Chemistry 110 Final – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Scientific Method
answer
A way of understanding how the universe (things around us) operates
question
Key Steps in Scientific Method
answer
1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Theory
5. Law
question
Father of Modern Chemistry
answer
Antoine Lavoisier
question
Aristotle declared the existence of only four elements:
answer
Fire, water, air, Earth
question
Democritis
answer
Proclaimed the atom to be the simplest unit of matter
question
Advent of the Alchemist
answer
Attempted to transmute cheap metals to Gold
question
Heinrich Geissler
answer
Created first vacuum tube (1854)
question
Eugene Goldstein
answer
Discovered protons
question
JJ Thompson
answer
Discovered electrons
question
Wilhelm Roentgen
answer
Discovered x-rays
question
Marie Curie
answer
Discovered uranium and thorium
question
James Chadwick
answer
Discovered the Neutron
question
Classification of Matter
answer
Any substance that has mass and takes up space.
question
Mixture
answer
Variable composition, ie: tea w/ sugar
question
Homogenous Mixture
answer
Uniform composition, ie: buttery spread, salt water, butter milk, windex
question
Heterogenous Mixture
answer
Non-uniform or uneven composition, ie: salad dressing, wet sand, orange juice w/ pulp, peanut butter
question
Pure Substance
answer
Fixed composition, ie: Diamond, water (H2O), helium, sodium chloride
question
Element (Pure Substance)
answer
One type of atom present, ie: Diamond (Carbon only), Helium, Hydrogen
question
Compound (Pure Substance)
answer
Combination of elements, ie; Dry Ice, Water (H,O), Salt (Sodium, Chlorine)
question
Solid (State of matter)
answer
-Definite shape
-can not flow
-atoms are closely packed
-cannot be compressed

ie: pen, marbles, book
question
Liquid (State of matter)
answer
-indefinite shape
-can flow
-atoms are loosely packed
-cannot compress

ie: soda, water, juice
question
Gas (State of matter)
answer
-indefinite shape
-can flow
-atoms are very loosely packed, far apart
-can compress

ie: oxygen, nitrogen, helium
question
Mass
answer
Measure of the amount of matter present in an object

English system-pounds, ounces, cups, tons
Metric system- grams, kilograms, milligrams, nanogram
question
SI Units
answer
Mass-Kilograms
Temperature- Kelvin
Volume- m3
Length- Meters
question
Energy
answer
Ability to do work. Two types, Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
question
Potential Energy
answer
Energy @ rest. Can be stored through a body's location or position and through a substances composition. ie: Nuclear energy, Chemical energy
question
Kinetic Energy
answer
Movement or motion, ie: Heat energy, electrical energy, hydro electricity
question
Calorie
answer
Amount of energy hat is needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celcius
question
Law of Conservation of Energy
answer
Energy in= Energy out+ Energy stored (as fat)
question
Specific Dynamic Action
answer
Energy spent extracting energy from food to make it available for use
question
Basal Metabolism
answer
Energy that is spent to keep us alive without any food physical activity
question
Metabolism
answer
Chemical reactions that occur in our body (Digesting food and producing energy)
question
Combustion
answer
Chemical reaction by which energy is produced
question
Resting Metabolism
answer
Energy spent to make it available for our use. That is spent to keep us alive with no food for us to twelve hours.
question
3 ways we spend energy from our body
answer
Exercise
Metabolism
Specific Dynamic
question
Energy in Macronutrients
answer
Carbohydrates (4 cal/g), Fats & Oils (9 cal/g), Protein (4 cal/g). These macronutrients are transformed into human energy
question
Atoms
answer
Tiny particles that make up all matter
question
Composition of an Atom
answer
Protons+Neutrons= inside the nucleus, Electrons= outside the nucleus
question
Elements
answer
Cells of every creature are made up of atoms of different elements.
question
Atomic Number
answer
The # of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Top number in square
question
Mass Number
answer
Bottom number
question
Number of Protons and Electrons
answer
Protons and Electrons are the same number as the atomic number (top number)
question
Number of Neutrons
answer
Subtract number of protons (top number) from atomic mass (bottom number)
question
Electrons
answer
Negative Charge
question
Protons
answer
Positive Charge
question
Neutron
answer
No charge
question
Ions
answer
Elements in a compound that are electrically charged
question
Cations
answer
Ions with a positive charge. More protons than electrons. Formed by losing electrons.
question
Anions
answer
Ions with a negative charge, more electrons than protons. Formed by gaining electrons.
question
Acids
answer
Sour in taste, begin in H.
ie: H3PO4

0-7 (closer to 0= more acidic)

Common Acids:
Citric Acid (lemons)
Acetic Acid (vinegar)
Phosphoric acid (preservative in soda)
Lactic acid (in milk)
Sulfuric acid (car battery)
Nitric Acid (turns skin yellow)
question
Bases
answer
bitter in taste & slippery to touch, end in OH
ie: Ca(OH)2

