question

What characteristic uniquely defines the anthropological approach?

answer

a holistic perspective

question

The holistic anthropological perspective is expansive and inclusive and involves the study of human beings as

answer

interdependent psychological and biological organisms

question

What are perspectives of anthropology?

answer

holistic perspective, cross-cultural perspective, long-term evolutionary perspective

question

One aspect that makes anthropology unique among social sciences is its traditional focus on

answer

non-Western peoples and cultures

question

What perspective best helps guard most against culture-bound theories?

answer

a cross-cultural and long-term evolutionary perspective

question

What difference did Margaret Lock find between Japanese and North American perceptions of death?

answer

North Americans are more comfortable harvesting organs from those declared brain dead

question

Individuals within all four subfields of Anthropology practice

answer

applied anthropology

question

What are common practices within applied anthropology?

answer

collaboration between anthropologies and community members; conducting research together as a team with community members; solving specific problems

question

What are characteristics of medical anthropology?

answer

brings together theoretical and applied approaches; uses approaches from cultural and biological anthropology; studies human sickness and health

question

Another name for Cultural Anthropology is

answer

sociocultural anthropology

question

What describes how anthropologists study culture?

answer

anthropologists study a society's shared and socially transmitted ideas

question

The detailed description of a particular culture primarily based on fieldwork is called

answer

ethnography

question

Location research is also known as

answer

fieldwork

question

Common term used for the ethnographic method

answer

participant observation

question

Ethnology

answer

cross-cultural comparative research

question

What are approaches that linguistic anthropologists may take?

answer

studying the way languages change over time; describing the way that a language is formed; studying the relation between language and culture

question

Features of discourse studied by sociolinguists

answer

physical and psychological setting; social rules; purpose

question

Archaeology

answer

study of human material remains and environmental data

question

Food processing sites

answer

commonly indicated by shallow, restricted concentrations of charcoal

question

"Prehistory" refers to a period in which

answer

there was no written record

question

The study of mummified skeletal remains providing evidence of early surgery is an example of

answer

bioarchaeology

question

The Garbage Project is an example of

answer

contemporary anthropology

question

What are important aspects of the study in the Garbage Project?

answer

testing the validity of survey techniques; understanding the differences between what people say and what they actually do; understanding contemporary social issues affecting a United States population

question

What are characteristics of the study of physical anthropology?

answer

primatology, human adaption, human growth and development

question

Molecular anthropology is the anthropological study of

answer

genes

question

Paleoanthropology

answer

study of human evolution

question

How is paleoanthropology unique among evolutionary studies?

answer

it takes a biocultural approach

question

Genetic analysis indicates that the first human ancestors originated

answer

5-8 million years ago

question

Primatologists study

answer

living and fossil primates, primate anatomy, tool use

question

Anthropologists commonly study the basis of healthy human growth among living populations through

answer

physiology; genetics; hormonal development

question

Franz Boas found that one of the major differences between first-generation immigrants to the United States and their children was in the area of

answer

height

question

The enlargement of the right heart ventricle among Quechua Indians is an adaptation to

answer

high altitude

question

Short-term biological changes in response to particular environmental stimuli are referred to as

answer

physiological adaptations

question

The identification of human skeletal remains is the primary focus of

answer

forensic anthropology

question

The relationships between a forensic anthropologist and a forensic archaeologist can be likened to that between

answer

a forensic pathologist and a crime scene investigator

question

Clyde Snow

answer

well-known forensic anthropologist

question

Applied physical anthropologists routinely use their expertise in

answer

public health; gross anatomy laboratories; criminal investigations

question

What most distinguishes anthropology from other sciences?

answer

the diversity of ways in which scientific research is conducted

question

What does it mean to say that "Anthropology is an empirical science"?

answer

it is based on observations

question

What are the basic ingredients of science according to the authors?

