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What were the goals of the Progressives?

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Before the first decade of the 20th century, the U.S. would be influenced by a "Progressive movement' that fought against monopolies, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice. The purpose of the Progressives was to use the government as an agency of human welfare.

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Progressives

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They had their roots in the Greenback Labor Party of the 1870s and 1880s and the Populist Party of the 1890s. The purpose of them was to use the government as an agency of human welfare.

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Laissez-faire

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A limitless "let-alone" policy that progressive theorists were insisting that society could no longer afford.

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Henry Demarest Lloyd

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In 1894, he exposed the corruption of the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company with his book Wealth Against Commonwealth.

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Jacob Riis

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An exposer of the corruption of trusts, or a "muckraker," that was the writer of How the Other Half Lives, a book about the New York slums and its inhabitants.

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Theodore Dreiser

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An exposer of the corruption of trusts, or a "muckraker," that was a novelist who wrote The Financier and The Titan to attack profiteers.

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Jane Addams

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One of the first women to enter the fight to improve the lot of family living and working in the festering cities.

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Lillian Wald

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One of the first women to enter the fight to improve the lot of family living and working in the festering cities.

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What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers?

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Lincoln Steffens unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and the government. Ida M. Tarbell published an expose of the Standard Oil Company. Thomas W. Lawson exposed the corrupt amassing of American fortunes. David G. Phillips charged that 75 of the 90 U.S. Senators did not represent the people, but actually the railroads and trusts. Ray Stannard Baker said that 90% of America's 9 million blacks still lived in the South, and that a third of them were illiterate. John Spargo brought the abuses of child labor to light. Dr. Harvey W. Wiley exposed the frauds that sold potent patent medicines by experimenting on himself.

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McClure's

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A magazine in which a series of articles entitled "The Shame of the Cities" were launched by Lincoln Steffens.

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Lincoln Steffens

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A New York reporter that launched a series of articles in McClure's entitled "The Shame of the Cities," in which he unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and the government.

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Ida M. Tarbell

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A journalist that published an expose of the Standard Oil Company

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Thomas W. Lawson

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A speculator that exposed the corrupt amassing of American fortunes.

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David G. Phillips

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He charged that 75 of the 90 U.S. Senators did not represent the people, but actually the railroads and trusts in his series, "The Treason of the Senate."

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Ray Stannard Baker

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He said that 90% of America's 9 million blacks still lived in the South, and that a third of them were illiterate. He spotlighted these facts in his Following the Color LIne.

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John Spargo

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He brought the abuses of child labor to light by his The Bitter Cry of the Children.

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Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired.

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The Progressives favored the "initiative" so that voters could directly propose legislation, the "referendum" so that the people could vote on laws that affected them, and the "recall" to remove bad officials from office. They also wanted to root out graft, using a secret Australian ballot to counteract boss rule, and have direct election of U.S. senators to stop corruption.

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Direct Primary Elections

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Pushed for by reformers so as to undercut power-hungry party bosses.

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Initiative

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Favored by the Progressives so that voters could directly propose legislation.

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Referendum

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Favored by the Progressives so that the people could vote on laws that affected them.

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Recall

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Favored by the Progressives to remove bad officials from office.

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Australian Ballot

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A secret ballot used to counteract the effects of party bosses, and have direct election of U.S. senators to stop corruption.

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Millionaire's Club

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The nickname given to the Senate because it had so many rich men.

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Seventeenth Amendment

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It provided for direct election of senators in 1913.

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Suffragists

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Enfranchised females that campaigned for woman's suffrage.

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What changes did progressives make at the city and state level?

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Progressives in Galveston, TX either used, for the first time, expert-staffed commissions to manage urban affairs or the city-manager system, which was designed to take politics out of municipal administration. Urban reformers attacked "slumlords," juvenile delinquency, and wide-open prostitution. In Wisconsin, Governor Robert M. La Follette wrestled control from the crooked corporations and returned power to the people. Under the leadership of Governor Hiram W. Johnson, other states also took to regulate railroads and trusts, such as Oregon and California. Charles Evans Hughes, governor of New York, gained fame by investigating the malpractices of gas and insurance companies.