7-14=Basic (closer to 7=more basic)

Common bases:
Pepto Bismol, Ammonia, Alka Seltzer, Baking Soda
question
Litmus Test
answer
Blue litmus-->Red= Acidic

Red Litmus-->Blue=Basic
question
Chemical Compounds
answer
A distinct substance that is composed of atoms of two or more elements

Simplest unit=molecule or ion
question
Molecular Compounds
answer
Two or more non metals present. Covalent Bond present.

ie: HCL
question
Ionic Compounds
answer
Metals and Nonmetals. Ionic bond present

ie: NaCL
question
Solution
answer
Made of of a solute (lesser) and solvent (greater)
question
Solvent
answer
Present in the higher amount
question
Solute
answer
Present in the lesser amount
question
Solubility
answer
Amount of substance in grams that can be dissolved in the given amount of solvent. (increases with temp.)
question
Dilute
answer
Less amount of solute dissolved in the given amount of solvent
question
Concentrated
answer
More of the solute dissolved in the given amount of solvent
question
Saturated
answer
Maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in solvent
question
Unsaturated
answer
Less than the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in the solvent.
question
Supersaturated
answer
More than the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in the solvent. Starts to precipitate
question
Organic Chemistry
answer
Study of Carbon compounds
question
Paraffins
answer
Carbon & hydrogen bond is single bond.
question
Olleffins
answer
Bonding is double or tribal between carbon and hydrogen
question
Paraffins/Alkanes

**Remember a's**
answer
Single bond, CnH2n+2

CH4-->Methane
C2H6-->Ethane
C3H8--> Propane
C4H10--> Butane
C5H12--> Pentane
question
Olefins/Alkens

**remember E's**
answer
Double bond, CnH2n

C2H4--> Ethylene
C3H6--> Propene
C4H8--> Butene
C5H10-->Pentene
question
Oleffins/Alkynes

**remember y's**
answer
Triple bond, CnH2n-z

C2H2--> Ethyne
C3H4--> Propyne
C4H6--> Butyne
C4H8--> Pentyne
question
Aromatic Compounds
answer
has presence of atlas one benzene ring
question
Functional Groups
answer
Groups of atoms that impact special properties to the component.
question
C2H5OH

*Functional Group*
answer
Alcohol Group
question
C2H5CHO

*Functional Group
answer
Aldenhyde Group
question
C2H5CoOH

*Functional Group
answer
Carboxylic Acid Group
question
C2H5NH2
answer
Amino Group
question
C2H5CoOc2H5
answer
Ester Group
question
C2H5COCH3
answer
Keto Group
question
C2H5OCH3
answer
Ether Group
question
Synthesis (or) Combination Reaction

*Chemical Reaction
answer
A+B+C---> D
More than one reactant--> only one product
question
Decomposition Reaction

*Chemical Reactions
answer
A--> B+C, only one reactant more than one product
question
Single Displacement

*Chemical Reaction
answer
A+BC-->AC+B
question
Double Displacement

*Chemical Reaction
answer
AB+CD-->AD+CB
question
Combustion

*Chemical Reaction
answer
Reactant: O2 Product Side: CO2+H2O
question
Acid Base

*Chemical Reaction
answer
Acids always begin with H

Base always ends in OH
question
Carbohydrates
answer
Provide us energy--> 4cal/1g of carbs

-composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a CH2O proportion. For each carbon and oxygen there are two hydrogen atoms

Broken down into 2 kinds of sugars: simple & complex

examples: fruits, vegetables, bread, oats, rice
question
Simple Sugars
answer
Monosaccharides (mono-1)(C6H12O3)

ie: glucose-in your blood, fruits, honey
fructose- present in plants, fruits, honey
question
Complex Sugars
answer
Disaccharides (di-2)
ie: sucrose--table sugar (made up of 2 glucose units)

Polysaccharides (poly-many)
ie: Starch- long tern energy stored in plants (corn, potatoes)
Glycogen- long term energy stored in animals
Cellulose- Plants, cells
question
Cholesterol
answer
Present only in animal cells. Levels LDL (bad), HDL (good)

Total Cholesterol:
Desirable
200-239--> Borderline
>240--> High
question
LDL
answer
Low Density Lipoprotein (BAD!)

<100= optimum
100-129= near optimum
130-159= borderline high
>160= very high
question
HDL
answer
High Density Lipoprotein (Good!)

>60= Optimum
<40= Men
<50= Women
question
Triglyceride
answer
Comes from the fats and oils we consume

<150= normal
150-199= Borderline
>200= High
question
Proteins
answer
Found in nails & skin. Contains amino acids and are present in every cell in body. Excess proteins cannot be stored in body.
question
Complimentary Protein
answer
Found in beans & rice, peanut butter sandwich, macaroni and cheese.
question
Protein breakdown
answer
Proteins break down into polypeptides-> peptides-> amino acids-> glucose (so your body can store)
question
Oils
answer
Liquids @ room temperature

double bond=saturated compound
only one double bond=monosaturated
more than one bond= polysaturated
question
Fats
answer
Solids @ room temperature

Fats are completely saturated... ie: redmeat, eggyolk
question
Adipose Tissue
answer
Give our body energy without food present
question
Essential Amino Acids
answer
Cannot be synthesized by our body, supplemented by food intake

ie: Lysine, Valine, Histidine
question
Non-essential Amino Acids
answer
Can be synthesized by our body
ie: Glycine, Proline, Serine
question
Minerals
answer
Good for the body, only obtained from food, they are not made in our body.
question
Examples of minerals
answer
Calcium--> present in bones
Fluorine--> tooth enamel
Iron--> Red Blood Cells
Zinc--> Need for general health
Copper--> Deficiency can lead to change in hair color (anemia)
question
Vitamins
answer
Found in foods we eat. Your body needs them to work properly, so you grow and develop

2 main categories:
1. Water Soluble: B Complex, C
2. Fat Soluble: A, D, E, K
question
Vitamin A (Fat Soluble)
answer
-Very important for good vision
-Deficiency leads to night blindness

Food Sources: Carrots, grapefruit, pumpkin
question
Vitamin D (Fat soluble)
answer
-Needed for good bone formation and proper functioning of the immune system
-Deficiency leads to Rickets (weakening of bones)

Food Sources:
Sweet potato, oily fish, cereals
question
Vitamin E (fat soluble)
answer
Good for skin, slows aging process, helps in reduction of LDL (bad cholesterol)

Food Sources:
Sunflower seeds, tomato, walnuts
question
Vitamin K (fat soluble)
answer
-Helpful in blood clotting, prevents hemorrhage and bruising
-destroyed by antibiotics

Sources: Banana, eggs, yogurt
question
Vitamin C (Complex)
answer
Good for immune system, general well being, helps in absorption of iron

Food Sources: Lime, Lemon, Orange
question
Vitamin B-1 (Complex)
answer
Thiamine
-Plays a major role in energy metabolism of cells
-Plays role in nervous system
-Deficiency results in "Beri Beri" which is the weakening of bones, stiffening of legs

Food Sources: Brown rice, unpolished wheat, cereal, nuts
question
Vitamin B-6 (Complex)
answer
-Helps in conversion of tryptophan to niacin (converts 1 kind of amino acid which cell has abundance, to another which is deficient in the cell.)
-helps in regulation of blood glucose

Food Sources:
Banana, salmon, fortified cereals, turkey, chicken
question
Vitamin B-12 (Complex)
answer
-Also called "cobalamin"
-Present only in animal sources
-Needed for good functioning of immune and nervous system
-Deficiency= anemia

Food Sources:
Clams, muscles, salmon, crab, beef, milk, eggs, cheese
question
Perfumes
answer
-Branding, quality, easiness to manufacturer determines price
-made up of aeromatic compounds & essentials
question
Single Floral (perfume family)
answer
One flower
question
Floral Bouquet (perfume family)
answer
Mix of flowers
question
Ambery (perfume family)
answer
Scent of vanilla, wood (tree bark), cinnamon
question
Woody (perfume family)
answer
sandal wood
question
Fougere- French Fern (perfume family)
answer
Contains lavender, coumarin, and oakness
question
Perfume Categories
answer
1. Perfume extracts: 20%-40% aeromatic compound
2. Eau de Perfum: 10%-30% aeromatic compound
3. Eau de Toilette; 5%-20% aeromatic compound
4. Eau de Cologne: 2%-5% aeromatic compound
question
Evidence of Chemical Reactions
answer
Color change, odor, energy changes (becomes very hot or cold), formation of gas (bubbles), formation of solid (precipitation).
question
What are the different layers that make up the atmosphere?
answer
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Ionosphere
question
Disaccharides
answer
-is formed when two monosaccharides are joined together by a reaction known as a dehydration, or condensation, synthesis. In this type of reaction water is removed, thus the name "dehydration". A new molecule is formed or "synthesized" from the two previously separate ones.
-common example is sucrose or table sugar which is present in sugar cane, syrup, and some fruits
question
Polysaccharides
answer
-are made of many sugar molecules joined together by dehydration synthesis reactions. When many repeating units are joined together to make a large molecule, the resulting molecule is called a polymer.
-starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin are all examples and are made of many repeating units of glucose molecules.
question
Glycemic Index
answer
-is a measure of the effects of carbohydrates on blood glucose levels.

Foods Low in GI: most fruit and vegetables (except potatoes, watermelon), grainy breads, pasta
Foods High in GI: corn flakes, baked potato, watermelon, white bread, candy
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New