Test Answers on World History Chapter 6 – Flashcards
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What is the Scientific Revolution?
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The Scientific Revolution was a time where people really started thinking about what went on in the world instead of basing everything out off religion.
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Why might people have difficulty accepting new ideas or ways of thinking?
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They are highly wrapped up in religion and were too afraid because of the consequences many people got for speaking up
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What are the risks of embracing a different idea?
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Persecution, ostracized from society, excommunication, put on trial, or jailed for life
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What are some risks of always refusing to embrace new ideas?
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No progress: Society would stay the same
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What changes led to the dawn of modern science?
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The changes that led to the modern science were the way of thinking was changed based on observation and willingness to question acceptable beliefs. Scholars used observation, experimentation and scientific reasoning to draw conclusions about the physical world
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What discoveries occurred in astronomy?
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Astronomy: Jansen invented the microscope, Copernicus developed the heliocentric theory, Kepler published the first tow laws of planetary motion.
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How did Copernicus and Brahe differ in their views of the universe?
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Copernicus's theory of the universe was that everything traveled in perfect circles, but Brahe thought that everything traveled in an elliptical motion (rather than circular)
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What were the major contributions made in chemistry?
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Chemistry- Scientific method by Boyle, and Boyle's law that explains how volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other.
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What were the major contributions made in biology?
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Microscope developed by Janssen, first thermometer, and Jenner introduces a vaccine to prevent smallpox
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How did the Scientific Revolution have an impact beyond the realm of science?
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Developed a new way to think about the natural world and how inventions started to work.
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What discoveries occurred in Physics?
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Vesalius published human anatomy textbook, Torricelli invented barometer
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How was the Enlightenment influenced by reason?
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Enlightenment thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking, also believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life.
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What new views did philosophers have about government?
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The governments power comes from the consent of government, social contract was created where people acted in their own self-interest, and natural rights
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What new views did philosophers have about society?
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Natural rights, freedom of thought and expression. Also gave more rights to women and believed everyone should be happy. Voltaire and Rousseau fought against religion and intolerance and believed that religion should be weakened
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How did Enlightenment spread?
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Books, word of mouth, the Encyclopedia, newspapers, pamphlets, and political songs
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What exciting conclusion did Philosophers reach during the Enlightenment?
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Philosophers came to the conclusion of belief in progress, rise of more secular or no religious outlook and importance of individuals.
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Why was the subject of government so important to Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu?
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Government was important to them because it allowed them to have change which gave people more independence and peace.
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How did philosophers apply reason to issues in society?
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Truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking, rejected medieval notion, wanted society to improve, called for liberties that English won in the Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights
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How successful were the reforms of the enlightened despots?
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Wanted to make countries strong and own rule more effective. Frederick II granted religious freedoms, reduced censorship, improved education and abolished torture. Joseph II introduced legal reforms, freedom of pres, freedom of worship and abolished serfdom. Catherine II allowed religious toleration and abolished torture and capital punishment
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What is Deism?
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Belief in the existence of God, on purely rational grounds w/o any reliance on revealed religion or authority
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What was the Stamp Act of 1765?
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Needed money to pay war debt; taxed ordinary items
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What was the Townshed Acts of 1767?
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Taxed paper, paint, glass, lead and tea
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What did the Tea Act of 1773 lead to?
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Boston Tea Party
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What was the Intolerable Acts of 1774?
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Shut down port of Boston, forbade meetings, troops could be house in colonists homes, no officials tried in colonies, annulled charter of colonies putting British gov. in charge of it all.
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Where did the First Continental Congress meet?
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Philadelphia
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Before the 1500's, who and what were the final authorities with regard to the most knowledge?
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Scholars decided by looking back to Greek or Roman authors or the Bible.
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How did the heliocentric theory of the universe differ from the geocentric theory?
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Heliocentric theory scientists believed the earth was the center of the universe with planets revolving around it, while the geocentric theory states that the sun is the center of the earth with the earth and other planets around it.
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What are the main steps of the scientific method?
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First scientists form a question, then they form a hypothesis, then they form an experiment and finally they analyze and interpret the data forming a conclusion.
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Why might institution of authority tend to reject new ideas?
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The Institution of authority tends to reject new ideas because, they are afraid that once a new idea gets put into place they will loose their power. Also, people tend not to like change.
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What are the natural rights with which people are born, according to John Locke?
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Locke states the natural rights are Life, Liberty, and Property.
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Who were the philosophies and what did they advocate?
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The philosophies were social critics of the Enlightenment period. The five concepts formed are Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, and Liberty.
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What was the legacy of the Enlightenment?
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The legacy of the Enlightenment is when writers challenged ideas about society. They also encouraged reform, not being active revolutionaries. They had belief in progress where people discovered the key for unlocking the mysteries of nature, also started looking at things in a more secular outlook
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Why might some women have been critical of the Enlightenment?
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Women might have been critical of the Enlightenment because women had a different outlook on life and they had different ideas. Women writers tried to improve the status of women. Women thought they should be treated equal, writing and stating new ideas based on their thoughts.
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What were the defining aspects of neoclassical art?