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Robert M. La Follette

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Governor of Wisconsin that became a progressive leader by wrestling control from the trusts and returning power to the people. He also perfected a scheme for regulating public utilities, while laboring in close association with experts on the faculty of the state university of Madison.

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The Wisconsin Idea

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Robert M. La Follette's idea that control and power should be returned to the people and taken from the corrupt trusts.

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Hiram W. Johnson

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A governor that lead states like Oregon and California to regulate railroads and trusts.

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Charles Evans Hughes

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The governor of New York that gained fame by investigating the malpractices of gas and insurance companies.

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How successful were Progressives in combating social ills?

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They were successful. Progressives made major improvements in the fight against child labor. The landmark case of Muller vs. Oregon found attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuading the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws that protected women workers. Anti-liquor organizations like the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, founded by Frances E. Willard, and the Anti-Saloon League were formed. Finally, in 1919, the 18th Amendment prohibited the sale and drinking of alcohol.

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Triangle Shirtwaist Company

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In 1911, a fire occurred at this company in New York City which killed 146 workers, mostly young women.

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Muller v. Oregon

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The landmark case that found attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuading the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws that protected women workers.

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Lochner v. New York

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The case that invalidated a New York law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers.

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Women's Christian Temperance Union

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An anti-liquor organization that was founded by Frances E. Willard.

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Frances E. Willard

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She founded the Women's Christian Temperance Union and built it into the largest organization of women in the world.

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"Dry"

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Laws passed in states and counties that controlled, restricted, or abolished alcohol.

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"Wet"

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Laws passed in the big cities that allowed for the free flow of wine and beer.

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What were the three C's of the square deal?

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They were get control of the corporations, consumer protection, and the conservation of the United States' natural resources.

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Square Deal

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The Progressive wave touched President Roosevelt and he decided to enact this with its three C's.

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Department of Commerce and Labor

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This department was formed in 1903, a part of which was the Bureau of Corporations, which was allowed to probe businesses engaged in interstate commerce; it was highly useful in "trust-busting."

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Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trust-buster is undeserved."

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He understood the political popularity of monopoly-smashing, but he did not consider it a sound economic policy. He did not want to punish the trusts for their economic success, so he made his purpose symbolic. He wanted to prove that the government, not private business, ruled the country. He did not come down on trusts as hard as he could have.

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Elkins Act

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In 1903, Congress passed the Elkins Act, which fined railroads that gave rebates and the shippers that accepted them.

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Hepburn Act

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The act that severely restricted the free passes of railroads. It was more effective than the Elkins Act.

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Trust-Busting

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Responding to the popular outcry against trusts by attacked the trusts that were greedy for power but also not indiscriminately smashing all large businesses.

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Northern Securities Company

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Teddy Roosevelt's first attack on trusts was to this railroad company that wanted to achieve a virtual monopoly of railroads in the Northwest.

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What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle?

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It enlightened the American public to the disgustingly unsanitary food products in the big canning factories.

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The Jungle

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Upton Sinclair's book that was intended to inform the American public of the overall plight of workers in canning factories but instead enlightened the American public to the disgustingly unsanitary food products in the big canning factories.

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Meat Inspection Act

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The act that decreed that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection from corral to can.

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What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conversation?

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Roosevelt, convinced by the actions other conservationists like Gifford Pinchot, head of the federal Division of Forestry, convinced Congress to pass the Newlands Act. He pined to preserve the nation's shrinking forests by setting aside 125 million acres in federal reserves, earmarking millions of acres of coal deposits, and he earmarked water resources for irrigation and power.

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Forest Reserve Act

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It authorized the president to set aside land to be protected as national parks. Under this statute, some 46 million acres of forest were set aside as reserves.

