Introduction to Public Speaking Final – Flashcards
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Explain the importance of civic engagement as it relates to public speaking?
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Actively participating in community or public affairs
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How can we be engaged citizens?
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Discussing issues with fellow citizens
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What is civic literacy?
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The attitudes and behavior of good, ethical citizenship in democracy
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Explain what plagiarism is and how we can avoid it
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Taking all or parts of your speech form a source without proper attribution. -Cite your sources
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How can we deliberate in good faith?
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Backing up arguments
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What is demagoguery?
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Deceptive or manipulative speech
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What is civic engagement?
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Actively participating in community or public affairs
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What is rhetorical tradition?
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An ancient discipline concerned with the techniques and ethics of speech
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What is deliberating in good faith?
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Debating and discussing controversial issues in a spirit of manual respect
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What are the elements of the Transactional Model of Communication?
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Encode, decode, noise, captive audience
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What is the difference between listening for enjoyment and critical listening
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Enjoyment- understanding the feeling and emotion of the song, also to show support to the artist. Critical- analyzing and evaluating the message of the song.
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Why should we avoid the Passivity Syndrome?
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It fails to acknowledge the transactional nature of communication
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What is stereotyping? How can it interfere with our ability to communicate
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Making assumptions about someone based on such factors as race or gender without considering the person's individuality. Stereotyping can justify a person's dominance because of your beliefs of a certain group.
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How can we prepare to listen?
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Be informed, recognized your own biases, identify goals, understand the circumstances, understand the target audiences, consider the speaker's purpose
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What is active listening?
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Take notes as you listen, evaluate the quality of the speaker's ideas and supporting material, be aware of the potential influence of the speaker's ethos
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Explain ethos..
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The ancient Greek for ethical proof, or the audience's perception of the speaker's credibility, intelligence and motives
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What should we "know" when we prepare to speak?
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Know yourself, your audience,the situation, and aim for audience response.
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What is the Transactional Model of Communication?
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The process of constructing shared messages or understandings between two or more individuals.
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What is Critical Listening?
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Listening analytically, carefully evaluating all that is said and assessing the relevance, accuracy, timeliness and validity of the speaker's message.
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What is Demagoguery?
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Deceptive or manipulative speech often relying upon the charismatic ethos of the demagogue and appealing to dark emotions like hatred or fear
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What are the elements of the Transnational Model of Communication?
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Encode, decode, noise, captive audience
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What is the difference between listening for enjoyment and critical listening?
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Enjoyment- understanding the feeling and emotion of the song, also to show support to the artist. Critical- analyzing and evaluating the message of the song.
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Why should we avoid the Passivity Syndrome?
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It fails to acknowledge the transnational nature of communication.
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What is stereotyping? How can it interfere with our ability to communicate?
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Making assumptions about someone based on such factors as race or gender without considering the person's individuality. Stereotyping can justify a person's dominance because of your beliefs of a certain group.
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How can we prepare to listen?
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Be informed, recognized your own biases, identify goals, understand the circumstances, understand the target audiences, consider the speaker's purpose
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What is active listening?
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Take notes as you listen, evaluate the quality of the speaker's ideas and supporting material, be aware of the potential influence of the speaker's ethos
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Explain ethos
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The ancient Greek for ethical proof, or the audience's perception of the speaker's credibility, intelligence and motives.
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What should we "know" when we prepare to speak?
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Know yourself, your audience,the situation, and aim for audience response.
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What is Passivity syndrome?
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Denying one's accountability as a listener and assuming that the burden of effective communication resides wholly with the speaker.
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What is Active Listening?
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Channeling our energies and efforts so that we actively concentrate on the speaker's complete message
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What is Communication Apprehension?
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Feelings of anxiety a speaker may experience before or during a public presentation.
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What is the difference between trait and state anxiety?
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Trait- Internal anxiety that an individual brings to the speaking situation; not dependent on the specific situation. State- Anxiety caused by worrisome factors in a specific speaking situation.
