Latin American Cultural Studies (LAA 100) Final Exam Vocabulary – Flashcards
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Isthmus
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a narrow strip of land with sea on either side, forming a link between two larger areas of land.
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Colonialism
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the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
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Nonsedentary
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developed/changing country
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Semisedentary
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Somewhat developing/developed country
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fully sedentary
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Inactive/developing country
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slash and burn
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of, relating to, or denoting a method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown, typically used as a method for clearing
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Tenochtitlan
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Aztec Capital City; currently in place of Mexico City
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labor specialization
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Assembly line theory: one person has a specific job that they become experts at (i.e. Person A makes wheels, Person B puts them on, Person C makes another part, etc.)
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Mexicas
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People indigenous to Mexican Valley
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city-state
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A city with the powers of a state
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Nahuatl
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Language of the Aztecs
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Cuzco
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Capital of Inca Empire
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Quechua
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Language of Inca
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crusading mentality
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Iberians had conquered many lands before South America
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Moors
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Muslims
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Encomienda
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a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.
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Caciques
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Native Chieftan
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Mestizo
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a man of mixed race, especially the offspring of a Spaniard and an American Indian.
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Malinche
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Dona Marina-translator for Hernan Cortes
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Viceroy
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a ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign.
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Audiencia
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a tribunal in which the sovereign of Spain gave personal attention to matters of justice
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Hacienda
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(in Spanish-speaking regions) a large estate or plantation with a dwelling house.
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Godparent
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Someone specially chosen to watch over a child. Generally gives gifts/pays for college.
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Creole
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a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean.
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Miscegenation
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the interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types.
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passe blanc-
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passe blanc- "Pass as white"- people of Latin American/African descent that appear white either by skin color or social class
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Las Castas
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caste system
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Liberalism
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Free-market/capitalism
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Mercantilism
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Trade generates wealth, so governments should encourage trade between members of its own country and avoid international trade.
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Neo-Columbian Exchange
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Exchange of goods, services, money, food, culture, disease, and people between old world and new world.
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Gaucho
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Cowboy of the South American Pampas
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Caudillo
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"Strong man"- a man with military or political power; generally corrupt
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Patrimonialism
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power comes from the leader of a country; excludes upper/middle class from power because only one person has control (autocratic/oligarchic)
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Estanica
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"Estate"- Private landholdings
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Populism
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Appeals to the ideas of the multitude
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Positivism
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Philosophical system that believes there is a rational justification for everything rather than believing in metaphysics or theism.
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Científicos
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Mexican positivists that believed in positivism; led modern revolution
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Oligarchy
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Small group has power
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Neocolonialism
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the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.
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Tango
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Dance coming from the lower class people of Argentina
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comparative advantage
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Countries trade based off of whichever one can more easily produce a good; they trade the goods they have a comparative advantage for and both sides win.
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Pampas
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South American Plains- South Eastern South America
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Lunfardo
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Lower class slang language developed in Argentina
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Conservativism
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political philosophy that favors tradition in the face of external forces for change.
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NGO
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Non-governmental Ogranization: Charities that provide South Americans with food/water/education/healthcare
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Municipio
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country subdivisions; municipality (corporate status and local government)
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Pan-ethnic Identity
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When people of different ethnic groups with one shared experience come together to idnetify as one group
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Indigenismo
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Someone not of Native descent that fights for native rights despite what natives want.
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Neoliberalism
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private sectors control economy
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Inti Raymi
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"sun festival" of Inca people
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Cholo
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Lower class Mexican/Latin American with Native Blood
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Sendero Luminoso
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"shining path"
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Tiwanaku
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Bolivian archaeological site; capital of pre-Hispanic Empire in Southern Andes
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CONAIE
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CONAIE- Confederation of Indigienous Nationalities of Ecuador; stands up for the rights of natives in Ecuador
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Aymara
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indigenous people of Andes mountains
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La Violencia
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10 year long civil war in Colombia; violence that killed tens of thousands in Guatemala
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Noirisme
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movement by president Duvalier in Haiti to bring back African culture (Vodou)
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Papa Doc
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Francois Duvalier (Haitian president 1957-71)
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Baby Doc
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Jean-Claude Duvalier (Haitian President 1971-86)
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Vodou
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West African religion practiced by Haitians of African Descent
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Syncretism
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the combining or attempted combining of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought.