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Gifford Pinchot

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Head of the federal Division of Forestry, and Roosevelt's chief forester, that wanted to use the nation's natural endowment intelligently.

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Newlands Act

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It authorized Washington to collect money from the sale of public lands in western states and use the money for irrigation projects.

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Conservation

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Halting the wasteful Americans from turning America into a country rich in resources to a country with despoiled dearth.

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Call of the Wild

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Jack London's book about nature that was snapped up by city dwellers and urban youngsters that made the outdoor-oriented Boy Scouts of America the country's largest youth organization.

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Boy Scouts

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Members of outdoor-oriented Boy Scouts of America that became the country's largest youth organization.

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Sierra Club

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Founded in 1892, it was the club that dedicated itself to preserving the wildness of the western landscape.

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What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907?

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The panic paved the way for long-overdue fiscal reforms, and Congress, in 1908, passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act in response to the hard-pressed banks being unable to increase the volume of money in circulation.

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What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency?

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He was to be known as the president to tame capitalism giving it a long adult life, with enthusiasm and perpetual youthfulness, that strenuously sought the middle road between unbridled individualism and paternalistic collectivism, and, most of all, the president that started a conservation crusade.

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William Howard Taft

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Teddy Roosevelt chose this man as his successor hoping that he would continue his policies.

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Eugene V. Debs

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The candidate from the socialists that surprised everybody by amassing 420,793 votes.

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"William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain.

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He was fat, jovial, graduated second in his class at Yale, had an enviable reputation as a judge and a lawyer, and was a trusted administrator of Roosevelt's, but he had none of the arts of a dashing political leader, was passive to Congress, did not take criticism well, and he was more wedded to status quo than to change.

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What was the dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced?

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A policy which called for Wall Street bankers to sluice their surplus dollars into foreign areas of strategic concern to the U.S., especially in the Far East and in the regions critical to the security of the Panama Canal. Taft, seeing a possible strangulation of Chinese economic interests, had Secretary of State Philander C. Knox propose that a group of American and foreign bankers buy the railroads and turn them over to China. Taft also pumped U.S. dollars into Honduras and Haiti, while in Cuba, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic, American forces were brought in to restore order and protect American investment.

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Dollar Diplomacy

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A policy which called for Wall Street bankers to sluice their surplus dollars into foreign areas of strategic concern to the U.S., especially in the Far East and in the regions critical to the security of the Panama Canal.

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Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft?

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In his four years of office, Taft brought 90 suits against trusts. In his seven and a half years in office, Roosevelt brought 44 suits against trusts. In 1911, the Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company. After Taft tried to break apart U.S. Steel despite Roosevelt being personally involved in one of the mergers that prompted the suit, Taft increasingly became Roosevelt's antagonist.

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Rule of Reason

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The Court's doctrine that held that only those combinations that "unreasonably" restrained trade were illegal. It ripped a huge hole in the government's antitrust net.

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Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft?

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Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Bill, thus betraying his campaign promises and outraging the progressive wing of his party. Taft rubbed salt in the wound by proclaiming it "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed."

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Payne-Aldrich Tariff

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To lower the tariff and fulfill a campaign promise, Taft and the House passed a moderately reductive bill, but the Senate, led by Senator Nelson W. Aldrich, tacked on lots of upward revisions. This bill betrayed Taft's promise.

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Richard Ballinger

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Secretary of the Interior that opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to corporate development.

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Gifford Pinchot

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Chief of the Agriculture Department's Division of Forestry and a stalwart Republican that criticized Richard Ballinger.

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Joe Cannon

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This conservative Speaker of the House tried to block many Progressive Republican efforts for reforming government and society.

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How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention?

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In 1911, the National Progressive Republican League was formed, with LaFollette as its leader, but in February 1912, Roosevelt began writing to state governors that he was willing to accept the Republic nomination. Roosevelt forthwith seized the Progressive banner pushing LaFollette aside.

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