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Joe was very nervous and worried about his speech. A year earlier, he gave a speech to his class who laughed at him when he pronounced a word incorrectly. He was about to give a speech in front of another class. Joe suffers from: A. Speaking anxiety B. Trait anxiety C. State anxiety D. Poor preparation
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C. State anxiety
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Maria hates to speak in public. She finds it extremely unsettling when a group of people are looking at her waiting for her to speak. It was even that way last week at the grocery store. A group of people were standing around the free give-a-ways and a young man asked her to comment about the cheese and crackers they were all eating. She just froze up. Maria suffers from: a. Trait anxiety b. State anxiety c. Speaking anxiety d. Poor preparation
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A. Trait anxiety
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What are ways we can manage speech anxiety?
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Address issues to which you are committed, be well prepared, develop a positive attitude, practice your speech, anticipate the speech situation, practice active listening.
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What is information literacy?
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Understanding when information is needed and knowing how to locate, gather and evaluate information and use it responsibly.
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What are the things we can do to evaluate information we use in our speeches?
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Currency, Authority, Validity/Accuracy, Audience, Point of view (bias)
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What is the correct way to verbally cite sources during speeches?
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Provide enough information to convince the audience of the credibility of the source and allow them to see that the information is up to task
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What is Lay testimony- C
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A testimony based on experience of ordinary people that is a compelling testimony
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What is Expert testimony- B
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A testimony that comes from someone who has experience or expertise that makes them trustworthy.
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What is Witness testimony?
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A testimony based on your own personal experiences
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Best way to use facts in a speech?
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To support claim and meaning of speech to strengthen argument
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Best way to use definitions in a speech?
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To clarify the meanings of words so that the audience understands your meaning
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What are the different types of examples that can be used in public speeches?
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Actual example Hypothetical examples Narrative examples
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What is the difference between statistical descriptions and inferential statistics?
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inferential statistics is generalized statistics taken from a small group or large population when statistical descriptions do not draw inferences.
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What are facts?
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Data that can be verified through empirical observation
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What are Definitions?
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Meanings provided for words that are unfamiliar to listeners or technical in nature
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Types of examples
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Actual example Hypothetical examples Narrative examples
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What is saliency?
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The level of interest that our listeners have in a particular issue
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How do you evaluate information?
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Assessing the credibility of a source and the information it offers so you will not be misled, or mislead others.
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What is a specific purpose statement?
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The general purpose of any speech will be either to Inform, Motivate/Persuade, or Entertain your audience
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What is a thesis statement?
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the sentence that states the main idea of a writing assignment and helps control the ideas within the paper.
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What is a general purpose statement?
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the goal the speaker wishes to accomplish with his speech. The most common general purposes are to inform, to persuade, to entertain or to pay tribute.
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What is categorical organization/
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arrange your ideas categorical, you address types, forms, qualities, or aspect of the speech subject
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What is chronological organization?
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begins with a specific point in time and then move forward or backwards, depending on the nature of the subject
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What is spatial organization?
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using space as your orderly principle
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What is climatic order?
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a sequence that goes from simple to difficult, from least important to most important, or from emotionally neutral to emotional intense.
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What is an internal preview?
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a point you are about to make to help focus listeners attention on what's to come. You benefit when you want to set the stage for a particular portion of your speech.
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What are internal summaries?
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briefly going over the information covered so far before moving on to the next point.
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What are signposts?
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wanting to provide verbal markers to alert your audience to the fact that you are moving from one idea to another by enumerating each point or by signaling the next point to be made.
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What is a key word outline?
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It includes the main ideas of what is to be communicated in a manner that is much shorter than the actual word-for-word speech.
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What is a working outline?
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created to organize all of the ideas you plan to include in the research paper.
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What is a formal outline?
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It presents your thesis, the major points in support of that thesis, and the sub-points supporting each major point.
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What is an oxymoron?
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A figure of speech which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction
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What is alliteration?
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The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.
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What is a modifier?
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words that make a change to a statement or word it self
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What is a simile?
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A figurative comparison made explicit by using the word like or as
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What is a metaphor?
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An implicit comparison in which two dissimilar are compared.
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What does ethical language include?
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respect, avoids offending others and communicates respect
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What is pitch?
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The highness or lowness of the voice on a musical scale
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What is rate?
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Speed of speaking
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What is volume?
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Measure of loudness
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What is clarity?
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Having good articulation and distinctness
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What is Extemporaneous speaking?
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The presentation of a thoroughly prepared speech using an abbreviated set of speaking notes, often in the form of a keyword outline
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What is manuscript speaking?
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Presenting a speech from a prepared text, often in formal or ceremonial settings
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What is impromptu speaking?