answer

imagination and skepticism

question

An explanation supported by a reliable body of data is called

answer

a theory

question

What must cultural anthropologists do in fieldwork?

answer

step out of their own cultural comfort zone

question

Archaeological and Paleoanthropological methods are

answer

analyzing artifacts; analyzing material culture; processing fossils

question

The preserved remains of plants and animals that have lived in the past are called

answer

fossils

question

The area in which archaeologists work are known as

answer

fields

question

Physical remains dating to ____ million years ago are found with associated cultural remains.

answer

2.5

question

The prehistoric refuse mounds found along coastal areas in North America were known as

answer

middens

question

The datum point is established in relation to the

answer

grid system

question

If you cannot determine the exact age of an artifact, but you know by its composition that it is older than a known date, the dating technique used is called

answer

relative dating

question

Which of the following is a relative date?

answer

seriation

question

Which form of dating involves the comparison of tree ring growth?

answer

dendrochronology

question

If an ethnographic researcher shares stories with informants in order to exemplify the type of data he or she would like to collect, it is the use of a

answer

key consultant

question

Why do ethnographers frequently utilize key consultants?

answer

key consultants spend time with ethnographers and provide explanations

question

What is the primary advantage of using a comparative approach in anthropology?

answer

it provides a broader basis for drawing general conclusions about humans

question

What is the name of the organization that oversees a code of ethics for anthropological research?

answer

American Anthropological Association

question

One of the key causes of ethnic and religious conflict is

answer

globalization

question

How do anthropologists classify the Nez Perce story about Coyote and Wishpoosh?

answer

creation myth

question

Where are the Nez Perce located?

answer

eastern Oregon and Idaho

question

Evolution can be described as

answer

the major organizing principle of the biological sciences

question

What is the difference between evolution and theories of evolution?

answer

biologists accept evolution as a fact, but theories explain how it works

question

T/F: Creation myths and evolutionary account do not differ

answer

False

question

Which scientist developed the Systema Naturae?

answer

Carolus Linnaeus

question

Describe the "Great Chain of Being" approach?

answer

a categorization of animate and inanimate forms based on observable similarities

question

The "Great Chain of Being" was first developed by

answer

Aristotle

question

What was unique about the "system of nature" classification when it was first proposed?

answer

Linnaeus classified humans with other primates

question

A reproductively isolated population or group capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring is a

answer

species

question

Describe a genus

answer

a group of like species

question

Home describes a human _____

answer

genus

question

Charles Darwin was hired as a __________on the H.M.S Beagle

answer

traveling companion

question

Darwin's theory was known as the theory of

answer

natural selection

question

What are criteria that Linneaus used to determine classification of species?

answer

sequence of bodily growth, body function, body structure

question

Anatomical features that have evolved from a common ancestral feature are called

answer

homologies

question

Animals with a generalized anatomy, relatively large brain, and grasping hands and feet are known as

answer

primates

question

The comparison of the anatomical structures of wings on a bat to the wings on a butterfly is an example of

answer

analogy

question

The comparison of the anatomical structures of a human arm to the wing of a bat is an example of

answer

homology

question

Invoking traditional events, such as the flood in the Book of Genesis, to account for species disappearance is an example of

answer

catastrophism

question

What kind of theory is "catastrophism"?

answer

19th century humanistic idea

question

Who proposed that animal populations remained stable over time because of the high proportion of animal offspring not surviving to maturity?

answer

Thomas Malthus

question

Who was responsible for providing the principles of heredity?

answer

Gregor Mendel

question

Today, Darwin's evolutionary theory is supported by data from what?

answer

population genetics; comprehensive understanding of heredity; molecular genetics

question

What was different (or unique) about Gregor Mendel's approach to gardening?

answer

he took systematic notes and was able to identify patterns of heredity

question

The principle that variants of genes for a particular trait retain their separate identities through the generations is called

answer

law of segregation

question

A portion of the DNA molecule containing a sequence of base pairs that encodes a particular protein is known as a

answer

gene

question

Most of the advances in heredity at the molecular level have occurred during what time period?