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Aspects of neoclassical are that they were ideal from the Greeks and Romans, calling it a "new classic" of art.
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What new form of literature emerged during the 18th century and what were its main characteristics?
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The new form of literature that developed was the novel. Authors wrote about many different topics. In Pamela it tells the story of a young servant girl who refuses to advances of her mater. Another novel, Tom Jones tells the story of an orphan who travels all over England to win the hand of his lady.
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Why were several rulers in the 18th century Europe known as enlightened despots?
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They were known as enlightened despots because they embraced the new ideas and made reforms based on Enlightenment ideas. An enlightened despot is also known as an "absolute ruler."
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What advantages did salons have over earlier forms of communication and spreading ideas?
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Some advantages the salon had were that everyone (philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and intellects) gathered in one spot to discuss the ideas of the Enlightenment. They discussed in large drawing rooms big enough to fit everyone and the meetings were reoccurring making it easier to spread ideas. This also helped with communication because the people had came were the same people each time making it easier to know who to communicate with.
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How did the Encyclopedia project reflect the age of Enlightenment?
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The Encyclopedia helped with the spreading of the Enlightenment ideas. This helped new people understand and follow and be part of the Age of Enlightenment. Also the Encyclopedia made it easy for people to learn new things because all of the information was in one place.
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Why did the colonists criticize the stamp act as "taxation without representation?"
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The colonists criticized the Stamp Act as taxation without representation because the British laws stated that the government could not tax without representation of the Parliament, and the colonists in America had no representation in Parliament either.
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How did John Locke's notion of the social contract influence the American colonists?
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John Locke's notion of the social contract influenced the American colonist because many of his ideas were used in the creation of the Constitution, giving each person the right of life, liberty, and property.
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Why were the colonists able to achieve victory in the American Revolution?
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The colonists were able to achieve victory in the American Revolution because they had a stronger motivation to fight than the British. The British generals were also cocky, causing them to make mistakes. Also they lacked money because war was so expensive. The colonists also had an alliance with France, a country with a powerful ruler and military.
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Why might it be important to have a Bill of Rights that guarantees basic rights of citizens?
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It might be important to have a Bill of Rights that guarantees basic rights to citizens because it ensures citizens that they will always have their rights and that they will not go away once they have signed the document. Also, the Bill of Rights helps form a bond of trust between each state and each person.
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Do you think the American Revolution would have happened if there had not been an Age of Enlightenment?
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No, because many ideas that lead up to the American Revolution were from the Age of Enlightenment. The world definitely not be the same today if it were not for the Age of Enlightenment.
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Why do you think the colonist at first created such a weak central government?
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They did not want the government to start off powerful, like the previous government was. This also allowed them to build on the government to create it stronger.
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What were the ideas of the Enlightenment?
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Happiness (Feelings and emotions)
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What is man's maturity?
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Enlightenment with self
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What should we as people not be ashamed of?
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Pleasure
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Who was the first person to argue against beating children?
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John Locke
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What was an important event in France's history that led to the Enlightenment?
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King of France revoking the Edict of Nantes
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What are the three types of philosophers?
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1) John Locke- Moderate/considerate (Protestant), 2) Voltaire- doubted religion, diest, 3) Radical- all matter, atheism no Heaven/Hell
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What important event to forming America could not have taken place without the Enlightenment?
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American Revolution
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Who wrote the Constitution?
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Thomas Jefferson
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What was the fall of bastille?
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Peasants revolt
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Where were Voltaire's remains brought to?
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The Pantheon in paris (a church) even though he was 'anti-church'
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What has said to be the end of the Enlightenment?
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The French Revolution
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What was Rococo art?
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Expressed comedy, playful style of art in which rooms are elegant and ornamented
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What new style of music was created?
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Classical
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Which instrument was created during the Enlightenment which helped musicians?
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The Piano
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What is Neoclassicism?
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New style that was based on the Greek and Romans
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Who was Haydn?
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Composer who was popular for instrumental music and he created the symphony
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Who was Mozart?
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Young composer who created Figaro
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Who was Robespierre?
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French lawyer during the Revolution
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How old was Beethoven when the French Revolution began?
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19 years old
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Who did Beethoven dedicate his first work to?
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Haydn
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What did Beethoven do when he heard that Napoleon end the first French Republic?
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He scratched his Napoleon's name off of his work
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Who was Goya?
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Admirer of Enlightenment who also lost respect of Napoleon; lead portrait painter
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Who in the Continental Congress rose to offer a resolution?
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Henry Lee
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Where did Thomas Jefferson get his ideas from when writing the Declaration of Independence?
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Mason and John Locke
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Who was the first to sign the Declaration of Independence?
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John Hancock
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What did the Articles of Confederation create?
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Congress
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What are the three branches of government?
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Legislative, Executive, Judicial (controlled checks & balances)
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What articles were sent to New York to convince them to accept the constitution?
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Federalist Paper
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How many states did the need the acceptance of to get the Constitution a final document?
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9/13
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What did the supports of the Constitution have to add to make all the states agree?
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Bill of Rights (insured rights of religion and freedom of speech)
