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Hyper Segregatation

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This term describes East St. Louis being 95% Black

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Checkerboard

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This describes the racial geography of blacks in the southern cities after 1900

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New Orleans

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This city experienced dramatic growth and became the largest southern port associated with the "Kong Cotton"

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Residential Succesion

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African Americans expanded their northern settlement geography by this process

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Brownsville

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This Chicago cultural landscape was a place of Black pride and success after the Great Migration

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Black Ghetto

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Identified by Rose as a new Black american settlement pattern of the 20th century, it is associated with the Great Migration and white avoidance.

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Alabama, Texas, Mississippi, & Louisiana

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This region emerged as a part of Black cultural hearth in the US after 1790

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Dred Scott Case

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This established that Blacks were not US citizens

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Ft. Lauderdale

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This is a general location of Broward County's poorest blacks

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1965 US Defense Interstate ;Highway Act

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In Austin, this resulted in the "the White man's road through the Black man's Bedroom," or the geographic split of the city into the White and Black sections.

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Urban Revitalization

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This utilized the concept of "derelict landscape" to explain the need to "improve" East Austin's Black quarter.

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Jam Hill

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This center of Jamaican cultural activities helps bind Broward County's heterolocal settlement of Jamaicans together.

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Black Brain Drain

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This has occurred due to out-migration from Miami-Dade County during the current period of the African Diaspora.

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Disconnected Youth

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These are out-of-school and unemployed people between the ages of 16 and 22

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New York City;

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Of Miami and NYC, the one with the largest Black population in 2000.

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Sectionalism

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This refers to an allegiance to region, rather than nation, and contributed to Civil War.

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Plessy vs. Ferguson

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This found social, political and geographic segregation to be legal; i.e. "separate but equal doctrine."

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1820 Missouri Compromise

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This agreement created one free(Maine) and one slave state(Missouri) and established the ;36"30' line (northern limit to slavery)

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Heterolocalism

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This concept refers to a contemporary settlement structure of a scattered ethnic population in suburbia that maintains its ethnicity through particular activities in particular places.

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Tipping Point

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This refers to the proportion of Blacks that must locate in a neighborhood before inducing the White Flight (residential succession)

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Blockbuster

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According to "Chicago" Video, this terms refers to the first Black moving into an all-White neighborhood.

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Title VI and VII

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These created Affirmative action in the 1964 Civil Rights Act

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Jim Crow Laws

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Following Plessy Vs. Ferguson, these broad-based state laws mandated the social and geographic separation of Blacks and Whites.

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Kitchenette

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Referred to as an overcrowded Black housing unit in Chicago after WWII

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Home Mortgage interest Tax Deduction

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This is a hidden urban policy that contributed to US White suburban home ownership after 1940

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1965 US Defense Interstate Highway Act

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This hidden policy contributed to racial isolation between central cities and suburbs by providing easy access to inner city professional employment and suburban living.

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Cultural Landscape

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The location of NYC West Indian activities; "west indian parlors, restaurants, record stores, groceries,..." these together constitute this concept.

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1954 Brown Vs. Board of Education

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This struck down "Separate but Equal"

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Sahan

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An African concept used to find Lewiston, Maine as a new settlement location

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VOLAGS

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This receive, place, and assist refugee groups

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Greensville

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Community highlighted in the Fatal Flood

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Second Ghetto

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This is a concept assigned to Chicago's high rise, segregated public housing

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Sectoral Growth

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This describes the spatial pattern of Northern Blacks suburbanization after 1960

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Jamaica

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The largest source nation of West Indians to the US

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1965 INA(Hart-Cellar)

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This increased the flow of Black Migrants from Caribbean nations to to NYC

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Freedman's Bureau

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This agency, which benefitted African Americans for a brief period after the Civil War, was one of the positive institutional outcomes after emancipation

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FHA

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This institution played an explicitly racist role in post WWII America by restricting suburban access to African Americans

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Redlining

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Strategy of banks that discouraged loans in certain areas, such as in Cleveland suburbs of Hough and Glendale

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Racial Steering

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Guiding buyers to racially acceptable neighborhoods, this real estate practice is now illegal

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Social Institution

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These are the means by a culture to support its goals and perpetuate itself.

