question

Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive development

answer

I - sensorimotor II - preoperational III - concrete ops IV - formal ops

question

Piaget's Theory Knowledge

answer

evolves & grows through inter-action with the physical world

question

Key Concepts to Piaget's Theory

answer

schemas, assimilation, accommodation, object permanence, centration, conservation, active/constructive learning

question

Genetic epistemology

answer

source of knowledge, Piaget

question

Piaget's Adaptation by building

answer

schemes = mental representations of the world through direct interaction with it

question

Piaget believed a child's schemes (organized ways of making sense of experience) change and go through stages of

answer

qualitative changes with age

question

schemes that are physical, motor action patterns

answer

percepts

question

mental level schemes are

answer

concepts

question

Perceptual Categorization is based on similar

answer

overall appearance or prominent part

question

Conceptual Categorization is based on common

answer

function or behavior, later add event categories

question

Piaget's hypothesized 5 underlying mental processes of adapting to the world

answer

Assimilation ,Accommodation, Equilibrium ,Disequilibrium, Equilibration

question

Equilibration

answer

restore equilibrium, accommodation is used to replace now-outmoded ways of thinking with more advanced, qualitatively different schemes

question

Assimilation is a part of

answer

adaptation in which the external world is interpreted through existing schemes

question

Accommodation is the part

answer

of adaptation in which new schemes are created or old ones adjusted to produce a better fit with the environment

question

Equilibrium exists when children are not

answer

changing very much and they are in a steady, comfortable cognitive state, assimilation is used more than accommodation

question

Disequilibrium is the state of

answer

cognitive discomfort which occurs during times of rapid change

question

Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development involve

answer

qualitative changes & reorganizations of Schemes

question

Sensorimotor stage from

answer

0-2, infants and toddlers "think" with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment, and attain "object permanence."

question

Preoperational stage from

answer

2-7,symbolic understanding emerges: symbols, symbolic play, egocentrism

question

Concrete Operations stage from

answer

7-11, conservation, logical thought

question

Formal Operations stage from

answer

11-up, deductive, abstract reasoning

question

6 Sensorimotor SubStages

answer

1:Reflexive Schemes (Birth to 1 Month) 2: Primary Circular Reactions (1 to 4 Months) 3: Secondary Circular (4 to 8 Months) 4: Coordination of Secondary Circular Reaction (8 to 12 Months) 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions (12 to 18 Months) 6: Mental Representation (18 Months to 2 Years)

question

Circular reactions are the means by which infants

answer

build schemes

question

Piaget regarded newborn reflexes as the building blocks of

answer

sensori-motor intelligence

question

Reflexive Schemes (Birth to 1 Month)

answer

exercising reflexes

question

primary circular reactions are oriented towards the infants'

answer

own bodies and motivated by basic needs, The First Learned Adaptations

question

secondary circular reactions

answer

infants repeat actions that affect the environment, Reactions Making Interesting Sights Last

question

Coordination of Secondary Circular Reaction are Intentional or

answer

goal-directed, behavior is the combination of schemes to solve problems, substage 4

question

Piaget regarded means-end action sequences as the first sign that babies appreciate

answer

physical causality, substage 4

question

Object permanence is the understanding that objects

answer

continue to exist when they are out of sight, it is not yet complete in substage 4

question

A-not-B search errors are committed by infants in substage

answer

4, Infants 8- to 12-months-old only look for an object in hiding place A after the object is moved from A to hiding place B

question

Substage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions

answer

Discovering New Means Through Active Experimentation (12 to 18 Months), repeats actions with variation, advanced understanding of object permanence, no longer make the AB search error

question

Substage 6: Mental Representation

answer

8 Months - 2 Years, can solve problems symbolically, deferred imitation, functional play, make-believe play

question

Mental representations are internal images of

answer

absent objects and past events

question

Representation allows deferred imitation-the ability to

answer

copy the behavior of models who are not immediately present

question

Functional play is

answer

motor activity with or without objects during the first 1 ½ year, sensorimotor schemes are practiced

