Chemistry 110 Final – Flashcards
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Scientific Method |
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A way of understanding how the universe (things around us) operates |
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Key Steps in Scientific Method |
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1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Theory 5. Law |
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Father of Modern Chemistry |
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Antoine Lavoisier |
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Aristotle declared the existence of only four elements: |
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Fire, water, air, Earth |
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Democritis |
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Proclaimed the atom to be the simplest unit of matter |
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Advent of the Alchemist |
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Attempted to transmute cheap metals to Gold |
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Heinrich Geissler |
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Created first vacuum tube (1854) |
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Eugene Goldstein |
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Discovered protons |
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JJ Thompson |
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Discovered electrons |
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Wilhelm Roentgen |
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Discovered x-rays |
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Marie Curie |
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Discovered uranium and thorium |
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James Chadwick |
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Discovered the Neutron |
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Classification of Matter |
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Any substance that has mass and takes up space. |
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Mixture |
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Variable composition, ie: tea w/ sugar |
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Homogenous Mixture |
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Uniform composition, ie: buttery spread, salt water, butter milk, windex |
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Heterogenous Mixture |
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Non-uniform or uneven composition, ie: salad dressing, wet sand, orange juice w/ pulp, peanut butter |
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Pure Substance |
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Fixed composition, ie: Diamond, water (H2O), helium, sodium chloride |
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Element (Pure Substance) |
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One type of atom present, ie: Diamond (Carbon only), Helium, Hydrogen |
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Compound (Pure Substance) |
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Combination of elements, ie; Dry Ice, Water (H,O), Salt (Sodium, Chlorine) |
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Solid (State of matter) |
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-Definite shape -can not flow -atoms are closely packed -cannot be compressed ie: pen, marbles, book |
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Liquid (State of matter) |
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-indefinite shape -can flow -atoms are loosely packed -cannot compress ie: soda, water, juice |
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Gas (State of matter) |
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-indefinite shape -can flow -atoms are very loosely packed, far apart -can compress ie: oxygen, nitrogen, helium |
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Mass |
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Measure of the amount of matter present in an object English system-pounds, ounces, cups, tons Metric system- grams, kilograms, milligrams, nanogram |
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SI Units |
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Mass-Kilograms Temperature- Kelvin Volume- m3 Length- Meters |
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Energy |
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Ability to do work. Two types, Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy |
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Potential Energy |
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Energy @ rest. Can be stored through a body's location or position and through a substances composition. ie: Nuclear energy, Chemical energy |
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Kinetic Energy |
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Movement or motion, ie: Heat energy, electrical energy, hydro electricity |
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Calorie |
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Amount of energy hat is needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celcius |
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Law of Conservation of Energy |
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Energy in= Energy out+ Energy stored (as fat) |
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Specific Dynamic Action |
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Energy spent extracting energy from food to make it available for use |
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Basal Metabolism |
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Energy that is spent to keep us alive without any food physical activity |
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Metabolism |
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Chemical reactions that occur in our body (Digesting food and producing energy) |
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Combustion |
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Chemical reaction by which energy is produced |
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Resting Metabolism |
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Energy spent to make it available for our use. That is spent to keep us alive with no food for us to twelve hours. |
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3 ways we spend energy from our body |
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Exercise Metabolism Specific Dynamic |
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Energy in Macronutrients |
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Carbohydrates (4 cal/g), Fats & Oils (9 cal/g), Protein (4 cal/g). These macronutrients are transformed into human energy |
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Atoms |
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Tiny particles that make up all matter |
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Composition of an Atom |
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Protons+Neutrons= inside the nucleus, Electrons= outside the nucleus |
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Elements |
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Cells of every creature are made up of atoms of different elements. |
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Atomic Number |
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The # of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Top number in square |
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Mass Number |
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Bottom number |
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Number of Protons and Electrons |
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Protons and Electrons are the same number as the atomic number (top number) |
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Number of Neutrons |
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Subtract number of protons (top number) from atomic mass (bottom number) |
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Electrons |
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Negative Charge |
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Protons |
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Positive Charge |