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Racial Democracy
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Political system in Brazil- skin color is based off of economic and political status
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Quilombo
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Brazilian settlement of Africans; generally very poor areas
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People's National Movements
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Governing political party in Trinidad and Tobago
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Objectification
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Treating one person as a tool for another's success
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Affirmative Action
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Racial equality program in Brazil especially amongst universities
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Machismo
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Masculine pride; a man acting in a way to prove that he is masculine
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Marianismo
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Female gender role; females must have purity and moral strength; "Virgin" aspect of dichotomy
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Desaparecidos
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A person who was "disappeared" by the government or military
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Feminism
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the advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.
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Double Day
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Dual responsibilities of working mothers; work at work during the day, then work at home during the evening/night.
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Corporatism
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the control of a state or organization by large interest groups.
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Descamisados
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"Shirtless"- Originally a disrespectful term for revolutionaries, Eva Peron used it affectionately for her followers
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Justicialismo
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Peronism; political movement started and based off of the beliefs of Juan Peron
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"Third Position"
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Juan Peron; opposition to both capitalism and communism- more opposed to communism
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State Owned Enterprise (SOE)
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corporation owned by the government to ensure high quality goods/services are produced.
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Import Subsitution Industrialization (ISI)
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a trade and economic policy which advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. ISI is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products.
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GDP
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Gross Domestic Product; monetary value of all goods/services produced by a country
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Multiplier effect
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the increase in final income arising from any new injection of spending. For example, Brazil starts a car manufacturing company, which leads to gas stations, roads, and car repair places opening.
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Bauxite
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Used to make aluminum; South America produced the majority of bauxite during WWII
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Transnationalism
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Elimination of borders from nations; theory that culture, language, money, etc. will inevitably spread across borders.
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Juan Manuel de Rosas
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Argentinian Caudillo; populist in that he claimed to be for the people. Military Hero, defender of Argentina, Governor of the Capital (Buenos Aires). He decentralized the Argentinian Government
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Juan Peron
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Argentinian president; institutes ISI, social justice programs and industrialization- "third party," not capitalist, not communist.
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Evita Peron
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Womens' rights, workers rights, Peronists Womens Party. Hated by aristocracy.
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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Involved in Haiti/Louisiana Purchase. Sold Louisiana Purchase to the U.S. to stop Haitian revolution.
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James Polk
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US President during Mexican-American War. Manifest Destiny; took Texas and others as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe.
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Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana
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Mexican President during Mexican-American War. Agreed to treaty of Guadalupe.
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Teddy Roosevelt
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Panama canal; US wanted a canal, so he paid Panama to build one
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Somoza Dynasty
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Anti-communist group in Nicaragua. US supported their dictators to avoid the spread of communism in the region. Fought the Sandanistas.
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John F. Kennedy
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Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Alliance For Progress.
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Lyndon B. Johnson
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Alliance turns into group to stop the spread of communism- less economic more military during his term as president.
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Salvador Allende
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socialist from Chile. "peaceful path" to socialism- rejected communism and marxism
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Augusto Pinochet
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Overthrew Allende; military dictator who ruled Chile for nearly 20 years
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Che Guevara
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Marxist Argentinian; helped Cuba in their revolution by introducing guerilla warfare
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Celia Cruz
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Queen of Salsa; singer/dancer exiled from Cube to the US
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Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
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Genius Renaissance Feminist (nun)
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Jose Marti
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Cuban poet exiled to the US. He was very influential all over Latin America. Ideology was to unite the countries of Latin America.
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Gabriel Garcia Marquez
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Autumn of the Patriarch, Nobel Prize winner, Friend of Fidel Castro
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Comandante Marcos
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led the Zapatista Rebellian in Mexico. Professor that preached marxism.
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Diego Rivera
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Mexican painter. Voice of the people. Communist/Marxist idealist.
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Frida Kahlo
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Wife of Diego Rivera. Also a Marxist/Communist
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Pablo Neruda
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Rivera's partner; Chilean poet and leader of the Chilean Communist Party: Salvador Allende's advisor
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Derek Walcott
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St. Lucia; wrote poetry on Caribbean culture, language, and equality
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Michael Manley
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President of Jamaica; "Better must come"- tried to advance Jamaica with economic reforms similar to ISI
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Alliance for Progress
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Economic program that aimed to establish cooperation between the US and Latin America
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Bureaucratic authoritarianism
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"normalized economy"- one man or a very small group leads the country similarly to an authoritarian regime, but with more focus on the economic sector
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Favelas
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Brazilian slum; poor areas of towns in Brazil
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Oil Crisis
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OPEC cut oil exports to certain nations (US and Latin America included), causing the economies of these countries to fall. Oil prices skyrocketed and Western countries suffered.