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Casual, off-the-cuff delivery used when a speaker has little or no time for presentation
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What is memorized speaking?
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A prepared speech presented from memory, without the assistance of speaking notes
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What is the bandwagon appeal?
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The argument that since something is popular or everyone is doing it, you should too
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What is appeal to tradition?
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speakers offer past ways of doing things
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What are fallacies?
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Flaws in reasoning and evidence that render arguments logically unsound
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What is slippery slope?
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when a speaker assumes that because one event precedes another, it must have caused it
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What is guilt by association?
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when an advocate judges an idea, person, or program solely on the basis of its association with other ideas, people or programs
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What is fallacy of relevance?
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appeals include the appeal to ignorance, the appeal to popular beliefs and the disconnected conclusion
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What are fallacies of faulty reasoning?
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false dilemma, begging the question, the faulty analogy and the slippery slope
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What are fallacies of inadequate evidence?
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false cause and the hasty generalization
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What are fallacies of personal attack?
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the attack against the person and guilt by association
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What are types of informative speeches?
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description, demonstration, explanation,and oral report
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What does a informative speaker hope to do?
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Share ideas and information Shape listener's perceptions Articulate alternatives
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Ways to organize an informative speech
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Chronological, spatial, categorical and casual
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What is civic literacy? a) The historical, political, and cultural knowledge necessary to participate actively as a citizen in democracy b) The attitudes and behaviors of good, ethical citizenship in a democracy c) Listening analytically and carefully evaluating all that is said d) Actively participating in community or public affairs
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A
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Actively participating in community or public affairs, not only by voting, but also by keeping up with the news, discussing issues with fellow citizens, and participating in civic and volunteer activities is called: a) civic literacy b) civic engagement c) deliberating in good faith d) demagoguery
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B
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________ are speakers who deceive or manipulate their audiences, usually by provoking strong emotional responses. a) Responsible citizen-speakers b) Demagogues c) Dictators d) Critics
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B
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Which of the following is an example of being an engaged citizen? a) Participating in grassroots campaigns b) Voting in a local election c) Volunteering on campus d) All of the responses are correct
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D
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A great way to develop historical and __________ is by studying the great speakers and speeches of American history. a) civic literacy b) computer literacy c) personal literacy d) civil disobedience
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A
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All of the following are components of deliberating in good faith, EXCEPT: a) As a public speaker, you have an ethical obligation to investigate your topic thoroughly and make sure you have your facts straight b) As a public speaker, you have an ethical obligation to be well informed and fully prepared c) As a public speaker, you have an ethical obligation to contribute something useful and worth listening to d) As a public speaker, you have an ethical obligation to always persuade your audience
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D
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Mary decides she doesn't have time to write her next speech. Her friend, Jill, is also taking Intro to Public Speaking. Jill offers to write Mary's speech for her. Mary gives the speech that Jill wrote, and Mary claims it is her own work. What is this an example of? a) Plagiarism b) Slander c) Ghostwriting d) Deliberation
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A
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What is the relationship between civic engagement and public speaking? a) Learning how to deceive and manipulate an audience using emotional appeals is important to becoming an engaged citizen b) Being able to always persuade an audience will help you be successful when speaking out c) Learning how to take someone else's work and use it as your own will make you sound better when speaking out d) Being able to speak out and becoming engaged in society require learning the the principles of communication and becoming a responsible citizen-speaker
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D
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Teaching us how to speak responsibly, think critically, and maintain historical and civic literacy are all ways in which the __________ has/have influenced public speaking a) emotional appeals b) rhetorical tradition c) past U.S. politicians d) legal issues
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B
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The audience's perception of the speaker's credibility, intelligence, and motives is called: a) claims b) logos c) pathos d) ethos
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D
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In Introduction to Public Speaking, Ann is required to fill out an evaluation of her classmate's speech. Ann is expected to evaluate and analyze various parts of her classmate's speech, including the content and delivery. In order to complete this assignment, Ann must engage in which type of listening? a) Empathic listening b) Informational listening c) Creative listening d) Critical listening
