Geology Minerals Quiz – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Mineral
answer
Naturally occurring, generally inorganic, solid substance, with an orderly crystalline structure and definite chemical composition; only some compounds
question
Rock
answer
A solid mass of minerals or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally
question
Matter
answer
Anything that has mass and occupies space Composed of fundamental particles that combine to form larger subatomic particles (Protons, Neutrons, Electrons)
question
Atoms
answer
Combined subatomic particles
question
Elements
answer
Substances composed of one type of atom and is defined by the # of protons in its atoms
question
Isotopes
answer
# of neutrons vary in these elements (different versions of the same element); Some are stable and others are unstable/decay
question
Compounds
answer
Atoms(elements) combined in various ways
question
Bond
answer
How atoms come together & depends on the # of electrons occupying the outer shell of the atom
question
Ionic Bonding
answer
Electron transfer sets up a differential, then attraction (they've either gained or lost an electron = positive or negative charge)
question
Covalent Bonding
answer
Electron Sharing
question
Metallic Bonding
answer
Extreme electron sharing, more than 2 - w/ mobility
question
Van der Waals bonding
answer
no electron movements, just weak attractive forces
question
Crystalline Structure
answer
atoms arranged in a regular 3-D network, can occur in a variety of shapes which reflect the orderly internal arrangement of atoms, and leads to crystal growth and formation w/ enough time and space
question
Chemical Composition
answer
Chemical formula which is shorthand for providing elemental composition and ratios, and are composed of single element or a combo
question
Physical Properties
answer
are determined by the internal structure and chemical composition; Most = constant but some vary (i.e. color); Color, streak, hardness, luster, cleavage, fracture, and chemical form
question
Chemical Properties
answer
Physical - Reacts w/ HCL
question
Rock Forming Minerals
answer
Few dozen common minerals that composed of the most abundant elements found in the crust (Oxygen and Silicon)
question
Accessory Minerals
answer
Less common minerals
question
Silicates
answer
Mineral Group; Most abundant and built from Oxygen and silicon arranged in a tetrahedron (Si in the middle and 4 O at the corners) -> Single or double chains, sheets, and 3D networks
question
Common Silicates
answer
Quartz, feldspars, micas, amphiboles, pyroxenes, olivines, and clays
question
Common non-silicates
answer
calcite, dolomite, gypsum, halite
question
Dark Silicates
answer
Contain Fe/Mg = generally dark in color w/ high density (olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, some mica, and clays)
question
Light Silicates
answer
Lack Fe/Mg = generally light in color and lower density ( quartz, most feldspars, some micas, and clays)
question
Carbonates
answer
Contain negatively charged carbonate ion which bonds w/ positively charged ion (calcite, dolomite); Primarily found in sedimentary rocks & are 'shallow minerals'
question
Oxides
answer
a metal + oxygen (hematite) most common - iron oxide
question
Sulfides
answer
a metal + sulfar (Galena)
question
Sulfates
answer
a metal + sulfate (Gypsum)
question
Halides
answer
a metal + a halogen (halite)
question
Native Elements
answer
Single element (Copper)
question
Crystallization
answer
of molten rock material = form all of the important silicates except clay
question
Precipitation
answer
out of aqueous solution (water w/ dissolved stuff), Hydrothermal vents[gold,galena], from sea/lake water [halite, gypsum]
question
Deposition
answer
of biological processes [calcite, silica, pearls]
question
Metamorphism
answer
starts as one mineral and then changes into another [garnet]
question
Chemical weathering
answer
alteration of pre-existing silicate minerals [clay]
