question

Marx viewed the relationship between the capitalists and the exploited workers in systemic terms; that is, he believed that a system of _____________ relationships maintained the power and dominance of the owners over the workers.

answer

all of these

question

Which early sociologist applied the concept of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change or evolve over time?

answer

Herbert Spencer

question

Sociology is considered a science because sociologists

answer

engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding

question

According to the functionalist perspective, an aspect of social life is passed on from one generation to the next if it

answer

promotes value consensus among members of a society.

question

The body of knowledge obtained using methods based upon systematic observation is called a (an)

answer

science

question

The view that sports serve as an "opiate" for social injustices and distract people from focusing on the reality of personal problems and social issues would most likely be held by

answer

conflict theorists

question

Contemporary conflict theorists are concerned with the conflict between

answer

all of these

question

A sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college. This would be an example of

answer

microsociology.

question

The discipline of sociology was given its name by the French theorist

answer

Auguste Comte

question

The concept of anomie was introduced into sociology by

answer

Emile Durkheim

question

_______________ stresses the study of small groups and often uses experimental study in laboratories.

answer

Microsociology

question

Émile Durkheim's study of suicide, related suicide rates to

answer

the extent to which people were integrated into the group life of a society.

question

Which sociological approach would view sports as an agent for defining people's social positions as players, coaches, and referees as a result of their performances and reputations

answer

interactionist perspective

question

Which sociological approach focuses on the macrolevel and would tend to view inequality in gender as central to behavior and organization?

answer

feminist perspective

question

Which sociologist saw "society as a vast network of connected parts, each of which contributes to the maintenance of the system as a whole?"

answer

Talcott Parsons

question

An attempt to explain problems, actions, or behavior in a comprehensive manner is called a (an

answer

theory

question

A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is referred to as

answer

social inequality

question

Sociological studies that focus on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations are defined as

answer

macrosociology.

question

A key element in the sociological imagination is the ability to view one's own society

answer

as an outsider

question

Which sociologist made an important contribution to the discipline by successfully combining theory and research?

answer

Robert Merton

question

George Herbert Mead served on committees dealing with Chicago's labor problems and public education. These activities are examples of

answer

social inequality

question

Despite their differences, functionalists, conflict theorists, and interactionists would all agree that there is much more to sports than exercise or recreation.

answer

True

question

Which sociological perspective sees the social world as being in continual struggle?

answer

conflict perspective

question

Although some of the early sociologists saw themselves as social reformers, by the middle of the twentieth century, the focus of the discipline of sociology had shifted to

answer

theorizing and gathering information

question

The relationship between a condition or a variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the other, is known as

answer

causal logic.

question

Correlations are an indication that causality is always present.

answer

False

question

Which of the following best describes the notion that the higher the level of one's education, the higher one's income level will be?

answer

hypothesis

question

Validity refers to the degree to which a measure or scale truly reflects the phenomenon under study.

answer

True

question

Surveys and interviews that focus on macrosociological analyses would be likely to follow which theoretical perspective?

answer

both functionalist and conflict perspectives

question

According to Max Weber, investigators have an ethical obligation to accept research findings even when the data run counter to

answer

all of these

question

Selection of a research design will influence both the cost of a research project and the amount of time needed to collect the results of the research.

answer

True

question

The third step in the scientific method is reviewing the literature.

answer

False

question

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the

answer

control group.

question

Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use

answer

publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another.

question

Social scientists call the variable that is hypothesized to cause or influence another variable a (an

answer

independent variable

question

A research design is a (an):

answer

detailed plan or method for scientifically obtaining data.

question

What term do sociologists use to describe the phenomenon whereby subjects deviate from their typical behavior because they realize they are under observation

answer

the Hawthorne effect

question

A variable is

answer

a measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions.

question

Which sociological perspective would most likely suggest that education is necessary for people to earn more money and advance in society for the purpose of social stability?

answer

functionalist perspective

question

The midpoint or number which divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers of values is referred to as the

answer

median.

question

When a sociologist actually joins a group for a period to get an accurate sense of how it operates, the approach is called

answer

participant observation

question

Which of the following would be considered a valid measure of an individual's intelligence

answer

none of these

question

A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a

answer

hypothesis

question

Which of the following can serve as a variable in a study?

answer

all of these

question

A study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire that provides sociologists with information concerning how people think or act is known as

answer

survey

question

Individuals who have divorced parents are more likely to divorce than individuals who have parents who did not divorce. This statement is an example of a (an)

answer

correlation

question

In which type of sample does each member of the entire population being studied have the same chance of being selected?

answer

random sample

question

The code of ethics for the discipline of sociology was developed by

answer

the American Sociological Association

question

Culture lag is

answer

a period of maladjustment during which the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions.

question

George Ritzer's concept "The McDonaldization of society" refers to

answer

the domination of numerous sectors of societies throughout the world by principles initially used by fast-food restaurants.

question

While attending a prestigious lecture at a New York City museum, Bob noisily belches several times and grossly picks his nose. He is violating

answer

informal norms.

question

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. Therefore, ethnocentrism fosters cohesion in a group. This observation would best reflect which sociological perspective?

answer

functionalist perspective

question

General customs and practices that are found in every culture are called

answer

cultural universals.