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Railroad

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The network that connected the American Southwest to the American industrial economy and created an additional demand for Mexican immigrant labor.

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Prejudice

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Typically occurs without direct contact, this is an inflexible pre-judgment

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Workplaces

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The place in Allentown where Latinos felt least fairly treated

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Political Fragmentation

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A geographic expression of one of Zelinsky's cultural motifs, it represents "individualism"

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Heterolocalism

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This process describes a new suburban immigrant settlement pattern of dispersion without loss of ethnicity

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Golden Exiles

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This concept is used to describe the first wave of Cuban refugees that fled Castro's new Cuba for Florida.

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Repatriation

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This term describes the removal of Mexicans from the US during the 1930s. "Operation Wetback" was a type of program during the 1950s

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Race

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This is a concept, which often relies on perceived biological distinctions, actually is a social construct that has ben used to restrict access of minority cultures to housing, employment, and other necessities

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Multicultural Geography

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The study of both racial and ethnic geography

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1917 Jones Act

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This made Puerto Ricans US citizens and freed them to migrate to the US mainland.

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Transnationalism

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This concept explains an immigrant identity that is somewhere "in-between" its new nation and homeland

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Ehtnicity

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A group constructed identity based on amplified cultural attributes and an attachment to homeland

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Racial Geography

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Geographic patterns that reflect the power of the host society to limit the mobility of and restrict access to resources based on race.

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Operation Bootstrap

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This policy resulted from US and Puerto Rican cooperation and was designed to reduce on agriculturally-related employment and increase factory employment in Puerto Rico

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Segmented Assimilation

answer

This concept accepts straight-line(spatial assimilation) but argues that there are multiple paths related to assimilation

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Nativism

answer

Suggests that being native born provides entitlements to resources before any access provided to immigrants

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Brooklyn

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This colonia, created by the activities of the American Manufacturing Company, became an important Puerto Rican place in NYC

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Spanish Language Signs

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This was one identifier(visual cue) of Allentown's Latino cultural landscape

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Emerging Gateway

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Orlando is a type of gateway, having experienced rapid growth in its immigrant population over the past 20 years

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Packingtown

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This immigrant slums, featured in the movie "Chicago", was located in the "Zone of Transition" near its stockyards and rail yards

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Texas and California

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These two states had Hispanic/Mexican populations and were part of the Entradas. However they developed differently prior to statehood.

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Barrio

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This literally means neighborhood but became a social construction to create a negative image of place at the time of the Great Depression.

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Continuous Gateway

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New York and Chicago are these.

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Borderlands

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The early Hispanic region contained thousands of Spanish Speaking people, who although of a different culture became instant American citizens after the Mexican Cession and Gadsen Purchase

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Inner Suburbs

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This is where Bolivians settled in Washington D.C.

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Haymarket

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Place where Chicago labor riots erupted

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Topophilia

answer

Reflects the locational shift of Mexican labor reported in "Hispanics in America" video

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Little Havana

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Miami, Florida neighborhood revitalized by immigrant Cuban investments

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Georgia

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US Southern state that was among the highest recipients of illegal Latino immigrants

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Bracero Program

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The guest-worker program, which brought thousands of Mexicans to the US during and after WWII

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Marxism

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Created institutions in Chicago for the working class to distract them from the economic extremes of capitalism. It also explained inner-city slums as capitalist efforts to use geographic space as a tool

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Contradictory Pressures

answer

These represent both positive and strained relationships between West Indian and Blacks in NYC

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Triple Layering

answer

In both NYC and Miami, Jamaicans prefer to live among other Jamaicans within West Indian neighborhoods. These neighborhoods tend to be located within large black areas of both cities. This concept describes that geographic settlement structure