answer

latter part of the 20th century

question

Mendel discovered that inheritance was particulate, not

answer

blended

question

The cellular structures that contain genetic information are called

answer

chromosomes

question

Alleles are

answer

alternate forms of a single gene

question

Sex cell division is called

answer

meiosis

question

What are the four base pairs?

answer

cytosine, adenine, thymine, guanine

question

Geneticists believe that humans approximately how many functioning genes?

answer

25,000

question

Cell division that involves exact replication of parent cells is called

answer

mitosis

question

During meiosis, genes are divided into

answer

4 new cells

question

What does Rayna Rapp's bio-cultural study of reproduction illustrate?

answer

the complex interplay between biological knowledge and cultural practices

question

What is routinely associated with new reproductive technologies, such as genetic testing?

answer

a shift in cultural practices surrounding pregnancy; potential to label disabled people as undesirable; increased incidence of genetic assessments

question

Can some physical traits be dominant, while others are recessive?

answer

yes

question

If a young man has Type A blood, this is his

answer

genotype

question

If a young woman has blue eyes, this is her

answer

phenotype

question

Since Type O Blood is co-dominant, a woman with Type O blood knows that OO is her

answer

genotype

question

A person's hair color is determined by at least two genes. Hair color is an example of

answer

polygenetic inheritance

question

An example of polygenetic inheritance is

answer

skin color

question

Chimpanzees and humans share what percentage of DNA similarity?

answer

98%

question

The chimp's genome is estimated to be _____% larger than the human's.

answer

10

question

What are evolutionary forces?

answer

genetic drift; gene flow; mutation

question

In evolutionary terms, what kind of force is mutation?

answer

positive because it provides variation for selection

question

What variable force is most important to adaptation over time?

answer

random mutation

question

The average rate of mutation per million is

answer

30

question

The main structural protein for skin, bones, and teeth is

answer

collagen

question

Chance fluctuations of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population are evidences of

answer

genetic drift

question

Founder's Effect is a type of

answer

genetic drift

question

A small group of people with several colorblind individuals move from the mainland move to a previously uninhabited, secluded island. Two hundred years later 5% of the people of the island have color-blindness. This is an example of

answer

founder effects

question

A painful disease in which oxygen-carrying red blood cells change into abnormal shapes is called

answer

sickle-cell anemia

question

Interbreeding allows for

answer

gene flow

question

What is the evolutionary force that has kept populations from developing into separate species?

answer

gene flow

question

Adaptation can best be described as

answer

a series of beneficial adjustments to the environment

question

Sickle-cell anemia is found in highest frequencies in populations from

answer

central Africa

question

Why does a bulky body tend to conserve more heat than a slender one?

answer

it has less surface area relative to volume

question

Scientists have found that carrying sickle-cell anemia (meaning, one is heterozygous) protects the individual from

answer

malaria

question

The allele for sickle-cell anemia is found primarily in areas where there are large populations of mosquitoes bearing

answer

falciparum malaria

question

The continuous gradation over space in the form or frequency of a genetic trait is known as a

answer

cline

question

In humans, climatic adaption involves

answer

body build and cultural adaptation

question

________ is the formation of a new species and _____________ focuses on the evolutionary relationships between species.

answer

Speciation/macroevolution

question

Speciation through adaptation is generally believed to occur at a pace called

answer

Darwinian gradualism

question

A sustained directional shift in a population's average characteristics is called

answer

anagenesis

question

If two populations of primates were separated for a substantially long period of time by geographical changes, causing them, over time, to begin developing characteristics that distinguished them from each other, it could result in

answer

cladogenesis

question

What do we call the factors that separate two breeding populations?

answer

cladogenesis

question

What British primatologist is most known for studies of chimpanzees?

answer

Jane Goodall

question

What is considered a hominoid?