question

Kissing is an example of a cultural universal.

answer

False

question

Culture shock is

answer

the feeling of surprise that is experienced when people witness cultural practices different from their own.

question

Discovery is

answer

the process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality

question

In the study of language, which sociological perspective suggests that gender-related language reflects the traditional acceptance of men and women into certain occupations?

answer

feminist perspective

question

Norms that are generally understood but not precisely recorded are known as

answer

informal norms

question

Norms are often violated when

answer

all of these

question

Viewing people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture is known as cultural relativism

answer

True

question

People who have visited China might have experienced culture shock if they ordered meat for dinner and discovered it was

answer

dog.

question

An example of a positive, formal sanction is a

answer

salary bonus.

question

Sociobiology is founded on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

answer

True

question

Penalties and rewards for conduct relating to a social norm are known as

answer

sanctions.

question

A society is

answer

a fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture.

question

In a culture, virtually all citizens follow the same set of norms and values.

answer

False

question

From a functionalist perspective, the social significance of the dominant ideology is that a society's most powerful groups and institutions control the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media.

answer

False

question

A subculture is

answer

a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the larger group.

question

English-speaking people in the U.S. commonly use words whose origins are from various African, Asian, and non-English-speaking European cultures. This is an example of

answer

cultural diffusion.

question

In some parts of the U.S., horse breeding and/or racing is commonplace. People involved in these activities have developed different words to distinguish between breeds, sizes, and sexes of horses, and these words are unfamiliar to people outside the "horse world." This is an example of

answer

the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

question

A hypothesis concerning the role of languages in shaping cultures was created by linguist(s)

answer

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf.

question

The U.S. formerly demanding conformity to a single language reflects which sociological perspective?

answer

functionalist perspective

question

Which sociologist introduced the concept of culture lag to the discipline?

answer

William Ogburn

question

Which sociological perspective suggests that language and symbols offer a powerful way for a subculture to feel cohesive and maintain its identity?

answer

interactionist perspective

question

Norms governing everyday behavior, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern, are known as

answer

folkways.

question

The term "significant others" is

answer

George Herbert Mead's term for those individuals who are most important in the development of the self

question

Socialization is the process

answer

whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture.

question

The analysis of Isabelle and Genie is important because it emphasizes the relevance of

answer

social interaction in human development.

question

According to George Herbert Mead, during which stage of development does a child respond to numerous members of the social environment and grasp his or her distinctive social position?

answer

the game stage

question

In the nature versus nurture debate, most social scientists maintain that "nurture" is considerably more important than "nature."

answer

False

question

Rites of passage are

answer

rituals marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another

question

The dramaturgical approach is

answer

a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers.

question

According to Charles Horton Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self, development of one's self-identity based on misperceptions may lead to

answer

negative self-identity.

question

Gender roles are

answer

expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.

question

Which sociologist suggested that during the second stage of development, children become capable of assuming the perspective of another and are thereby able to respond from that imagined viewpoint?

answer

George Herbert Mead

question

Which conflict theorists suggest that schools in the U.S. foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments that can cause children to feel stupid and unsuccessful?

answer

Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis

question

Anticipatory socialization refers to

answer

processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.

question

Which of the following factors complicates the socialization of older persons in the U.S.?

answer

both experiencing retirement AND declining physical ability

question

Social scientists now recognize that

answer

it is not enough to care for an infant's physical needs; parents must also concern themselves with children's social development

question

According to Jean Piaget's cognitive theory of development, the stage in which children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas is called the

answer

preoperational stage.

question

A woman who was socialized from infancy to become a wife and mother settles comfortably into being a homemaker in her twenties and early thirties. However, her husband dies suddenly, and she finds that she must enter the paid labor force in order to support herself and her two children. This woman will most likely have to undergo a process of

answer

resocialization.

question

Which usually causes the most stress: socialization or resocialization

answer

resocialization

question

In forming a sense of ourselves, we imagine how we appear to others and how others perceive us, and finally we develop a feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions. This sociological approach to the development of a self represents the views of which sociological perspective?

answer

c. interactionist perspective

question

Life-course theorists suggest

answer

socialization continues through all stages of the life cycle.

question

Which of the following is the definition of Erving Goffman's concept of "face-work"?

answer

people's efforts to maintain a proper image and avoid embarrassment in public

question

As children grow older, their peer groups become more and more important relative to the influence of

answer

the family

question

Children shape and form their attitudes, beliefs, and behavior based on cultural messages they receive from

answer

all of these

question

The self is the

answer

distinct identity that sets us apart from others.

question

Your boss has just screamed at the work staff for poor sales growth and high absenteeism. Consequently, you decide that this would not be a good time to speak to the boss about a promotion. In this instance, you are effectively

answer

a. demonstrating role taking.

question

An inmate enters prison and is stripped of his/her clothing and advised that from this point on he/she will be referred to only by number. This is an example of

answer

a degradation ceremony.

question

In total institutions, people are subjected to humiliating rituals known as

answer

degradation ceremonies.

question

A person leaves a singles' bar alone and later tells a friend, "There wasn't anyone interesting in the entire crowd." This is an example of

answer

face-work.

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