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D
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All of the following are elements of preparing to listen, EXCEPT: a) Considering the speaker's purpose b) Predicting what the speaker will say based on their gender c) Recognizing your own biases d) Understanding the circumstances and target audiences
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B
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Which of the following barriers to good listening explains why some people believe it is the speaker's responsibility, not the listener's, to help people engage in effective listening? a) Distractions b) Passivity syndrome c) Stereotyping d) Automatic rejection
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B
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All of the following are examples of what you should "know" when preparing to speak, EXCEPT: a) know the situation b) know how to use emotional appeals c) know your audience d) know yourself
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B
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When you analyze and evaluate a speaker's message, you engage in which form of listening? a) Informational listening b) Empathic listening c) Critical listening d) Creative listening
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C
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Which of the following barriers to good listening explains what happens when someone refuses to listen to a speaker because they are from a certain group of people or fit into a certain category? a) Passivity syndrome b) Short attention span c) Stereotyping d) Distractions
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C
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What is stereotyping? a) Making assumptions about someone based on such factors as race or gender b) Believing it is the speaker's responsibility to make you listen c) Refusing to listen to speakers when they challenge your beliefs or values d) Not being able to listen because of noise and other distractions
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A
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You must prepare yourself in order to be able to listen fairly and critically. How can you prepare yourself to listen? a) All of the responses are correct b) Commit yourself to listening with an open mind and give thought to your existing views and biases c) Identify your own purpose in listening in order to respond to the message on your own terms d) Before you attend a speech or community forum, read as widely as you can on the topic
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A
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What is communication apprehension? a) Denying one's ability as a listener and assuming that the burden of effective communication resides wholly with the speaker b) Feelings of anxiety a speaker may experience before or during a public presentation c) Feeling anxiety before any major life event d) Having poorly documented ideas or disorganized thoughts
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B
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Feeling a sense of nervousness and becoming a little anxious before giving a speech is called: a) visualization b) perception apprehension c) the Jerry Seinfeld syndrome d) communication apprehension
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D
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Feeling a sense of nervousness and becoming a little anxious before giving a speech is called: a) visualization b) perception apprehension c) the Jerry Seinfeld syndrome d) communication apprehension
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C
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Joe was very nervous and worried about his speech. A year earlier, he gave a speech to his class who laughed at him when he pronounced a word incorrectly. He was about to give a speech in front of another class. Joe suffers from: a) speaking anxiety b) poor preparation c) state anxiety d) trait anxiety
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C
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Maria hates to speak in public. She finds it extremely unsettling when a group of people are looking at her waiting for her to speak. It was even that way last week at the grocery store. A group of people were standing around the free give-a-ways and a young man asked her to comment about the cheese and crackers they were all eating. She just froze up. Maria suffers from: a) trait anxiety b) state anxiety c) speaking anxiety d) poor preparation
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A
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"I want my listeners to understand how to stay safe when going out at night on the campus and in town." This statement is an example of a: a) General purpose b) Thesis statement c) Situational purpose d) Specific purpose
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D
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A single, simple, declarative sentence that expresses the principal idea of a speech that the speaker would have the audience understand or accept is the: a) thesis statement b) general purpose c) situational purpose d) specific purpose
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A
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Which of the following statements is an example of an ethical obligation to consider when selecting a topic? a) A willingness to suspend your own biases and to remain open to competing ideas b) Avoid topics that audiences may find embarrassing or offensive c) Know as much as possible about your topic and complete careful research d) All of the responses are correct
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D
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Which of the following is NOT an example of an ethical obligation to consider when selecting a speech topic? a) Popularity b) Accuracy c) Taste and judgement d) Objectivity versus subjectivity
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D
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When verbally citing a source in a speech, you should: a) simply provide enough information to convince the audience of the credibility of the source and allow them to see that the information is up to task b) say the full citation of each source c) specify the page numbers of an article or volume number of a journal d) not interrupt the speech by saying anything and direct your audience to view the bibliography
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A
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Which of the following is an example of a question you should ask when evaluating internet sources for your speech? a) Is it a popular website? b) Would my audience enjoy the content? c) How balanced and accurate is the content? d) Will the information persuade my audience?