answer

humans; siamangs; bonobos

question

Mammals have what characteristics

answer

a diaphragm to assist in breathing; a four-chambered heart; milk from mother's mammary glands

question

A creature that is active at night is considered to be

answer

nocturnal

question

Evidence from ancient skeletons suggests that the first mammals appeared over _______ million years ago, while the earliest primates first evolved approximately ____________million years ago.

answer

200/65

question

For an arboreal primate, which sense is most important in locating food?

answer

vision

question

The sense of smell is vital for _______ in their location of food sources.

answer

ground-dwelling, nocturnal mammals

question

What do we call vision that allows three-dimensional perception?

answer

stereoscopic

question

Describe the primate visual system.

answer

it has an increasingly integrated cerebellum that restricts primates to only the most adaptive environments; it has an increasingly integrated cerebral cortex that restricts primates to only the most adaptive environments; it has an enlarged cerebellum that is responsible for flexible behavior patterns

question

What are evolutionary trends in primate skeletons?

answer

eyes rotated more forward; reduction of size of snout; more forward position for the opening at the base of the skull

question

What do we call the ability to grasp and manipulate objects between the thumb and other digits?

answer

prehensility

question

T/F: The shape of the primate collarbone varies between species

answer

True

question

Where are lemurs found today?

answer

Madagascar

question

Today, from a molecular approach, primates are frequently divided into two groups:

answer

strepsirhines/haplorhines

question

Monkeys, apes, and humans are grouped together as

answer

anthropoids

question

What is represented in the primate group, Prosimians?

answer

tarsier, loris, lemur

question

A second toe, called a "grooming claw," is found on

answer

lemurs

question

Genetically, tarsiers are most closely related to

answer

apes

question

Approximately how many years of evolutionary history are shared by Old World monkeys and apes, including humans?

answer

40 million years

question

Which Old World monkey is of special interest to paleoanthropologists because it lives in savannahs like those in which we expect ancestral humans may have lived?

answer

baboons

question

Which group of primates is most associated with having a prehensile tail?

answer

New World monkeys

question

Gorillas

answer

they are the largest ape, knuckle-walkers, vegetarians, and big "bluffers"

question

Among primates, adolescence is generally marked by

answer

migration of males or females to new social groups

question

Describe foraging behavior of chimpanzees

answer

constantly shifting, they break into sub-groups and smaller units

question

Frans de Waal, in his study of bonobos, has found that _________ that occurs after an attack may be more important than the attack itself.

answer

reconciliation

question

What did the field of studies of Japanese primatologist Kinji Imanishi reveal about bonobos?

answer

importance of social cooperation

question

Among chimpanzees and bonobos, grooming serves what purposes?

answer

for reconciliation; the show affection; for hygienic purposes

question

Jane Goodall was the first to scientifically document what kind of behavior among chimpanzees?

answer

hunting behavior

question

Which of the following is a common mechanism used by many primates when relationships need to be maintained despite occasional conflict?

answer

reconciliaton

question

GG rubbing stands for

answer

genito-genital

question

Which is the only animal group to use mediators in conflict resolution?

answer

chimpanzees

question

Researchers at Gombe, Tanzania have found that annually chimpanzees kill what percentage of red colobus monkeys within their habit?

answer

20

question

In his experiment with stumptail monkeys and rhesus macaques, Frans de Waal showed that

answer

monkeys can learn and modify behavior

question

What is unique about bonobo sexual activity among non-human primates?

answer

they do not limit their sexual behavior to times of female fertility

question

Apes generally nurse their young for ________ years.

answer

4

question

How do primatologists define a "tool"?

answer

an object used to facilitate some task or activity

question

What are some federal acts that provided the basis for Cultural Resource Management work in archaeology?

answer

National Preservation of Historic and Prehistoric Places Act of 1984; Historic Preservation Act of 1966; Archaeological and Historical Preservation Act of 1974

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