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OPEC
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries- cartel of very powerful oil-producing countries; produced the majority of the world's oil at the time
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IMF
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International Monetary Fund- gives money to countries around the world suffering from "balance of payment issues"
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Structural Adjustment Program (SAP)
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economic policies for developing countries that have been promoted by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) since the early 1980s by the provision of loans conditional on the adoption of such policies
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Movimento Sem Terra
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"Landless workers movement"- fought for land reform in Brazil; tried to get more land for the poor people of the country
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Pentecostalism
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renewal movement within Protestant Christianity that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience of God through the baptism with the Holy Spirit
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Umbanda
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Brazilian folk religion combining elements of macumba, Roman Catholicism, and South American Indian practices. More acceptable than Candomble- viewed as less black.
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Candomble
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religion based off of African beliefs. There is no "good" or "bad" in this religion. Has around 2 million followers worldwide. Less acceptable than Umbanda- viewed as more black.
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Orixas
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a Candomble god that reflects one of the manifestations of the Supreme God. Central to the Candomble beliefs.
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Ejido
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a piece of land (in Mexico) farmed communally under a system supported by the state
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Platt Amendment (1901)
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stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War, and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions
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Guerrilla warfare
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a small group of combatants ambushes, sabotages, raids, or uses other hit-and-run tactics to defeat a larger group
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Bay of Pigs
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CIA launched a full-scale invasion of Cuba by Cuban people that left their homes after Castro took over. It failed miserably
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Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN)
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democratic socialist party in Cuba; After overthrow of Somozas, instituted national literacy policy, emphasized healthcare gender equality. Approved by church.
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Iran Contra Scandal
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US provided funds to the Contra by selling guns to Iran and giving those funds to the Contra. Congress wouldn't let Reagan give contra direct military aid.
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Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN)
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left-winged liberation group that fought in the Salvadorean Civil War. Now a legitimate, legal left-winged political party in El Salvador.
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Contra War
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Contras were US backed, right-wing troops fighting against the Sandinistas in Nicaragua. East vs West. Caribbean coast (Sandinistas) invade cities and beat the people of the center (contra)
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Maoism
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the communist doctrines of Mao Zedong as formerly practiced in China, having as a central idea permanent revolution and stressing the importance of the peasantry, of small-scale industry, and of agricultural collectivization
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NAFTA
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North American Free Trade Agreement- trilateral free trade agreement that permits trade embargos/tariffs being placed on Canada, US, and/or Mexico. Sparked Zapatista Revolution.
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Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN)
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leftist, communist group of rebels in Southern Mexico. Made up mostly of rural, indigenous people. Revolt against global capitalism.
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The Cuban Missle Crisis
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13 day stand-off between US and Russia over soviet missiles set to launch from Cuba. In exchange for removing missiles from turkey, ussr doesn't put missiles in Cuba.
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Cultural Imperialism
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The imposition of a foreign viewpoint or civilization on people (forced transnationalism?) Hegemon influences subordinate countries cultural as well as politically/economically.
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Telenovelas
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Latin American Soap Operas- funny and/or dramatic television shows that bring together people of South America and the rest of the world.
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Sovereignty
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the authority of a state to govern itself (freedom from US oppression)
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Autonomy
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the right or condition of a country to be able to self-govern (freedom from US oppression)
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Hegemony
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leadership or dominance by one country over others (US oppression)
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Monroe Doctrine
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President James Monroe; any intervention by external powers over a country in the Americas is an act of aggression towards the US.
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Manifest Destiny
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The US not only could-but is destined to- have power from coast to coast. US should conquer all the lands
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White man's burden
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the task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the black or native inhabitants of their colonies. Because white people are superior, they have a responsibility to help other people.
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Roosevelt Corollary
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Addition to the Monroe Doctrine; US can intervene in the matters of a country in the Americas against European intervention
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Preferential Option for the Poor
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Catholic/Christian belief that the lower class needs to be helped; spurs people to focus helping only the lower class
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Vatican II
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Second VaticanCouncil, an assembly of all the bishops of the Roman Catholic Church held from 1962 to 1965. The bishops ordered a large-scale liberalization and modernization of practices in their church.
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Medellin Conference of CELAM
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Latin American Episcopal Council- council of Roman Catholic Bishops in Latin America. At this conference the bishops agreed to take preferential options for the poor
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Christian Base Communities
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organized illiterate or poor communities into self-reliant worshiping communities. Provided biblical knowledge to people far away from churches.
