question

The more consistent the results given by repeated measurement, the higher the --------- of the measurement procedure (and vice versa)

answer

NOT efficiency

question

A variable that is through to be influenced by another variable is known as the

answer

Dependent variable

question

The likelihood that a researcher will obtain the same results using the same measures the next time he or she test the hypothesis is:

answer

reliability

question

Harry's study compared how the posts on Craiglist of "men seeking women" differed from the posts of "women seeking men" What research method was Harry using when he compared how often men and women mentioned particular characteristics

answer

Content analysis

question

All of the following are described as golden rules of ethical conduct in social research EXCEPT:

answer

Never debrief

question

Sandra is doing research on cheating among students at Duke Univeristy. The student body at Duke will serve as her:

answer

Random sample

question

An.... is an in-depth look at a specific phenomenon or situation in a particular socail setting and is common in qualitative research

answer

Participant observation

question

The research method that uses information that van be converted to numerical form is:

answer

Quantitative research

question

A variable that is thought to cause a change in another variable is called the:

answer

Independent variable

question

Which of the following might be an advantage of participant observation research

answer

The researcher can uncover what people do rather than simply what the SAY they do

question

A potential shortcoming of survey research is that survey:

answer

rely on peoples honesty and willingness to cooperate

question

Which of the following methods involves collecting data from written reports of other artifacts in order to discover patterns in behavior/attitudes dating to an earlier time period

answer

Historical methods

question

Norm is interested in whether oet owners are more likely than those who do not own pets to have a healthier lifestyles. By comparing the numbers he gathers on both groups, Norm will most likely be using what particular research method

answer

Quantitative

question

When a researcher is successful at measuring what he or she intends to measure, this is called: q

answer

Validity

question

A sociologist studying minor children, pregnant women, or inmates must get approval, as these groups are known as:

answer

protected populations

question

A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is called

answer

a hypothesis

question

Andy hypothesized that the stress created during economic downturns would increase the probability of spouse abuse. Stress would be considered the ---- variable and spousal abuse would be considered the---- variable

answer

independent and dependent

question

In establishing causation, it helps to know which variable precedes the other in time. If not, it is easy to make a mistake involving:

answer

NOT time order

question

If Sandra wants to generalize the findings of her study to another population, is it important that the people in her study be:

answer

not randomly selected from the population she wants to gneralize

question

In social research, a hypothesis is:

answer

A proposed relationship between two or more variables

question

Research subjects have a right to know that they are participating in a study and what the study consists of. This is known as:

answer

Informed consent

question

An ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from research respondents is known as:

answer

A survey

question

_________ is probably the best method available to the social scientist interested in collecting original data and for describing a population too large to observe directly

answer

Survey Research

question

A correlation is:

answer

A simultaneous change in two variables

question

Martine is a sociologist who thinks that A is causing B when in fact, B is causing A. She needs to be careful not to make the mistake known as:

answer

Reverse causality

question

When one factor is said to influence another factor, we refer to this as:

answer

Causality

question

What is the meaning of the term "white coat effects"is social research

answer

The impact researchers have on the people/relationship they study

question

If Jose's study measures religiosity by the number of hours people spend in organized religious activities, while Deidra's study measures religiosity by whether people agree or disagree that religion plays an important part in their life, Jose and Deidra:

answer

Operationalize their concepts of religion differently

question

Positivist sociologist tend to use which of the following types of measures?

answer

Quantitative

question

The research method that uses information that can be converted to numerical form is:

answer

Quantitative research

question

The functionalist paradigm went largely unchallenged in the US until about the 1950s. C wright Mills criticized Talcott Parsons for:

answer

Supporting the dominant class structure and the inequalities associated with it

question

Who wrote the "The protestant ethic and the Spirit of Caplitalism?

answer

Max Weber

question

Sociology is the study of:

answer

How urgers, drives and the mind can account for humn behavior??

