status in various societies increases as people age, with older individuals typically assuming significant roles and enjoying higher standing within families and larger communities. This trend is particularly pronounced in regions like Africa, China, and the Indian subcontinent, where elderly individuals command immense respect. In contrast, British society often leaves older people grappling with uncertainty concerning their societal standing. Some may perceive unemployment as eroding their significance and stake in society while many struggle to grasp their evolving role within the community.

Research reveals that the Age Discrimination Act was established in 2006 as a response to discrimination encountered by older individuals. The government has investigated poverty rates among the elderly in comparison to the general population. Nevertheless, recent research indicates unequal distribution of poverty within

older adults. These studies emphasize the connection between employment continuity, occupational group, and the likelihood of facing low income after turning 60.

Having a managerial or professional job reduces the likelihood of facing poor retirement in comparison to unskilled or manual occupations. This is due to lower wages and lack of private pensions for individuals in manual occupations. Men belonging to professional classes have a life expectancy of 80 years from birth, whereas men in unskilled or manual classes have a life expectancy of 78.1 years. Similarly, this difference also affects women's life expectancy, with women in professional classes living up to 85.1 years compared to those in unskilled or manual classes who have a life expectancy of 78.1 years.

The incidence of various causes of death vary depending on social class. Individuals belonging to higher social classes have a lower risk of developing lung cancer, coronary heart disease, strokes, and respiratory diseases compared to those who are socially disadvantaged. The post-World War II era has witnessed significant societal changes in terms of gender and health. Women's roles in society have undergone substantial transformations and are now perceived as more equal within their families and most societies.

Despite progress, women are increasingly balancing full-time careers with marriage and children, while also taking on greater roles in their communities and public life. Nonetheless, gender disparities persist as men continue to earn higher hourly wages despite equal rights legislation. Moreover, although attitudes have shifted and there is evidence of increased male participation in housework and childcare compared to the past, women still shoulder the majority of family and household responsibilities.

There is a

difference in life expectancy and health in old age between males and females. Females born from 2006 to 2008 have an average lifespan of 81.6 years, while males have an average lifespan of only 77.4 years. Despite living longer, females also tend to experience more years of poor health or disability. Additionally, a larger proportion of females compared to males are likely to suffer from rheumatism and arthritis. In the UK, the prevalence of these conditions among individuals aged 65 to 74 was 144 per 1,000 for both genders but significantly higher at 229 per 1,000 for females.

The mortality rate for circulatory diseases, such as strokes and heart diseases, has reduced. Nonetheless, men continue to have a considerably higher fatality rate compared to women. In 2006, circulatory diseases resulted in the deaths of 1,559 per million women and 2,461 per million men. The complexity in defining mental illness makes it challenging to monitor mental health problems and suicide rates. Societies have different interpretations of what is considered normal and acceptable. Medical statistics and the number of people seeking treatment serve as the primary sources of evidence.

There are various reasons why many people with mental health problems do not seek professional help. Some individuals may not recognize that they have mental health issues and instead believe that their difficulties are a result of a difficult period or unfortunate events. They understand that it is common to feel unhappy or face challenges in life. Moreover, some people feel ashamed about having a mental illness and consider it less valid than physical ailments. As a result, they may hesitate to acknowledge their struggles with

mental health.

Some people refrain from seeking professional health services due to concerns about being labeled as phobic or depressed. This worry stems from the higher unemployment rate among individuals with mental health problems and disabilities. Phobias, depression, anxiety, panic attacks, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorders are among the common mental health conditions. Determining the specific type of mental illness a person is dealing with can sometimes be difficult, making it challenging to monitor and assess their level of mental ill health.

The report on rough sleeping by the social exclusion unit in 1998 highlights that individuals who are most deprived and poorest tend to experience a higher prevalence of mental illness. The report states that approximately half of those who sleep rough every night have mental health issues, but only a few receive treatment. Additionally, it is estimated that one out of every two people has or had a severe alcohol problem, and about one in five individuals misused drugs. According to the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), anorexia nervosa affects around 19 per 100,000 women and 2 per 100,000 men annually.

Among women, the prevalence of anxiety and depression is higher (11.2%) compared to men (7.2%). Lone mothers have especially high rates of mental illness. Historically, individuals with disabilities were mainly kept in large hospitals or institutions and were not visible to society. However, the implementation of the Community Care Act (1990) has led to greater community-based assistance for people with disabilities instead of institutional care.

The Disability Discrimination Act of 1995 provides legal safeguards against discrimination in public building access, property rental, and employment. Nevertheless, individuals with disabilities

continue to encounter various obstacles such as increased unemployment rates, limited social support, challenges in accessing public transportation and buildings, and lower income levels. Additionally, adults with disabilities face a poverty rate that is double that of those without disabilities.

Despite the disability discrimination act being in effect, individuals with disabilities have a higher employment rate (1 in 15) compared to those without disabilities. Nevertheless, they encounter extra costs related to managing their impairments, including home adaptations, social care support, and communication and mobility aids. In 2009, Disability Alliance presented a manifesto with recommendations aiming to eliminate disability poverty by 2025.