question

During the Enlightenment, a ______ was a discussion circle in a private home, often hosted by a woman.

answer

salon

question

_____ wrote Emile and The Social Contract in 1762.

answer

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

question

_____ was NOT a champion of women's rights during the Enlightenment.

answer

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

question

Although _____ promoted radical ideas on a number of subjects, she was conservative in her views of the monarchy.

answer

Olympe de Gouges

question

Arguing that the deprivation of the majority was good for order, _____ wrote that "all students of politics agree that when the common people are too well off it is impossible to keep them peaceable".

answer

Cardinal Richelieu

question

The term "Enlightenment" was coined by _____.

answer

Immanuel Kant

question

_____ authored The Wealth of Nations, a groundbreaking work of political economy.

answer

Adam Smith

question

_____ used the ideas of the Enlightenment to improve the efficiency of the Russian government.

answer

Catherine the Great

question

_____ advised her lawmaker husband to think more about the rights of women than his ancestors had.

answer

Abigail Adams

question

_____ edited the Encyclopedia, a distillation of science and Enlightenment ideas.

answer

Denis Diderot

question

_____ is the hands-off approach to economic development.

answer

Laissez-faire

question

_____ wrote On Crimes and Punishments and espoused that legal systems should be reformed and incorporate the rehabilitation of offenders.

answer

Beccaria

question

_____ rebuked his countrymen for tolerating slavery even while they were calling for their own freedom from monarchical authority.

answer

Thomas Paine

question

_____ criticized the constraints of society by declaring "Man is born free and everywhere is in chains".

answer

Rousseau

question

_____ is credited with beginning the movement known as the Great Awakening.

answer

George Whitefield

question

_____ was typical of composers of his day because he supported himself by playing for private families and courts.

answer

Mozart

question

_____'s art, such as The Oath Of The Horatii, exemplified neoclassical realism.

answer

Jacques-Louis David

question

_____ participated in a literary debate at the beginning of the eighteenth century as leader of the "moderns," a group that believed the future could be better than the past.

answer

Bernard de Fontenelle

question

During the eighteenth century, there was limited tolerance for religious minorities except in _____ and the Netherlands.

answer

England

question

Seventeenth century thinker _____ influenced Deists and Enlightenment thinkers by carrying forward the Reformation idea that sacred texts should be carefully subjected to reason and analysis.

answer

Baruch Spinoza

question

The _____ focused on economics.

answer

physiocrats

question

_____ claimed that reason could not demonstrate the existence of God, and he was therefore charged with being an atheist.

answer

David Hume

question

The _____ (or Jesuits), a Catholic order, played a leading role in educating many of the men of the Enlightenment.

answer

Society of Jesus

question

_____ is most closely associated with the foundation of Methodism.

answer

John Wesley

question

Prussian ruler, Frederick the Great, had a stormy friendship with _____.

answer

Voltaire

question

The statement, "People can exceed all accomplishments of the previous ages," best represents the thinking of eighteenth-century _____.

answer

Enlightenment philosophers

question

The _____ is unusual among historical periods because eighteenth-century men used the term to describe their own age.

answer

Enlightenment

question

_____'s Enlightenment principles were showing when she recommended that existing theories on the inferiority of women should be evaluated through experimentation and data collection.

answer

Mary Wollstonecraft

question

"Enlightened despots" like _____ and Frederick the Great believed the primary value of Enlightenment ideas was that they increased the power of their states.

answer

Catherine the Great

question

_____ opposed established religious institutions because he saw the influence of churches as a barrier to human progress.

answer

Voltaire

question

_____ and Samuel Richardson rejected the objectivity and rationality of the Enlightenment by speaking up for the validity of emotion and sentiment.

answer

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

question

_____'s Spirit of the Laws was unusual among Enlightenment writings because it influenced events directly through the American Constitution.

answer

Montesquieu

question

_____ challenged the interpretation of the Enlightenment by arguing that the men of the movement were just as much men of faith as their medieval predecessors.

answer

Carl Becker

question

The careers of Haydn and _____ show that eighteenth-century musicians often depended on the wealthy and powerful to provide them with a living.

answer

Mozart

question

_____ faced the problem of a diversity of nationalities with little in common to a greater extent than other eighteenth-century states.

answer

Austria

question

The "enlightened despots" _____ and Catherine the Great personally engaged with the philosophes.

answer

Frederick the Great

question

The reigns of _____ and Joseph II are similar in that their reforms were quickly overturned.

answer

Frederick the Great

question

_____'s engagement with the ideas of the Enlightenment would be best described as helping to encourage a lot of talk but little real action.