question

To Marx, conflict between a small number of capitalists and a large number would divide society. He referred to this large number of workers as:

answer

proletariat

question

Functionalsim is an extension of nineteenth-century theory called_____, which stated that society is like a life form, each part serving a role on keeping society together

answer

organicism

question

Perhaps the largest division within the discipline of sociology exist between:

answer

NOT functionalist

question

According to Comte, positivism arose out of a need to make ____ sense of the social order in a time of declining religious authority

answer

NOT scientific

question

Who criticized Marx for focusing exclusively on economics and social class as explanations for human behavior and advocated sociological analyses that allowed for multiple influences

answer

Max Weber

question

Emile Durkheim defined ___ as a sense of normlessness that results from drastic changes in peoples living conditions

answer

Anomie

question

The person who is often considered to be the founding practitioner of "positivism" is:

answer

Emile Durkheim

question

The Chicago School's jane Addams founded the first American settlement house, an institution to help the poor by offering aid, educational services

answer

The Hull house

question

The author of the "protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism argued that sociologist should study social behavior from the perspective of the people engaging in it. This is known as:

answer

Vertehen

question

Karl Marx would argue that the types of social institutions in a society were the results of the economic makeup of that society. Max Weber, however, argued that:

answer

There are multiple influences on how social institutions are created

question

Charles Horton Cooley argued that the self emerges from how we envision that others perceive us. He called this the___

answer

looking glass self

question

Robert Merton's modern sociological theory focused on attempting to predict how certain institutions function between microsociology and macrosociology. This is known as:

answer

Midrange theory

question

In contrast to functionalism, which modern sociological theory borrows from Marx's belief that competition, not consensus, is the essential cause of social change?

answer

Conflict theory

question

Which feminist sociologist wrote "Sex, gender, and Society, which argued that much of what we attribute to biological sex differences can actually be traced to learned behaviors and socialization?

answer

Ann Oakley

question

Cooleys theory of socialization states that the "self" develops from our interactions with others and thier reactions too us. Theory known as:

answer

Looking glass self

question

Which theorist argues that other people essentially provide us with a "social mirror" and that our interpretations of this mirror affect how we see ourselves?

answer

Charles Horton Cooley

question

Military boot camps and prisons are places that control all of the basics of peoples day-to-day lives and are known as:

answer

Total institutions

question

If______ are abstract cultural beliefs, then _____ are how they are put into play

answer

Values, norms

question

Everything in our constructed environment, including technology, buildings. furniture, clothing and books, is part of:

answer

Material culture

question

Which of the following is represents an ascribed status

answer

American of Japanese decent

question

Harold Garfinkel developed an approach to study human interaction that focused on how people produce (and maintain) a mutually shared social order. This method is called:

answer

Ethnomethodogly

question

The popular television show "sesame Street" was created with the explicit purpose of providing educational opportunities for low-income children. Being that this how was successful, we can argue that:

answer

The media serves as a powerful socializing agent

question

_____ refers to a social position while ___ designates socially expected behavior

answer

Status, Role

question

Gendered behaviors, such as wearing dresses and high heels, are examples of learned behaviors that are not natural or universal, and are known as:

answer

Cultural scripts

question

Athough there are many agents of socialization, four of the primary ones are:

answer

Family, schools, peers and media

question

According to research by Kohn and Schooler, parents of different classes socialize their children differently. Which of the following statements best describes these differences?

answer

Middle-class parents are more likely to stress independence and self-direction, working class parents are more likely to instill respect for authority

question

Which of the following is the best example of achieved status

answer

a newly ordained minister in a church

question

Saying "hello" when answering the telephone signals the start of an encounter in the first bracket and is known to dramaturgists as:

answer

The opening

question

The experience of internalizing a culture's norms, values and the like, is known as:

answer

Socialization

question

Gramsci's concept for the historical process in which a dominant group exercises moral and intellectual leadership by voluntarily receiving the approval and consent of the masses is known as:

answer

Hegemony

question

What is Jean Kilbourne's critique of an advertisement that shows a pair of women's legs with brand new, expensive shoes on them popping out of a trash can?

answer

It promotes, even simplicity, violence against women.

question

According to impression management, the backstage arena would include:

answer

Where we are "private selves" and where the real story takes place

question

Sociologists refer to the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network as

answer

embeddedness

question

A general rule found in research known as "no cylces of four" within two romantic heterosexual couples, is that people rarely date the ex-partner od their own ex-partner's new boy or girlfriend. What explination is giiven for this finding?