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Puebla Conference of CELAM
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at this conference strong opposition to the idea of "preferential option for the poor" was raised.
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Sandinista Revolution of 1979
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People from all sectors of Nicaragua came together to defeat and overthrow the Somoza Dynasty on July 19
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Opus Dei
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Roman Catholic organization of laymen and priests founded in Spain in 1928 with the aim of re-establishing Christian ideals in society
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Black Power
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in Jamaica; associated with Michael Manley- the taking over by the black majority. Rejected white imperialism. Brought black culture to the foreground.
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FARC
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Marxist revolutionaries in Colombia; longest standing revolutionary group in Latin America. Once Marxism was toned down, they fell back on having the drug cartels pay them protection money.
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Paras
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Para-military group against FARC- "sometimes" had the support of the government. Supported by the US.
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Globalism
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Placing the importance of the entire world- or larger region- above the needs of an individual country.
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Urbanization
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The transition from a rural or small less industrialized town to a larger city with more large businesses or industries.
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Green Revolution
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Commercialism of agriculture- shifts farms from feeding families to more modern, global farms; used modern technology, pesticides, monoagriculture: killed the soil and took away jobs.
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Informal Economy
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a business not recognized by the government that also doesn't pay taxes. Avoids zoning, labor, wage, environment, and health laws.
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Maquiladoras
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factories between the US and Mexico; extends trade and economy between the two countries. Makes it cheaper for US companies to produce goods while giving jobs to Mexican citizens.
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Remittances
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Money being sent to Mexico (or other countries) by US businesses or immigrant workers from another country.
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Pollero (Coyote)
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human smugglers; usually willingly took people to the US. Fairly expensive.
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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Peace treaty between the US and Mexico (signed by James Polk and Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana). Also gave the US A LOT of Mexican land that is now multiple states.
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Mexican Repatriation (1926-1936)
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President Hoover enacted a law forcing many Mexicans in the US back to Mexico; many were lawful US citizens.
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Bracero Program
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During WWII the US opened the labor market to Mexican workers; allowed many Mexican people to come across the border to perform manual labor and hard work.
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Immigration and Nationality Act 1965
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established a quota on the number of immigrants allowed to enter the US from any given country. Each country was allotted same number of immigrants, so it was unfair.
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Chicano Movement
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Mexican American civil rights movement of the 1960's; Mexican Americans claimed that they had the same rights as any white person in the US
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LULAC
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"League Of United Latin American Citizens"- fights to end discrimination towards Latin Americans in the US
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Aztlán
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Aztec idea that the land now occupied by the US is a sort of "Northern Homeland" for Aztec/Mexican people. Instills belief in Mexican people that US is their land
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Globalization
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spread of business, technology, culture, or philosophy to spread across the world
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Global Factory
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Globalizing the economy. International labor, farms, trading, and markets (i.e. maquiladoras)
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Global Farm
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Farms shift from subsistence to selling products internationally; may be owned by another country (i.e. Kenyan farms owned by S. Korea)
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Neo-extractivism
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subordinate position by Latin American countries in the global market. Rather than forcibly taking products out of a country, other more powerful countries take advantage of the market to extract goods from Latin American countries
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Pink Tide
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Rejection of neo-liberalism (capitalism); moves away from capitalism because a lot of people are impoverished by it. Pink= socialist because communist=red and they're not full-blown commies
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Grandeza
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"Greatness"- Brazil sees itself as a huge country with high expectations- they expect greatness- so citizens hold politicians and the government to these high expectations.
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Internal Colonization
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continuation of colonial project by the elite (i.e. Brazil made Brasilia to urbanize the middle of the country).
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Dollar Diplomacy
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The use of money to extend a country's influence in political, military, or other ways.
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Drago Doctrine
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Argentina; international principle rejecting the idea that a nation can be invaded in order to collect debt.
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Dependency Theory
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resources flow from poor, underdeveloped countries to more developed and wealthy countries (resources flow from Latin America to US/Europe). Drains resources from Latin American countries.
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Bell Gardens
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Town in Los Angeles; controlled by white Americans resisting immigration- used tricks to restrict credit, wrote neighborhood laws to make it impossible for Hispanics/blacks to live in Bell Gardens. Now it's a majority Hispanic/black community.
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Salsa
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Celia Cruz; Mix of Afro-Cuban, Spanish, etc.; MADE IN NYC. Emotional, sexy, international fan base