question

At the end of the second year, representation permits toddlers to engage in

answer

make-believe play

question

Research by Renée Baillargeon indicates that babies as young as

answer

3 1/2 months of age understand object permanence

question

Perceptual View that schemes develop through

answer

looking and listening rather than just through acting on the world

question

Recent Research on Sensorimotor Development

answer

infants display a wide array of understandings earlier than Piaget believed

question

New research shows that even very young babies are knowledgeable about object

answer

characteristics

question

Researchers often use a violation-of-expectation method in which they

answer

habituate babies to a physical event and then determine whether they dis-habituate to a possible event or an impossible event

question

The violation-of-expectation method reveals that young infants are aware of

answer

object substance, physical limits on object motion, and the effects of gravity

question

Piaget's work inspired a wealth of research on

answer

infant cognition

question

Piaget's observations have been of great practical value

answer

for teachers and caregivers

question

Piaget's View of Preoperational Thinking, Stage 2 beginnings and development of

answer

symbolic forms of communication and understanding

question

Preoperational (pre-ops) thought is also defined by inability to

answer

reason, to go beyond appearance, to go beyond ego-centric perspectives

question

Language is the most important

answer

symbolic system

question

Dual Representation

answer

Viewing a symbolic object as both an object and a symbol, Video of Judith DeLoche on "scale model" , Mastered around age 3, Adult teaching can help

question

Pre-ops take the World at Face Value. They can't ...

answer

• Reason well on Conservation tasks • They are centered - stuck on one aspect • They do not understand reversibility • They do not understand class inclusion • They have trouble with seriation tasks • Bigger=more, taller=older

question

Preoperational Limits on Understanding appearance:

answer

dictates reality

question

Centration:

answer

Focus on one aspect and neglect others

question

Irreversibility

answer

Cannot mentally reverse a set of steps

question

Conservation includes a variety of tasks involving changing

answer

the shape of a substance to see if children can look beyond the appearance of the substance

question

Pre-ops peculiar perceptions

answer

lack identity constancy, Animism, Anthropomorphism, Artificialism, Egocentrism

question

identity constancy

answer

A scary mask turns a person into a monster

question

Animism

answer

Giving life to inanimate objects

question

Anthropomorphism

answer

Giving human characteristics to non-humans

question

Artificialism

answer

Humans make everything, including natural phenomenon

question

Egocentrism

answer

The inability to see another's point of view

question

Language

answer

form of communication using sounds and symbols combined according to specified rules

question

4 Prelinguistic Stages

answer

crying, cooing, babbling, intonation

question

Baby Sign

answer

gestures, 9 months

question

Linguistic Stages

answer

single-utterances, telegraphic speech, and learning the rules of grammar

question

Getting Ready to Talk: the developmental sequence Of Cooing and Babbling

answer

• 2 months • 4 months • By 4 months, infants gaze. • At the end of the first year, preverbal gestures

question

On average, children say their first word at around

answer

12 months of age, with a range of 8 to 18 months.

question

Between 1 1/2 and 2 years, toddlers combine

answer

two words,soon their utterances increase in length and complexity.

question

Young toddlers add to their vocabularies

answer

slowly, 1-3 words a month

question

Between 18 and 24 months, a spurt in

answer

vocabulary often occurs with children adding from 10 to 20 new words a week

question

An improved ability to categorize experience and retrieve words from memory supports a spurt in

answer

vocabulary growth at 2

question

rapid word learning may depend on a

answer

growing capacity to grasp others' intentions

question

Telegraphic speech is the

answer

two-word utterance phase of toddlers which leaves out smaller and less important words

question

Many early word combinations do not

answer

follow adult grammatical rules

question

Production is the

answer

words and word combinations that children use, requires active recall of the word and its meaning

question

Comprehension is the

answer

language that children understand, recognition of word meaning

question

comprehension develops ahead of

answer

production At all ages

question

Three Building Blocks for Language & Linguistics

answer

Phoneme, Morpheme, Grammar

question

Phones

answer

smallest unit of all human sounds

question

Phoneme

answer

smallest unit of speech of one's language

question

Morpheme

answer

smallest meaningful unit of language

question

Grammar

answer

rules specifying how phonemes, morphemes, words, and phrases should be combined to express thoughts

question

Syntax

answer

rules for word order

question

Semantics

answer

the meaning of words

question

Overregularization

answer

regular tense with irregular words: I have two hands, therefore, I have two feets.

