Interpersonal Communication Chapter 5 – Flashcards
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phonological rules
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governs how sounds are combined to form words
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syntactic rules
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governs the way symbols can be arranged
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semantic rules
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governs the meaning of statements
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pragmatic rules
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distinguishes the accurate meaning of such speech and acts
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coordinated management of meaning
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describes some types of pragmatic rules that operate in everyday conversations. it suggests that we use rules at several levels to create our own messages and interpret others' statements
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ogden and richard's triangle of meaning
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the is only an indirect relationship- indicated by a broken line- between a word and the thing or idea it represents
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linguistic relativism
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the worldview of a culture that is shaped and reflected by the language and its members who speak it
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sapir-whorf hypothesis
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the best known declaration of linguistic relativism
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convergence
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the process of adapting one's speech style to match that of others with whom the communicator wants to identify with
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divergence
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communicators who want to set themselves apart from others adopt this strategy as a way a emphasize their differences
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powerless speech mannerisms
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hedges hesitations polite forms tag questions disclaimers
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sexist language
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includes words, phrases, and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between females and males or exclude, trivialize, or diminish either sex
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racist language
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reflects a worldview that classifies members of one racial group as superior and others as inferior
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ambiguous language
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consists of words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition
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abstraction
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convenient ways of generalizing about similarities between several objects, people, ideas, or events
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euphemism
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innocuous terms substituted for blunt ones. avoids a direct literal reference to an event, substituting terms describing its consequences, related events, metaphors, or other abstract associations
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relative language
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gains meaning by comparison
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static evaluation
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the usually mistaken assumption that people or things are consistent and unchanging
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"it" statements
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avoids responsibility for ownership of a message, instead attributing it to some unidentified body
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"but" statements
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has the effect of canceling the thought that precedes it
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"you" language
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expresses judgment of another person
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"i" language
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clearly identifies the speaker as the source of the message
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3 parts to complete an "i" statement
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1. it describes the other person's behavior 2. it describes your feelings 3. it describes the consequences the other's behavior has for you
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"we" language
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implies that the issue is the concern and responsibility of both the speaker and receiver of the message
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factual statements
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claims that can be verified as true or false
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opinion statements
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based on the speakers beliefs
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inferential statements
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conclusions arrived at from an interpretation of evidence
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evaluative language or emotive language
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seems to describe something but really announces the speaker's attitude toward it
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"two culture" theory
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men and women grow up leaning different rules about how to speak and act