answer

Catherine the Great

question

Parliamentary government was an aspect of English society _____ championed in contrast to French society.

answer

Voltaire

question

According to _____'s social contract, society should operate for the common good.

answer

Rousseau

question

_____ believed that the size, climate, demographics, religious and social customs, and economic organization of a country indicated the best form of government for that country.

answer

Montesquieu

question

Regarding the attitudes of Enlightenment thinkers toward women, Locke thought women should play an subordinate role with men in the political realm, Rousseau believed that women were naturally inferior, Kant thought that too much education was not good for a woman, Montesquieu was sympathetic to greater educational opportunities for women, and _____ was a proponent of the rights of women.

answer

Olympe de Gouges

question

The ultimate aim of _____'s reforms was to enhance state power.

answer

Frederick the Great

question

_____ organizations were similar to contemporary churches in that they performed acts of charity, practiced rituals, and fostered a sense of community.

answer

Free Masonry

question

_____ answered his own question, "What is Enlightenment," by thinking for oneself with rationality.

answer

Kant

question

The common element shared by the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment was a belief that the _____ world could be understood, measured, and mastered.

answer

natural

question

_____ exemplified the international scope of the Enlightenment in his statement, "I am neither French nor German, nor English nor Spanish, etc., I am a resident of the world".

answer

Bayle

question

The _____ thinkers were more effective popularizers of ideas than predecessors of the Scientific Revolution.

answer

Enlightenment

question

English artist _____'s engravings were representative of a particular subgenre of Enlightenment-era culture in that they were often satirical and moralistic.

answer

William Hogarth

question

Frederick the Great and _____ went to war to expand territory and power, proving they were not fully committed to lessening the misery of their poor subjects.

answer

Catherine the Great

question

Pietism, Methodism, and the Great Awakening were all reactions against the _____ effort to harmonize revelation with reason.

answer

Enlightenment

question

The reforms of the _____ had little lasting impact at the time, but set the stage for later progress.

answer

enlightened despots

question

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, _____ challenged the long-standing consensus about human nature that people are inherently depraved and sinful.

answer

Locke

question

The writings of Montesquieu, Voltaire, and _____ show that popular success is no bar to philosophical influence.

answer

Jonathan Swift

question

In today's world, people often assert that atheists and agnostics have no basis for leading a moral life. _____ would deny this assertion by arguing that religion and morality represent separate spheres.

answer

Pierre Bayle

question

By passing the _____ and similar laws beginning in 1764, the British hoped to service the national debt.

answer

Sugar Act

question

The _____ required revenue stamps to be affixed to legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards.

answer

Stamp Act

question

The _____ claimed Parliament's power over the colonies.

answer

Declaratory Act

question

_____'s pamphlet Common Sense generated critical support for the American colonists' struggle for independence.

answer

Thomas Paine

question

_____ gave large amounts of money, ships, and soldiers to help the Americans in their quest for independence.

answer

France

question

The _____ wrote a new constitution in 1787 because they saw a need to form a stronger national government.

answer

framers

question

Prior to the French Revolution, peasants carried most of the tax burden in _____.

answer

France

question

Half the members of the _____ were made up of members of the Third Estate.

answer

National Assembly

question

The Declaration of the _____ reflected Enlightenment ideals of natural rights and equality.

answer

Rights of Man and Citizen

question

According to _____'s first written constitution, wealth was the criteria for holding office.

answer

France

question

_____ criticized the first revolutionary constitution in France because it did not grant equal rights to women.

answer

Olympe de Gouges

question

The Convention that replaced the Assembly tried and executed _____.

answer

Louis XVI

question

_____ were more radical than Girondins.

answer

Jacobins

question

The property-owning bourgeoisie regained control of the government after the execution of _____ and his followers.

answer

Robespierre

question

_____'s background primed him for embracing the Revolution rather than defending the Old Regime because he resented aristocrats who became officers because of their social position.

answer

Napoleon

question

Once he became emperor, _____'s power was more absolute compared to the power of the kings of France before the Revolution.

answer

Napoleon

question

The _____ ideal of society guided by reason was the foundational principle of the Code Napoleon.

answer

Enlightenment

question

Women gained the least under _____.

answer

Napoleon

question

In 1810, _____ was the only country able to remain a viable opponent to France under Napoleon.

answer

Britain

question

Napoleon's invasion of _____ was the beginning of the end of his power.

answer

Russia

question

Slaves' desire for equality prompted the independence movement in _____.

answer

Haiti

question

Creoles, or American-born whites, were the main force behind the independence movement in _____'s colonies in the Americas.

answer

Spain

question

_____'s government after independence differed from that established by most former Spanish colonies because it was a monarchy.