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Western Suburbs

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Location of the wealthiest Blacks in Broward County

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Cricket Stadium

answer

Public Spending on this was perceived as assisting West Indian immigrants and led African Americans resentment toward them

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Distancing

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This involves wanting to be perceived as culturally different from African Americans

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Bantu Somalis

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The name of the historically marginalized minority living ing Somalia

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NASAP

answer

This established food cooperatives for Lewiston's Somalis and provided family food and surplus to sell at market

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Islam

answer

This is the majority faith among Somalis in Lewiston

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Mosque

answer

Lewiston Somalis pooled their resources to purchase this

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Chesapeake Bay

answer

The pre 19th century primary location of black racial geography in the US

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Cultural Hearth

answer

States from Texas to Carolina that were 33% Black by 1910

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Philadelphia & New York City

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Two Northern cities that had Black neighborhoods before 1910 and were characterized by Dubois as poor and overcrowded

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Detroit

answer

After New York and Chicago, one of the two cities that had the largest black populations by 2000

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Ghana & Nigeria

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The two African nations that took the most advantage of the US Diversity Visa

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Jamaica & Guyana

answer

Two Caribbean Nations that took the most advantage of the diversity visa

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Gateway Cities

answer

These are the most important settlement locations for recent Black immigrants

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Spatial Spillover

answer

A Northern Black suburban ring settlement pattern of the 20th century

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Spatial Assimilation

answer

This concept has been applied to many US cities and stresses reuse of older urban areas to reduce the negatives associated with suburbanization

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Urban Revitalization

answer

This used the concepts derelict landscape and eminent domain to explain the East Austin's decline and need for change.

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Physical Network

answer

A path connecting two or more points, this describes the canal and rail systems that connected NYC with Chicago

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H-1 Visa

answer

This type of visa is for non-premanent immigrants who have particular job skills. Their annual limits have been periodically raised by Congress. Their holders are eligible for citizenship during their approved work status

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Globalization

answer

A hotly debated topic that describes the processes that lead to a more interconnected and interdependent world. It also contributed to immigration and migration.

question

Straight line Assimilation

answer

This concept came from the Chicago School model and suggested settlement in rings(concentric zones) away from the CBD are due in part to social fluidity that allows movement

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Salvadorians

answer

This group has provided Washington DC largest share of foreign born residents

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Cuba

answer

This nation provided US with its first Hispanic/Latino group with "nation of first asylum", meaning refugees

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Urban

answer

Best describes general location and nature of contemporary Mexican-AMerican pop.

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Businesses

answer

These created important Puerto Rican social institutions and became the backbone of their community

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1916 Jones Act

answer

Made Filipinos American Nationals and thus allowed their migration to the US

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1923 US vs. Bhagat Singh Thind

answer

This stated that Asian Indians were not White and could not be naturalized

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2nd Alien Land Law

answer

This closed the loop hole that had allowed American-born Japanese to purchase agricultural land for foreign born parents

question

Ethnoburb

answer

San Gabriel Valley,Involves the location of different Chinese socioeconomic classes directly in the suburbs, near residential and business clusters, indicating that straight line assimilation does not always apply

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Hawaii

answer

This place provided young Filipino men early employment opportunities in mills and on plantations prior to their migration to US mainland

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Religious institutions

answer

Contributed to maintenance of Japanese-American identity

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Commodification

answer

A response to the mid-1990s economic crisis by Little Tokyo

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Hide skin Color

answer

Explanation for Asian Indian invisibility in US

question

Luce-Cellar Act

answer

Provided right of citizenship to Asian Indians in the US after WWII

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Phoenix & Austin

answer

Two cities that have had an increase in Asian Indians since 1990

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New York & New Jersey

answer

This gateway contained the largest percentage of Asian Indians in US

question

Capitalism & the Chinese

answer

Enemies of the 1870s California Labor movement

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