chap 1-5 – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation? |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| Who is the founder of “aseptic techniques” and aseptic surgery? |
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| Lister |
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| Are all E. coli’s harmful |
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| Not all are harmful. there is E. coli in the gut. |
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| The correct way of writing scientific names. |
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| Binomal clementure/Genus, species. |
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| Contribution of Semmelweis, Koch, Pasteur, Jenner. |
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| a) Semmelweis-Proposed hand washing between patients. b) Koch-(postulates) series of proofs verifying the germ theory; developed pure culture technique c) Pasteur –showed microbes cause fermentation and spoilage/disproved spontaneous generation of m.o./developed aseptic techniques/developed rabies vaccine. d) Jenner –developed immunity to smallpox |
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| What are the probable age of our planet and the probable age of life on it? |
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| Planet over 4 billion yrs old. Life came at about 3.5 billion yrs |
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| Which microorganism is a prokaryote and which one is eukaryote |
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| Prokaryotes/Plants are small and lack nucleus and organelles. Eukaryotes/animals are larger and have nucleus and organelles. |
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| Roles of microorganism in our lives. |
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| Immunology, Public health, Food/dairy/aquatic microbiology, Agricultural microbiology, Biotechnology. |
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| What does the theory of spontaneous generation and biogenesis state? |
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| Spontaneous generation stated that living things arose from nonliving or decomposing matter. Biogenesis is that living things arise only from others of their same kind. |
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| The work of these two scientists founded microbiology as a science, who are these two scientists |
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| Louis Pasteur/Robert Koch |
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| Are viruses smaller or bigger than bacteria? |
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| smaller |
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| What kind of cell was the first to perform photosynthesis? |
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| prokaryotes |
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| Who was the first to observe live microorganisms and what did he name them |
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| Leeuwenhoek. He named them animalcules. |
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| Definition of protein structures: |
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| Primary: chain of amino acids. Secondary: formation of helixes and B-sheets due to hydrogen bonding within the chain. Tertiary: cross-links, especially disulfide bonds, between secondary structures Quaternary: formation of multisubunit proteins. |
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| Definition of organic macromolecule and what is the four kinds of organic macromolecules. |
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| Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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| An example of a high-energy molecule in the cell. |
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| ATP-adenosine triphosphate |
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| What are the components of a nucleotide? |
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| Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine |
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| What are the complementary nucleotides in RNA and DNA? |
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| DNA=A to T, C to G. RNA=A to U, C to G |
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| Monomers (structure)of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids |
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| a)Proteins-polypeptides/amino acids bound with peptide bonds. b)Carbohydrates-monosaccharides (3-7 carbon sugars), disaccharides (2 monosaccharides), polysaccharides (chain of many monosaccharides). c)Nucleic acids-(chains) pentose sugar+phosphate+nitrogen base. Purines:adenine and guanine. Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine and uracil. DNA-deoxyribose and thymine. - RNA-ribose sugar and uracil. |
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| What are the primary organic molecules making up plasma membrane in cells? |
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| Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates |
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| Which polypeptide structure is the functional structure? |
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| 3D/tertiary. The only functional polypeptide structure |
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| Structural differences between DNA and RNA. |
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| DNA=double stranded. RNA=single stranded |
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| Where phospholipids are most likely found in a prokaryotic cell. |
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| Plasma membrane |
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| What are the three kinds of photosynthetic organisms? |
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| Plants, bacteria, algae. |
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| An important byproduct of photosynthesis |
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| Carbon dioxide/Oxygen/Water |
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| What is photosynthesis? |
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| Conversion of light energy to chemical energy /providing O2, oxygen |
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| Examples of pathogenic spirochete species |
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| *Lyme disease: Borrelia burgdorferi *Syphilis: Treponema pallidum |
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| What are the metachromatic granules? |
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| Inorganic compounds not enclosed by membranes. They stain contrasting color with methylene blue dye |
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| What is an example of a bacterial species that contain metachromatic granules? |
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| Corynebacterium |
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| Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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| What is a nucleoid |
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| Bacteria has no nucleus. Central area of DNA cell |
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| Example of a bacterium with cocci in chain |
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| Staphylococcus aureus |
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| Example of a bacterium with diplococcic |
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| Neisseria gonorrhea |
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| What is the chemical composition of the bacterial cell wall? |
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| Peptoglycan |
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| Example of bacteria with no cell wall |
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| Mycoplasma |
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| What is the lipopolysaccharide / what part of it is the endotoxin |
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| lipid and polysaccharide / lipid |
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| Bacterial structures that are found in all bacteria / and the ones that are not found in all bacteria |
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| nucleoid / endospores |
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| What is the function of endospores |
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| survival of bacteria thru dormancy if needed.DNA is left protected |
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| Properties of endospores |
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| resistance to trauma/thick walls |
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| Which ones of the microorganisms have a cell wall and which ones do not? |
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| Prokaryotic and some Eukaryotic |
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| Differences between gram positive and gram negative cell wall |
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| Gram neg: has outer membrane to protect from antimicrobial agents.has (pores) porins. Gram positive peptoglycan is thicker than gram neg. Contains lipoteichoic acid |
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| Layers of gram positive and gram negative cell wall |
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| Gram positive wall has thicker PG; has TA and LTA (lipoteichoic acid). Gram negative wall has porins, thinner PG, has outer membrane, No TA or LTA |
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| What are bacterial inclusions? |
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| Storage nutrients in the cytoplasm. Also called granules |
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| What is the role of endospores |
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| dormant resistant structures that are formed by some of the bacteria. When bacteria have no nutrients they form endospores. they germinate after obtaining nutrients |
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| What is sporulation |
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| Bacteria forms spores/survival |
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| Names of different shapes and groupings in bacteria |
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| Coccus (cocci): spherical-shaped Bacillus (Bacilli): rod-shaped Coccobacillus (coccobacilli): short plump rods Spirillum (spirilla): spiral-shaped, with rigid curves Spirochete: spiral-shaped, with flexible curves and internal flagella |
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| Examples of rod-shaped bacterium |
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| (E. coli) |
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| Examples of curved bacterium |
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| Vibrio cholerae |
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| Examples of staphylococci |
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| Staphylococcus aureus |
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| Why Mycoplasma is pleomorphic |
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| It has no cell wall so can change shape |
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| What is one way for a bacterium to acquire new genetic information? |
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| Pilus |
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| Causative agents for tetanus |
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| Clostridium tetani |
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| Causative agents for gas gangrene |
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| Clostridium perfringens |
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| Causative agents for botulism |
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| Clostridium botulinum |
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| Causative agents for anthrax |
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| Bacillus anthracis |
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| Example of a pleomorphic bacterium |
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| Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