answer

Brazil

question

_____ differed from other areas in Latin America after gaining independence because it remained unified while other large areas split into more than one country.

answer

Brazil

question

The purpose of the _____ Doctrine was to warn against the establishment of new European colonies in the Americas.

answer

Monroe

question

_____ initially participated in the American Revolution seeking military glory, but he later came to embrace the ideals underlying the struggle.

answer

Lafayette

question

_____ assumed that American colonists would cooperate with new tax measures imposed on them because the taxes were necessitated by a war fought to increase the colonists' security.

answer

Britain

question

_____ assisted the Americans in their rebellion against Britain because he wanted to weaken the nation that rivaled his power.

answer

Louis XVI

question

The method of choosing colonial _____ differed from that of choosing the lower house of the colonial legislature because governors were appointed by the king; members of the lower house were elected by the colonists.

answer

governors

question

_____'s representation of the Boston Massacre was intended to portray a violent mob as innocent citizens unfairly attacked by British troops.

answer

Paul Revere

question

The government set up by the _____ reflected the colonists' fear of a coercive central government under a single powerful executive.

answer

Articles of Confederation

question

The American republic challenged _____ royalty and the titled aristocracy because it threatened the hierarchical social order.

answer

European

question

The nobility and clergy saw _____'s attempt to resolve the French financial crisis by raising taxes as a violation of their privileges.

answer

Calonne

question

_____ was a Corsican by birth, not a Frenchman.

answer

Napoleon Bonaparte

question

The march of poor women to Versailles to protest bread prices best illustrates the role of women in the _____ Revolution.

answer

French

question

_____'s position on the French Revolution was that the revolutionaries should be opposed because radical change threatens social order.

answer

Edmund Burke

question

Unrest among the _____ and the growing foreign threat were among the pressures that caused the Directory to radicalize the Revolution.

answer

sans-culottes

question

The Committee of Public Safety systematically eliminated any opposition because they were extremists who believed they knew what was best for _____.

answer

France

question

The years of revolution in _____ accomplished the formal abandonment of feudalism, an end to legal privileges based on birth and status, the rise of nationalistic patriotism, and the emergence of citizen armies.

answer

France

question

The _____ Revolution resulted in a society in which the mandate of the people legitimized civil authority.

answer

French

question

_____ favored the presence of the Roman Catholic Church in France because he recognized the benefit of religion in keeping people content.

answer

Napoleon

question

Napoleon's Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church appealed to _____ peasants because they had opposed the confiscation of church property.

answer

French

question

Napoleon's most lasting impact on other _____ countries was the spread of the Code Napoleon.

answer

European

question

The Code Napoleon differed from earlier _____ law because it standardized laws across the country.

answer

French

question

The phrase "export of revolution" refers to _____ revolutionary ideas influencing cultures of other countries.

answer

French

question

Napoleon gave up his plans to occupy _____ after Admiral Nelson defeated his forces in 1805.

answer

Britain

question

French expansion in _____ made it difficult for Napoleon to control other lands because of nationalistic feelings that opposed French rule.

answer

Europe

question

_____'s greatest victory was against the combined armies of Austria and Russia at the Battle of Austerlitz in December 1805.

answer

Napoleon

question

A defining characteristic of the _____ was dependence on wages.

answer

proletariat

question

_____ noted piles of filth and trash were a feature of Manchester, England.

answer

Friedrich Engels

question

_____ made his fortune in armaments.

answer

Alfred Krupp

question

The first _____ cable made fast trans-Atlantic communication of information possible after 1866.

answer

telegraph

question

_____ pioneered the first efficient steam engine.

answer

James Watt

question

The "cottage industry" was a system by which rural laborers could produce work at home for _____.

answer

merchants

question

The approximate population of _____ by 1914 was 450 million people.

answer

Europe

question

Extensive physical and financial resources in _____ allowed for the development of industry over the nations on the continent.

answer

Britain

question

_____ refer to an "Industrial Revolution," but people living through it would have described it as a process of slow, incremental changes.

answer

Historians

question

Extensive rivers and canals played the most important role in _____'s early leadership in the Industrial Revolution.

answer

Britain

question

_____ was a harsh critic of industrialization.

answer

Karl Marx

question

Between 1800 and 1914, _____ labor unions struggled to gain political recognition.

answer

European

question

Middle-class women differed from lower-class women in that middle-class women were not expected to work outside the _____.

answer

household

question

As a consequence of the shift to steam power, _____ economies became more reliant on fossil fuels.

answer

Western

question

One of the last impacts of _____, mainly after the 1840s-60s, was advancement in medicine and public health.