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Neutron |
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No charge |
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Ions |
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Elements in a compound that are electrically charged |
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Cations |
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Ions with a positive charge. More protons than electrons. Formed by losing electrons. |
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Anions |
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Ions with a negative charge, more electrons than protons. Formed by gaining electrons. |
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Acids |
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Sour in taste, begin in H. ie: H3PO4 0-7 (closer to 0= more acidic) Common Acids: Citric Acid (lemons) Acetic Acid (vinegar) Phosphoric acid (preservative in soda) Lactic acid (in milk) Sulfuric acid (car battery) Nitric Acid (turns skin yellow) |
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Bases |
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bitter in taste & slippery to touch, end in OH ie: Ca(OH)2 7-14=Basic (closer to 7=more basic) Common bases: Pepto Bismol, Ammonia, Alka Seltzer, Baking Soda |
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Litmus Test |
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Blue litmus-->Red= Acidic Red Litmus-->Blue=Basic |
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Chemical Compounds |
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A distinct substance that is composed of atoms of two or more elements Simplest unit=molecule or ion |
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Molecular Compounds |
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Two or more non metals present. Covalent Bond present. ie: HCL |
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Ionic Compounds |
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Metals and Nonmetals. Ionic bond present ie: NaCL |
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Solution |
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Made of of a solute (lesser) and solvent (greater) |
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Solvent |
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Present in the higher amount |
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Solute |
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Present in the lesser amount |
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Solubility |
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Amount of substance in grams that can be dissolved in the given amount of solvent. (increases with temp.) |
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Dilute |
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Less amount of solute dissolved in the given amount of solvent |
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Concentrated |
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More of the solute dissolved in the given amount of solvent |
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Saturated |
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Maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in solvent |
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Unsaturated |
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Less than the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in the solvent. |
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Supersaturated |
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More than the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in the solvent. Starts to precipitate |
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Organic Chemistry |
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Study of Carbon compounds |
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Paraffins |
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Carbon & hydrogen bond is single bond. |
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Olleffins |
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Bonding is double or tribal between carbon and hydrogen |
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Paraffins/Alkanes **Remember a's** |
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Single bond, CnH2n+2 CH4-->Methane C2H6-->Ethane C3H8--> Propane C4H10--> Butane C5H12--> Pentane |
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Olefins/Alkens **remember E's** |
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Double bond, CnH2n C2H4--> Ethylene C3H6--> Propene C4H8--> Butene C5H10-->Pentene |
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Oleffins/Alkynes **remember y's** |
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Triple bond, CnH2n-z C2H2--> Ethyne C3H4--> Propyne C4H6--> Butyne C4H8--> Pentyne |
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Aromatic Compounds |
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has presence of atlas one benzene ring |
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Functional Groups |
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Groups of atoms that impact special properties to the component. |
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C2H5OH *Functional Group* |
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Alcohol Group |
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C2H5CHO *Functional Group |
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Aldenhyde Group |
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C2H5CoOH *Functional Group |
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Carboxylic Acid Group |
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C2H5NH2 |
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Amino Group |
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C2H5CoOc2H5 |
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Ester Group |
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C2H5COCH3 |
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Keto Group |
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C2H5OCH3 |
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Ether Group |
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Synthesis (or) Combination Reaction *Chemical Reaction |
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A+B+C---> D More than one reactant--> only one product |
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Decomposition Reaction *Chemical Reactions |
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A--> B+C, only one reactant more than one product |
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Single Displacement *Chemical Reaction |
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A+BC-->AC+B |
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Double Displacement *Chemical Reaction |
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AB+CD-->AD+CB |
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Combustion *Chemical Reaction |
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Reactant: O2 Product Side: CO2+H2O |
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Acid Base *Chemical Reaction |
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Acids always begin with H Base always ends in OH |
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Carbohydrates |
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Provide us energy--> 4cal/1g of carbs -composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a CH2O proportion. For each carbon and oxygen there are two hydrogen atoms Broken down into 2 kinds of sugars: simple & complex examples: fruits, vegetables, bread, oats, rice |
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Simple Sugars |
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Monosaccharides (mono-1)(C6H12O3) ie: glucose-in your blood, fruits, honey fructose- present in plants, fruits, honey |
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Complex Sugars |
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Disaccharides (di-2) ie: sucrose--table sugar (made up of 2 glucose units) Polysaccharides (poly-many) ie: Starch- long tern energy stored in plants (corn, potatoes) Glycogen- long term energy stored in animals Cellulose- Plants, cells |
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Cholesterol |
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Present only in animal cells. Levels LDL (bad), HDL (good) Total Cholesterol: Desirable 200-239--> Borderline >240--> High |