answer

The replaced exes dont want to lose social satus and be seen as "leftover"

question

Which of the following types of groups do people compare themselves to, even if they dont know each other personally

answer

Regerence groups

question

The characteristics of a formal structure and status differentiantion are essential to which of Simmels types of groups

answer

Large groups

question

A classroom would not typically fall under Simmels calssification of a small group, because:

answer

there are formal arrangements or roles

question

A married couple and their firstborn child are a type of group known asL

answer

a triad

question

According to Simmel, the essential feature of a party is that is it:

answer

Mulitfocal

question

A friendship group isnt an example of a formal organization b/c

answer

They typically dont have formal rules and governing structures

question

Emma is hoping to secure an internship with an engineering firm. She runs itto her former aerobics instructor, who she hasnt seen in several years, and her instructor offers to put her in contact with and engineering friend of hers. An example of what?

answer

Strength of weak ties

question

The example of more and more people bowling and eating alone are used to highlight a more general trend involving

answer

Civic disengagement and a decline in social capital

question

A group that helps us understand our position relative to other groups is a

answer

reference group

question

The shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group, also called corporate culture is knowns as:

answer

organizational culture

question

Marina is a ten-year old girl who idolizes singers like Mariah Carey. She compares herself to them and imitates them while singing in front of her bedroom mirror. Singer is knowns as Marina;s:

answer

Reference group

question

Cooley distinguished two types of groups he called

answer

Primary and secondary groups

question

According to Putmans research. although much data suggests that the US is becoming less community orients and more selfish, which has led to a temporary revival of civic engagement among young people

answer

The terrorist attack of 9/11

question

The ways i whoch power and authourity are distrubuted hierarchically within an organization are called:

answer

Organizational structure

question

A process by which organizations face the same conditions, and ultimately tend to end up like each other is known as:

answer

isomorohism

question

What appears to be the main reason for the success of amish buisnesses when compared to other us buisnesses

answer

The amish live by prioritizing the community and its social capital rather than ruggesd individualism

question

Chapter 5, which explores interaction in groups, opend with a story about an Autralian artist who creates a buisness importing and disributing food products and utilities from arounf the globe. Her buisness would not be possible without:

answer

Social networks

question

Stigmatized groups, such as gays and lesbians in the United States, are known as:

answer

Out-groups

question

According to Simmel, which of the following groups is the more fragile

answer

Dyad

question

Sets of dyads held together by ties between the individuals are known as:

answer

Social networks

question

A damily is an example if which type of group identified by Cooley?

answer

Primary group

question

According to the data presented in chapter 5, which of the follwoing is true regarding social capital in the US today

answer

Social capital is decreasing

question

What kind of group ceases to exist if given one leaves the group

answer

dyad

question

Which of the follwing types of groups are significant in that they distinguish between the relative power to define what are normal versus abnormal types of behavior within the groups

answer

in groups and out groups

question

The characteristic of formal structure and status differentiation are essentail to which of Simmels type of groups?

answer

Large groups

question

Any social network that is defined by a common purpose and that has a boundary between its members and the rest of the social world is known within sociology as:

answer

Organization

question

The example of how real estate agents earn money by contractually maintaining or creating distance or contact between social buyers and sellers highlights which of the following?

answer

Structural holes

question

A set of stories that ties you to a social group is known as a

answer

narrative

question

The term "six degrees of separation" came out of research undertaken by Stanley Milgram, who wanted to tes:

answer

The reach of social networks

question

____ is the information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter preexisting network or gain power from them

answer

Social capital

question

According to a 2002 article in the USA Today that was discussed in chapter 5, a researcher found that 100 of the 15 largest companies have at least 2 board members who sit togter on another board. this is referred to as:

answer

Interlocking directorates

question

In contrast to Putmans claims that civic engagement has declinded, sociologist Robert Wuth contends that:

answer

socail capital never declinded or disappreared, but merely changed forms

question

The most imporant difference between primany and secondary groups has to do with:

answer

the kidnsif relationships that exist within them

question

What trend, related toa decline in socail capital, did Robert Putman focus on in her book Bowling Alone?1

answer

The declining interest in community-based activities and organizations

question

Wright Mills term fro interlocking directorates is which of the following?

answer

The power elite

question

Which of the following is true regarding the applicablility of networl analysis within a sociological research?