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C
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What is information literacy? a) Understanding when information is needed and knowing how to locate, gather, and evaluate information and use it responsibly b) Narratives that seem authentic to listeners because they ring true with their own life experiences c) Data that can be verified through empirical observation d) To put ideas or information into a particular format for transmission over a particular channel
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A
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Which of the following is an aspect of information literacy? a) Recognizing when information is needed b) All of the responses are correct c) Using needed information effectively d) Locating and evaluating information
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B
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Which of the following statements is NOT an example of how to verbally cite a source during a speech? a) "A search on Google and Wikipedia resulted in..." b) "The Federal Aviation Administration's website currently specifies..." c) "Time magazine reported last month..." d) "Dr. George Edwards, a distinguished professor of political science here at Texas A;M, told me in a recent interview..."
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A
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An actual example is one that plausibly could be real, but it is not an empirically verified account, and a hypothetical example is a real case that actually happened. a) True b) False
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B
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Which of the following is NOT a type of testimony used to support information in public speeches? a) Lay testimony b) Expert testimony c) Witness testimony d) Personal testimony
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C
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________ testimony is based on your own personal experiences, ________ testimony is based on those whose expertise and experience make them especially trustworthy, and ________ testimony is based on the experiences of ordinary men and women. a) Expert, personal, lay b) Personal, expert, witness c) Personal, expert, lay d) Lay, expert, personal
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C
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Which of the following is a step to take in order to make sure your facts are sound? a) You should accept as fact only the observations of those who are genuinely trustworthy b) All of the responses are correct c) Make sure your sources are up-to-date d) Validate them by consulting multiple, credible sources
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B
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When you script out your entire speech and read it to the audience, you are using which type of delivery? a) Extemporaneous b) Impromtu c) Manuscript reading d) Memorization
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C
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What is a benefit of delivering a speech extemporaneously? a) Allows us to use keyword notecards to keep from forgetting anything b) Allows for flexibility and changes to adapt to the audience c) Allows for more eye contact with the audience d) All of the responses are correct
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D
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What is a drawback of delivering a speech from memory? a) You may forget parts of the speech b) Attempting to adapt to the audience may cause you to lose your place c) If you forget parts of the speech, it is hard to recover since you do not have notecards or a manuscript in front of you d) All of the responses are correct
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D
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Correct pronunciation and articulation of a speaker helps define which delivery term? a) Clarity b) Rate c) Pitch d) Volume
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A
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What is a benefit of delivering a manuscript reading? a) Does not allow the speaker to adapt to the audience b) There is a chance the speaker could lose their place c) Allows for very little eye contact d) Perfect to use when information is complex and must be delivered a certain way
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D
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When we speak with a monotone quality to our voice, we need to practice: a) varying our rate b) speaking with greater clarity c) pronunciation d) varying our pitch
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D
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When should you use spatial organization in your speech? a) When you want to emphasize the significance of the categories or divisions in some way, or you are interested in a flexible approach to organization b) When you want your audience to understand the factors that have contributed to some outcome, or you want your audience to understand the impact of some problem or phenomenon c) When you want to help the audience visualize something you are describing, or you want to describe something by moving them from point to point through space d) When you want to discuss an event, phenomenon, or concept over time, or you want to show a step-by-step progression
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C
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Which of the following is an element you can use in your informative speech to help maintain audience interest? a) Novelty b) Variety c) Relevance d) All of the responses are correct
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D
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When should you use chronological organization in your speech? a) When you want to emphasize the significance of the categories or divisions in some way, or you are interested in a flexible approach to organization b) When you want to help the audience visualize something you are describing, or you want to describe something by moving them front point to point through space c) When you want your audience to understand the factors that have contributed to some outcome, or you want your audience to understand the impact of some problem or phenomenon d) When you want to discuss an event, phenomenon, or concept over time, or you want to show a step-by-step progression
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D
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When a speaker decides that the audience needs to be briefed, taught, or informed about some data, program, issue, or problem, they are employing which function of informative speeches? a) Articulating alternatives b) Persuasion c) Sharing ideas and information d) Raising awareness
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C
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What is an informative oral report? a) An informative speech intended to teach an audience how something works or how to do something b) An informative speech intended to help an audience understand complicated, abstract, or unfamiliar concepts or subjects c) An informative speech intended to provide a clear picture of a place, event, person, or thing d) An informative presentation, often technical in nature, intended to assist a group's performance or decision making
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C
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Listeners are often interested in things they find startling, unusual, or new. Which strategy to maintain the audience's interest in an informative speech does this statement refer to? a) Relevance b) None of the responses are correct c) Novelty d) Variety
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C
