question

What characteristic of most of the tropical open oceans is directly responsible for the low chlorophyll levels in these waters?

answer

Low nutrient concentrations

question

The process by which energy derived from solar radiation is used by certain organisms to form organic matter is called:

answer

photosynthesis.

question

In general, the rate at which energy is stored by organisms through the formation of organic matter is called:

answer

primary productivity.

question

The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include:

answer

B and C are correct (nitrogen. phosphorus.)

question

What percent of the ocean's biomass relies either directly or indirectly on organic matter supplied by photosynthetic primary productivity?

answer

99.9%

question

Primary productivity data of the oceans is collected using satellites which measure

answer

color

question

The euphotic zone in the open ocean extends from the surface down to approximately ________.

answer

100 m

question

When nutrients are not limiting productivity, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen to phosphorus in the tissues of algae is in the proportion of ________ (C:N:P).

answer

106:16:01

question

When compared to coastal regions, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in the open ocean.

answer

deeper; lower

question

When compared to the open ocean, solar energy extends ________ into the water column and concentrations of nutrients are ________ in coastal regions.

answer

less; greater

question

Highly productive areas of coastal upwelling are found along the ________ margins of continents, where surface currents are moving ________ the equator.

answer

western; toward

question

A fact regarding photosynthesis is that _________.

answer

water and carbon dioxide are converted to oxygen gas and sugar

question

Which of the following nutrients can limit primary productivity by phytoplankton? Choose all that apply.

answer

iron nitrates silica phosphates

question

What are the reaction products of photosynthesis?

answer

oxygen gas and sugar

question

What are the reaction products of respiration?

answer

water and carbon dioxide gas

question

What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis?

answer

autotrophs primary producers phytoplankton

question

What is the chemical formula for sugar?

answer

C6H12O6

question

How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions?

answer

They utilize the energy in sugar.

question

The most abundant marine macroscopic algae are members of the Division:

answer

Rhodophyta.

question

Many of the organisms responsible for toxic red tides and paralytic shellfish poisoning belong to the Division:

answer

Pyrrophyta.

question

Diatoms, important producers in the epipelagic open ocean, are members of the Division:

answer

Chrysophyta.

question

The number of dead zones has ________ every decade from the1960s into the twenty-first century.

answer

doubled

question

Which of the following toxins is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans?

answer

karenia

question

In dead zones resulting from eutrophication, animal life is absent due to the lack of _________.

answer

oxygen

question

Which is the largest river in North America, responsible for the large dead zone that forms each summer in the Gulf of Mexico?

answer

Mississippi River

question

When does eutrophication occur?

answer

when there are excess nutrients in the water

question

Why do waters become anoxic in a dead zone?

answer

Bacteria that decompose the dead algae use up all of the oxygen in the water.

question

Where are dead zones more likely to develop?

answer

where river draining areas with high human population densities discharge into the ocean

question

How might the development of dead zones be controlled?

answer

by controlling the runoff of nutrients from agricultural lands with enhanced sewage treatment by planting trees and grasses through preservation of wetlands

question

The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is approximately:

answer

1%

question

The relative productivity in the world's oceans from most productive to least productive is:

answer

temperate waters, polar waters, tropical waters.

question

Although primary productivity in tropical areas is generally low, which of the following tropical locations have unusually high primary productivity rates?

answer

equatorial upwelling zones

question

Which of the following ecosystems has the highest average net primary productivity?

answer

Freshwater swamp and marsh

question

Which marine ecosystem has average net primary productivity comparable to a tropical rainforest?

answer

Algae beds and coral reefs

question

Which marine ecosystem has the lowest average net primary productivity?

answer

Open Ocean

question

Productivity is limited by ________ in polar regions and by ________ in the low-latitude tropics.

answer

available sunlight; nutrient supply

question

In middle latitude (temperate) oceans, primary productivity is limited by ________.

answer

both available sunlight and nutrient supply

question

Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity in polar regions is/are true? Choose all that apply.

answer

In polar oceans, productivity is limited by the lack of sunlight in the winter. In polar oceans, there is incredibly high productivity in the summertime. In polar oceans, nutrient concentrations are usually adequate and do not limit productivity.

question

Which of the following statements about oceanic productivity is/are true? Choose all that apply.

answer

***

question

Nutrient flow in an ecosystem is:

answer

cyclical.

question

Energy flow in an ecosystem is:

answer

unidirectional.

question

Organisms within an ecosystem that nourish themselves through either photosynthesis or chemosynthesis are called ________

answer

producers

question

Organisms within an ecosystem that break down dead and decaying remains and waste products of organisms for their own energy requirements are called ________.

answer

decomposer

question

Barnacles are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.

answer

filter

question

Clams are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.

answer

filter

question

Orchestoidea is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.

answer

deposit

question

Sharks are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.

answer

active predation

question

In the ongoing processes of photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition in the ocean, all components are recycled except _________.

answer

energy

question

Of the following statements about feeding strategies, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

answer

Carnivorous feeding involves either passive or active predation. Carnivorous feeding involves organisms directly capturing and eating other animals. suspension feeding involves filtering plankton from seawater. Deposit feeders include worms that ingest sediment that is coated with organic matter.

question

Which of the following is in trophic level 1?

answer

phytoplankton

question

Which of the following are first-level consumers?

answer

zooplankton herbivores

question

Which of the following are members of trophic level 5?

answer

humans orca whales

question

For every 500,000 units of radiant energy that enter an ecosystem from the Sun, how many units are transferred all the way to the top producers?

answer

1

question

What is kinetic energy?

answer

energy of movement

question

The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is best defined as:

answer

largest catch that can be taken without overfishing.

question

The term bycatch or incidental catch refers to:

answer

non-target species that are caught along with commercial species.

question

Which of the following is not a problem currently facing fisheries management?

answer

Restrictions on the number of new fishing vessels

question

Due to concerns about mercury or other contaminants you should limit your consumption of all of the following except ________.

answer

Alaska Wild Salmon

question

Which of the following statements about marine fisheries is/are true? Choose all that apply.

answer

Based on current practices, it is predicted that marine fish stocks will be depleted by 2048. Fishing practices have removed 90% of large marine predatory fish species. In U.S. waters, 80% of commercial marine fish stocks are fully exploited or overfished.

Oceanography chapter 13 – Flashcards

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