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LDL |
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Low Density Lipoprotein (BAD!) <100= optimum 100-129= near optimum 130-159= borderline high >160= very high |
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HDL |
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High Density Lipoprotein (Good!) >60= Optimum <40= Men <50= Women |
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Triglyceride |
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Comes from the fats and oils we consume <150= normal 150-199= Borderline >200= High |
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Proteins |
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Found in nails & skin. Contains amino acids and are present in every cell in body. Excess proteins cannot be stored in body. |
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Complimentary Protein |
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Found in beans & rice, peanut butter sandwich, macaroni and cheese. |
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Protein breakdown |
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Proteins break down into polypeptides-> peptides-> amino acids-> glucose (so your body can store) |
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Oils |
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Liquids @ room temperature double bond=saturated compound only one double bond=monosaturated more than one bond= polysaturated |
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Fats |
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Solids @ room temperature Fats are completely saturated... ie: redmeat, eggyolk |
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Adipose Tissue |
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Give our body energy without food present |
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Essential Amino Acids |
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Cannot be synthesized by our body, supplemented by food intake ie: Lysine, Valine, Histidine |
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Non-essential Amino Acids |
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Can be synthesized by our body ie: Glycine, Proline, Serine |
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Minerals |
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Good for the body, only obtained from food, they are not made in our body. |
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Examples of minerals |
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Calcium--> present in bones Fluorine--> tooth enamel Iron--> Red Blood Cells Zinc--> Need for general health Copper--> Deficiency can lead to change in hair color (anemia) |
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Vitamins |
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Found in foods we eat. Your body needs them to work properly, so you grow and develop 2 main categories: 1. Water Soluble: B Complex, C 2. Fat Soluble: A, D, E, K |
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Vitamin A (Fat Soluble) |
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-Very important for good vision -Deficiency leads to night blindness Food Sources: Carrots, grapefruit, pumpkin |
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Vitamin D (Fat soluble) |
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-Needed for good bone formation and proper functioning of the immune system -Deficiency leads to Rickets (weakening of bones) Food Sources: Sweet potato, oily fish, cereals |
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Vitamin E (fat soluble) |
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Good for skin, slows aging process, helps in reduction of LDL (bad cholesterol) Food Sources: Sunflower seeds, tomato, walnuts |
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Vitamin K (fat soluble) |
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-Helpful in blood clotting, prevents hemorrhage and bruising -destroyed by antibiotics Sources: Banana, eggs, yogurt |
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Vitamin C (Complex) |
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Good for immune system, general well being, helps in absorption of iron Food Sources: Lime, Lemon, Orange |
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Vitamin B-1 (Complex) |
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Thiamine -Plays a major role in energy metabolism of cells -Plays role in nervous system -Deficiency results in "Beri Beri" which is the weakening of bones, stiffening of legs Food Sources: Brown rice, unpolished wheat, cereal, nuts |
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Vitamin B-6 (Complex) |
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-Helps in conversion of tryptophan to niacin (converts 1 kind of amino acid which cell has abundance, to another which is deficient in the cell.) -helps in regulation of blood glucose Food Sources: Banana, salmon, fortified cereals, turkey, chicken |
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Vitamin B-12 (Complex) |
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-Also called "cobalamin" -Present only in animal sources -Needed for good functioning of immune and nervous system -Deficiency= anemia Food Sources: Clams, muscles, salmon, crab, beef, milk, eggs, cheese |
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Perfumes |
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-Branding, quality, easiness to manufacturer determines price -made up of aeromatic compounds & essentials |
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Single Floral (perfume family) |
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One flower |
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Floral Bouquet (perfume family) |
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Mix of flowers |
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Ambery (perfume family) |
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Scent of vanilla, wood (tree bark), cinnamon |
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Woody (perfume family) |
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sandal wood |
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Fougere- French Fern (perfume family) |
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Contains lavender, coumarin, and oakness |
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Perfume Categories |
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1. Perfume extracts: 20%-40% aeromatic compound 2. Eau de Perfum: 10%-30% aeromatic compound 3. Eau de Toilette; 5%-20% aeromatic compound 4. Eau de Cologne: 2%-5% aeromatic compound |
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Evidence of Chemical Reactions |
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Color change, odor, energy changes (becomes very hot or cold), formation of gas (bubbles), formation of solid (precipitation). |
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What are the different layers that make up the atmosphere? |
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Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Ionosphere |
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Disaccharides |
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-is formed when two monosaccharides are joined together by a reaction known as a dehydration, or condensation, synthesis. In this type of reaction water is removed, thus the name "dehydration". A new molecule is formed or "synthesized" from the two previously separate ones. -common example is sucrose or table sugar which is present in sugar cane, syrup, and some fruits |
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Polysaccharides |
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-are made of many sugar molecules joined together by dehydration synthesis reactions. When many repeating units are joined together to make a large molecule, the resulting molecule is called a polymer. -starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin are all examples and are made of many repeating units of glucose molecules. |
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Glycemic Index |
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-is a measure of the effects of carbohydrates on blood glucose levels. Foods Low in GI: most fruit and vegetables (except potatoes, watermelon), grainy breads, pasta Foods High in GI: corn flakes, baked potato, watermelon, white bread, candy |