question

Overextensions

answer

is the extension of a word meaning to a broadly incorrect use: If children have a dog at home, they may determine that all four legged creatures are dogs. Or, children may decide that their animal is a dog and every other animal must be something else (an under extension)

question

Children learn grammar in stages show an understanding at

answer

age 2, increases astronomically in the first 6 years

question

Nature Perspective of language development

answer

language is an inborn capacity that develops by maturation, Chomsky's language acquisition device (LAD)

question

Chomsky's language acquisition device (LAD) is a supposed

answer

brain mechanism that prepare us for learning semantics

question

Nurture Perspective of language development from a complex system of

answer

rewards, punishments, and imitation

question

Vygotsky believed that complex mental functions and

answer

abilities originate in social interaction

question

Vygotsky emphasis is on assisted ___ vs Piagetian

answer

learning, active or discovery learning

question

Research indicates that adult guidance and support within the zone of proximal development is related to

answer

advanced play, language, and problem-solving skills during the second year

question

Vygotsky: two central concepts

answer

Zone of Proximal Development, Saffolding

question

Zone of Proximal Development: The difference between

answer

solving a problem by oneself and solving it with the help of another is the. ZPD refers to a range of tasks that a child cannot yet handle alone, but can do with the help of more skilled partners

question

Saffolding provides proper support for

answer

learning -tailored to the child, and taken away when child can do it on his or her own without support. E.g. learning to ride a bicycle, Infant directed speech, Graded schooling

question

Becoming an effective scaffolder

answer

Break complex problems into smaller strategies, Give non-threatening feedback, Continue to give assistance as long as it takes, Set frameworks and motivation for learning

question

Other societies see scaffolding differently but a developing sense of

answer

"Self" (me vs. you) is central, Rouge test at 15- 18 months

question

Information-Processing Perspective- Development is

answer

continuous rather than distinct,The scientific method is paramount to research,use the computer as a metaphor for the mind, do not consider social/cultural forces

question

Information Processing Perspective of memory increases in capacity as the frontal lobes activate 4 things:

answer

Executive functions, Rehearsal, Selective attention, Inhibiting responses

question

Information Processing Perspective-Executive functions is

answer

strategies for problem solving

question

Information Processing Perspective-Rehearsal

answer

Repeat information to embed it into memory

question

Information Processing Perspective-Selective attention develops

answer

focus

question

Information Processing Perspective-Inhibiting responses

answer

Young children and adults with frontal lobe damage have trouble inhibiting, A good game to test inhibiting capability and train inhibition is "Simon Says"

question

Information Procesing Perspective How can we use the Information Processing Perspective Theory?

answer

rehearsal, focus, remind, scaffolding

question

Early "mental" abilities & the "behaviorist language" of early learning

answer

by reinforcement

question

naive biology

answer

biological processes not including external motivations

question

an orienting response

answer

eyes fixated, heart rate slows

question

Habituation

answer

diminished response to a familiar stimulus

question

infants as young as __________ can differentiate two objects from three objects

answer

5 months

question

The __________ principle of counting states that there must be one number name for each item counted

answer

1 to 1

question

According to Vygotsky, __________ speech is another term for thought

answer

private

question

Infants pay more attention to

answer

infant-directed speech.

question

Linguistic intonation is best described as a variation in sound

answer

pitch

question

As a typical 2-year-old, Webster would have a vocabulary of

answer

several hundred words

question

fast mapping

answer

process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure

question

telegraphic speech

answer

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words

question

overextension

answer

When a word is used too broadly (i.e., beyond its traditional categorical boundaries)

question

Applying rules to a word that is actually an exception to the rule constitutes

answer

overregularization, "runned" instead of "ran"

question

Operant conditioning- when a child's behavior leads to pleasant consequences, the child will probably behave

answer

similarly in the future

HDev chap 4 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards