Chapter 9, 10, 11 – Flashcards
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| heterogeneous mixture |
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| a nonuniform mixture that has regions of different composition |
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| homogeneous mixture |
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| a uniform mixture that has the same composition throughout |
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| solution |
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| a homogeneous mixture that contains particles the size of a typical ion or small molecule. |
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| colloid |
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| a homogeneous mixture that contains particles that range in diameter from 2 to 500 nm. |
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| solute |
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| a substance that is dissolved in a solvent |
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| solvent |
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| the substance in which another substance (the solute) is disolved |
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| solvation |
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| the clustering of solvent molecules around a dissolved solute molecule or ion |
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| hygroscopic |
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| having the ability to pull water molecules from the surrouni atmosphere |
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| miscible |
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| mutually soluble in all proportions |
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| saturated solution |
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| a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at equilibrium |
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| solubility |
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| the maximum amount of a substance that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature |
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| supersaturated solution |
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| a solution that contains more than the maximum amount of dissolved solute; a nonequilibrium solution |
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| mass/mass percent concentration (m/m)% |
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| Concentration expressed as the number of grams of solute per 100 grams of solution |
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| volume/volume percent concentration (v/v)% |
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| Concentration expressed as the number of milliliters of solute dissolved in 100 mL of solution. |
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| mass/volume percent concentration (m/v)% |
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| concentration expressed as the number of grams of solute per 100 mL of solution |
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| parts per million (ppm) |
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| number of parts per 1 million |
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| parts per billion (ppb) |
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| number of parts per 1 billion parts |
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| Molarity |
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| concenration expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
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| dilution factor |
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| the ratio of the initial and final solution volumes (Vc/Vd) |
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| electrolyte |
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| a substance that produces ions and therefore conducts electricity when dissolved in water |
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| strong electrolyte |
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| a substance that completely ionized when dissolved in water |
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| weak electrolyte |
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| a substance that is only partly ionized in water |
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| nonelectrolyte |
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| a substance that does not produce ions when dissolved in water |
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| equivalent |
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| for ions, the amount equal to 1 mol of charge |
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| gram-equivalent |
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| for ions, the molar mass of the ion divided by the ionic charge |
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| colligative property |
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| aproperty of a solution that depends only on the number of dissolved particles, not on their chemical identity |
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| osmosis |
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| the passage of solvent through a semipermiable membrane separating two solutions of different concentration |
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| osmotic pressure |
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| the amount of external pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent the net movement of solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane |
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| osmolarity |
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| the sum of the molarities of all dissolved particles in a solution |
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| isotonic |
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| having the same osmolarity |
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| hypotonic |
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| having an osmolarity less than the surrounding blood plasma or cells |
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| hypertonic |
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| having an osmolarity greaterthan the surrounding blood plasma or cells |
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| Bronsted-Lowry acid |
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| a substance that can donate a hydrogen ion, H+, to another molecule or ion |
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| bronsted lowry base |
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| a substance that can accept H+ ions from an acid |
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| conjugate acid-base pair |
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| two substances whose formulas differ by only a hydrogen ion |
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| conjugate base |
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| the substance formed by loss of H+ ions from an acid |
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| conjugate acid |
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| the substance formed by gain of H+ ions from a base |
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| strong acid |
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| an acid that gives up H+ easily and is essentially 100% dissociated in water |
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| dissociation |
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| the splitting apart of an acid in water to give H+ and nanion |
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| weak acid |
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| an acid that gives up H+ with difficulty and is less than 100% dissociated in water |
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| weak base |
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| a base that has only a slight affinity for H+ and holds it weakly |
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| strong base |
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| a base that has a high affinity for H+ and holds it tightly |
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| acid dissociation constant |
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| the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an acid (HA) equal to [H+][A-]/[HA] |
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| amphoteric |
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| a substance that can react either as an acid or a base |
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| Ion-product constant for water (Kw) |
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| the product of the H30 and OH molar concentrations in water or any aqueous solution |
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| p function |
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| the negative common log of some variable |
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| pH |
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| a measure of the acid strength of a solution; the negative common log of the H3O conc. |
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| Acid-base indicator |
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| a dye that changes color depending on the pH of the solution |
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| buffer |
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| a combination of substances that act together to prevent a drastic change in pH; usually a weak acid and it's conjugate base. |
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| equivalent of acid |
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| amount of acid that contains 1 mole of H+ ions |
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| equivalent of base |
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| amont of base containing 1 mole of OH- ions |
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| normality |
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| a measure of acid (or base) equivalents per liter of solution |
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| titration |
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| a procedure for determining the total acid or base concentration of a solution |
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| nucleon |
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| a general term for both protons and neutrons |
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| radioactivity |
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| the spontaneous emission of radiation from a nucleus |
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| gamma radiation |
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| radioactivity consisting of high energy light waves |
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| beta particle |
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| an electron (e-) emitted as radiation |
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| alpha particle |
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| a helium nucleus (He 2+) emitted as alpha radiation |
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| radioisotope |
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| a radioactive isotope |
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| radionuclide |
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| the nucleus of a radioactive isotope |
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| nuclear decay |
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| the spontaneous emission o a particle from an unstable nucleus |
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| transmutation |
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| the change of one element into another |
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| positron |
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| a "positive electron," which has the same mass as an electron but a positive charge |
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| electron capture (E.C.) |
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| a process in which the nucleus captures an inner shell electron cloud, thereby converting a proton into a neutron |
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| half-life (t1/2) |
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| the amount of time required for one-half of radioactive sameple to decay |
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| decay series |
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| a sequential series of nuclear disintifgrations leading from a heavy radioisotope to a nonradioactive product |
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| ionizing radiation |
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| a general name for high-energy radiation of all kinds |
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| x rays |
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| electromagnetic radiation with an energy somewhat less than that of gamma rays |
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| cosmic rays |
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| a mixture of high energy particles-- primarily of protons and various atomic nuclei -- that shower earth from outer space |
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| artificial transmutation |
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| the change of one atom into another brought about by a nuclear bombardment reaction |
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| nuclear fission |
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| the fragmenting of heavy nuclei |
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| nuclear fusion |
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| the joining together of light nuclei |
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| chain reaction |
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| a reaction that, once started, is self sustaining |
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| critical mass |
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| the minimum amount of radioactive material needed to sustain a nuclear reaction |