answer

it can be used in both micro-level and mcro-level studues

question

Which main sociological theory takes up more micro or close-up look at the individual to explain deviance

answer

Symbolic interactionism

question

From Emili Durkheim's functional perspective, deviance in a society:

answer

is necessary for society success

question

The act of abiding by societys norms is known as which of the following

answer

Normative compliance

question

in 1973, the gov of NY enacted legistaltion mandating increased prison tems for drug possession and sale. These are known as:

answer

Rockefeller drug laws

question

Which theory explains how social cues impact the way individuals act, specifically whether or not local, informal norms allow acts such as vanalizing an abandon car?

answer

Broken Windows Theory

question

In industrialized societies, social sanctions are most likely:

answer

Focused on the criminals individial cirumstances

question

Which theory developed by Cloward and Ohlin explains that street crime rises and falls in relation to the availablility of legitimate ecomonic opportunities

answer

Differentail opportunties theory

question

The paradox on deviance and social control presented by your textbook authors in chap. 6 is that:

answer

it is the deviants among us who hold society together

question

Tex evasion is an example of which of the following types of crimes?

answer

White-collar crimes

question

Which of the following is true regarding the current social sanctions in the US?

answer

We apply both the mechanical and organic sanctions

question

Which of the following is Durkheims term meaning a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be more or less predictable?

answer

Anomie

question

Which of Durkheims types of social solidarity characterized modern life

answer

Organic

question

Which type of social solidarity is based on interdependence because the members of society perfom different and specialized functions? according to durkheim

answer

organic

question

Former Enron CEO Kenneth Lay committed crimes such as misappropriating funds, issuing false reports and destroying evidence. these crimes are knowns as:

answer

Corporate crimes

question

Sociologist refer to the set of mechanisms that creates compliance to norms as which of the following

answer

Social Control

question

What is Mertons theory which stated that we learn societys expected goals and means to achieve them and when we cant achieve them, we may adapt in a variety of modes

answer

Strain theory

question

According to Merton, which of the following describes a person who accepts both the goals defined by society and the means to achieve them

answer

Conformist

question

Which of the following is Durkhiens primary explaination for why people commit suicude

answer

they lack social intergration

question

The common faith or set of social norms by which a society and its members abide is defined by Dukhiems as:

answer

Collective conscience

question

Which of the following is true regarding race and the death row population

answer

justice and race on death-row is color blind

question

According to Zimbardos Stanford prison experiement, goof people can do terrible things depending on their social surrondings and expectations. He calls this:

answer

The Lucifer effect

question

A crime such as burglary is also known as which type of deviance

answer

formal

question

Accodring to Merton, a person who completely stops participating in societys drive to achieve its defined goal is an

answer

retreatist

question

National cost per prisoner is approximately how much per year

answer

20,000

question

All of the following are types of suicide described by Durkheim EXCEPT

answer

recidivist

question

A policy of imprisoning and monitoring criminal offenders fro committing crimes in an effort to prevent them from committing more crimes is known as

answer

specific deterrence

question

Within organic solidairy, what response to deviance is designed to transform the offender into a productive member of society

answer

Rehabilitative

question

Which of the following statements is true regarding the current US incarceration rate

answer

It is the highest in American history

question

Tracy is a woman who rejects the goals defined by society to achieve a big house and lots of money, but she still follows the means and abided by the rules. Merton would classify Tracy as an

answer

Ritualist

question

Which theory suggests that "crime results from a rational calculation of the costs and benefits of criminal activity

answer

Deterrence theory

question

Which of the following is Durkheims term meaning a sense of aimlessness or despair that airses when we can no longer reasonable expect life to be more or less predictable

answer

Anomie

question

A person who desires a big mansion and the perfect american dream life style, but sells illegal drugs to acheive this is knowns by Merton as an

answer

innovator

question

Goffman called situations where " aspects of life are conducted in the same place and under the same single authority

answer

Total institutions

question

Which of the Durkheims types of social solidarity characterized premodern life?

answer

Mechanical

question

Which term best described what happens when other people label a person and that label affects his or her actions

answer

Secondary deviance

question

Which type of social solidartiy is based on the sameness of the individual parts and people in the society, according to Durkhiem

answer

Mechanical

question

When analyzing crime rate, the best indicator we have of crime is the

answer

murder rate

question

Which crime has the most financial impact in theUS today

answer

White collar crime

question

Suicude occurs when a person expereinces too much social regulation, according to Durkhiem?

answer

Fatalistic

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