abnormal psychology exam 1 – Flashcards
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what is abnormal psychology?
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a field devoted to the scientific study of abnormal behavior to describe, predict, exlpain and change abnomral patterns of functioning
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what can workers in the field of abnormal psychology be called?
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clinical scientists, clinical practitioners
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what are the four d's
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deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger
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that three essentail features do all forms of therapy share?
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1. a sufferer who seeks relief from a healer, 2. a trained socailled accepted healer whose expertise is accepted by the sufferer and his or her socail group, 3. a series of contacts between the healer and the sufferer, through which the healer often with the aid of a group tries to produce certain changes in the sufferers emotional state, attitudes and behavior
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how many adults and children display serious psychological disturbances and are in need of treatment?
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19% of children and 30% of adults
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stone age view of abnormality and treatment
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abnormal behavior was caused by evil spirits- treated with an exersism
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trephination
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cutting holes in a persons skull to release evil spirits
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greek and roman views
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hippocrates belived and taught illness had natural causes, unbalence of four humors, yellow black bile, blood and phlem
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middle ages views
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demonology returns, abnormal behavior increased greatly, people turned to the church
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the renaissance and rise of asylums
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deonological views declined, people belived the mind was as susceptible to the sickness as the body, people took care of mental disorder in a positive atmosphere, alsyums soon became virtual prisons
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the 19th century
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treatment began to imporve, people advocated moral treatment- reveresed toward the end, money and staff shortages, long term hospitalization became popular again
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somatogenic perspective
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Abnormal functioning has physical causes.
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psychogenic perspective
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Chief causes of mental illness are psychological.
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what happened in the 1950s that helped people get out of long term hospitalization?
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reaserchers discovered antipsychotic drugs, antidepressent drugs, and antianxiety drugs= led to the reales of people from hospitals
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what are the six theoretical perspectives?
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psychoanalytic, biological, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic-existential, socio culutural
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what do clinical researchers do?
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try to discover universal laws, or principles, of abnormal psychological functioning. (do not typically treat, diagnose, or asses clients)
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correlational method
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Statistical methods are used to assess and describe the amount and type of relationship between two variables of interest
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positive correlation
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Both x and y increase or decrease together
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negative correlation
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one set of data values increase as the other set decreases
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correlational method- epidemiological studies
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reveal the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population
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correlational method- longitudinal studies
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observe the same individuals on many occasions over a long period
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the experimental method
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an experiement in a reserch procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the manipulations effect on another variable is observed
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blind design
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participants are kept from knowing which condition of the study (experiemental or control) they are in
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double blind design
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both experimentors and participants are kept from knowing which condition of the study participants are in
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quasi-experimental designs
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investigators do not randomly assign subjects to groups, but make use of groups that already exsist (ex. children with a hisotry of sexual abuse)
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natural experiement
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nature manipulates the independent variable and the experiementer observes the effects
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analogue experiments
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allow investigators to freely manipulate independent variables while avoiding ethical and pratical limitations
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single subject experiment
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a single participent is observed both before and after manipulation of independent variable
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ABAB (reversal design)
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participents reactions are measured during a baseline period (a) after introduction of independent variable (b) after removal of independent variable (a) and after reintroduction of independent variable (b)
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mulitple baseline designs
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experimentor designs two or more dependent variables displayed by a participant and observes the effect tht th manipulation of independent variable has on behavior
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models of abnormality
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the perspectives used to explain events are known as models or paradigms, each spells out basic assumptions, gives order to the field under study, adn sets guidelines for investigation... models influence what investigators observe, the questions they ask, and the information they seek and how they interpret the information
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the biological model
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adopts a medical perpective, main focus is that psychlogical abnormality is an illness brought about by the malfunctioning parts of organism
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how to biological theorists explain abnormal behavior?
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problem in brain functioning, discovered connections between certain psychological disorders and problems in spceific brian areas - like dopamine levels or serotonin, also discovered that problems in teh brain can be problems in teh endocrine system (realese hormones which could be linked to psychological disorders)
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sources of biological abnormalities
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gentics, evolution, viral infections
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how do biological theripists treat disorders
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drug therapy, electroconvulsive threipy (ECT), neurosurgery
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what are the four major drug groups for treating abnormal behavior?
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antianxiety drugs, antidepressent drugs, antibipolar drugs, antipsychotic drugs
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electroconvusive theriry (ECT)
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used primarily for depression when drugs and other therapies have failed
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weakness of biological model
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can limit, rather then enhance our understanding, too simplistic, evidence is incomplete or inconclusive, treatments produce significant undesirable effects
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the psychdynamic model
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oldest and most famous psychological model, based on belive that a persons behavior normal or abnormal is determined largley by underlying psychological forces of which he or she is not consciously aware- father of psychoanaylytic theory- sigmond frued
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ID
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guided by the pleasure princible, instincutal needs, drives and impulses, sexual, fuelded by libido (sexual energy)
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EGO
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guided by the reality princible, seeks gratification but guides us to know when we can and cannot express our wishes, ego defense mechanisms protect us from anxiety.
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EGO nine defense meconisms
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repression, denial, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, displacement, intellectionalazation, regression, sublimination
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SUPER EGO
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guided by the morality princible, conscience, unconsciously adopted from our parents
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freuds develupmental stages
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each stage of development, new events and pressures require adjustment in teh id, ego, adn superego, if succusful personal growth, if unsuccessful fixation at an early develupmental stage, leading to psychological abnormality
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develupmental stages
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oral (0-18 months), Anal (18 months to 3 years), Phallic (3-5), Latency (5-12), Genital (12-adulthood)
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self theorists
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emphasize the unified personality
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object relations theorists
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emphasize the human need for interpersonal relationships
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psychodynamic theriapies
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seek to uncover past trauma and inner conflicts use free association, therapist interpretation (resistence, transference, dream interpretation), catharsis, working through
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behavioral model
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belive that our actions are determined largely by our experiences in life, concentrates wholly on behaviors and environmental factors, bases explanations and treatments on princibles of learning
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what forms of conditioning are there in the behavioral model
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operant, modeling, classical
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operant conditioning
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humans and animals learn to behave in certain ways as a result of recieiving rewards when they do so
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modeling
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individuals learn responces by observing and repeating behavior
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classical conditioning
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ivan pavolv, pavolvs dogs
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cognitive model
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seeks to account for behavior by studying the ways in which the person attends to, interprets, and uses availible information
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the humanistic-existential model
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combination model- humanistic view- emphasis on people as friendly, coorperative, and constructive: focus on drive to self-actualizition, the exsitentalist view- emphasis on self determination, chioce and individual responsibility, focus on authenticity
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humanistic theory and theripy
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belives in the human need for unconditional positive regard, client centered therapy- creates a supportive climite
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gestalt theory and therapy
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humanistic approach- goal is to guide clients toward self recognition through challenge and frustration
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existential theory and therapy
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belive that psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception, people hide from lifes responsiblityes and fail to reconize that it is up to them to give meaning to thier lives, people are encouraged to accept personal responsiblity for thier problems
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sociocultural model
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argue that abnormal behavior is best understood in teh light of the socail and cultural forces that influence an individual
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integrative theorists
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combine thoerys and therpies
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clinical assessment
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assessment is collecting relevant information in an effort to reach a conclusion- used to determine how and why a person is behaving abnormally and how that person may be helped (idographic- individual)
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three catagories of clinical assessment
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clinical interviews, tests, observations
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charicterisitcs of assessment tools
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assessment tools must be standardized and have clear reliablity and validity