answer

industrialization

question

After the loss of its American colonies, _____'s colonial empire still remained enormous in both size and power.

answer

Britain

question

From the workers' viewpoint, the main problem of the _____ system was that it was monotonous and poorly paid.

answer

cottage

question

One of the few early industrial innovations for which an _____ was responsible was the development of steam-powered boats.

answer

American

question

The French Revolution contributed to the loss of St. Dominique as a _____ colony because the slaves were inspired to revolt by revolutionary ideals.

answer

French

question

_____ saw more dramatic social change as a result of independence than the revolutions in Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Mexico.

answer

Haiti

question

Spain's colonies rebelled when _____ controlled Spain because they were loyal to the Spanish king whom he had replaced.

answer

Napoleon

question

The _____ opposed the reestablishment of Spanish and Portuguese authority in Latin America because it feared that European nations would exploit those countries when they were new and relatively weak.

answer

United States

question

The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the _____ Revolution because it convinced France to recognize the United States and provide aid needed to win the war.

answer

American

question

The Roman Catholic Church was most likely to support the royalists in the _____ Revolution.

answer

French

question

The _____ Revolution grew more radical and bloody up to the formation of the Directory because some groups were dissatisfied with their share of power in the new order, and economic troubles and foreign armies threatened the nation.

answer

French

question

_____ lost power because his continuing efforts to conquer Europe roused sufficient opposition from other nations to defeat him.

answer

Napoleon

question

When comparing the American and Haitian Revolutions, the Haitian Revolution was about social and political change, whereas the _____ Revolution was chiefly political with little social change.

answer

American

question

Migration facilitated the growth of industry in _____ because Europeans abroad often built economies that would supply raw materials to Europe.

answer

Europe

question

Compulsory public _____ appealed to the upper class because it would defuse the potential threat of large numbers of poorly paid urban dwellers.

answer

education

question

_____ became a best-selling nineteenth century author by writing novels that focused on the social costs of industrialization.

answer

Charles Dickens

question

In the nineteenth-century, the _____ experienced challenges to national unification that slowed industrial development in common with Germany and Italy.

answer

United States

question

The _____ increased the speed of production by producing more and stronger thread.

answer

spinning jenny

question

Workers who could be hired and dismissed as needed gained the least from convertible _____.

answer

husbandry

question

Published schedules of arrivals and departures, introduced by _____, revolutionized passenger travel.

answer

Samuel Cunard

question

Farmers who left the land gave up their connection to _____ when they went to cities for factory jobs.

answer

nature

question

Advertising in mass-circulation publications was an important factor in the growth of the _____ culture.

answer

consumer

question

White-collar workers differed from _____ workers in that white-collar workers mainly served the middle class.

answer

factory

question

The most important advance in controlling the spread of disease in cities would have been improving the _____ systems.

answer

sewer

question

The political climates of Europe and _____ changed in response to industrialization by becoming more inclusive, granting women the right to vote.

answer

North America

question

To lessen the chance that social conflict would erupt, governments in developed industrial states invested in _____, housing, sanitation, and other beneficial programs.

answer

education

question

The life of a child in _____ or America in 1900 most likely to be different from the life of his parents because the child was being educated in a public school.

answer

Europe

question

Workers' lives were most changed by the shift from agricultural to industrial labor in that farm work was set by _____ rhythms, but factory work was set by artificial rhythms.

answer

natural

question

French education reformer _____ believed that public schools improved society by making people less likely to challenge the political system.

answer

François Guizot

question

An ironic consequence of _____'s industrial success was that he sold armaments to potential enemies of Germany as well as to his home country.

answer

Alfred Krupp

question

_____ and Edward Baines would have agreed that industrialization had transformed almost all aspects of English society.

answer

Charles Dickens

question

The sequence of development of the flying shuttle, spinning jenny, and power loom demonstrates that innovations in _____ lead to bottlenecks which required further innovations to solve.

answer

technology

question

New inventions encouraged by competition contributed most to the _____ Revolution.

answer

Industrial

question

The _____ Revolution resulted in a striking increase in urbanization.

answer

Industrial

question

The Industrial Revolution began in _____.

answer

Britain

question

An _____ revolution in the 1700s enabled the Industrial Revolution to take place.

answer

agricultural

question

The first stage of the _____ Revolution came with new machinery and techniques in cotton production.

answer

Industrial

question

The first significant invention that revolutionized textile production was _____'s flying shuttle.

answer

John Kay

question

Using the assembly line and interchangeable parts allowed _____ to make products that his workers could afford.

answer

Henry Ford

question

A _____ worker had to take care of the family in addition to working.

answer

woman

question

190 million people lived west of the _____ Mountains by 1900.

answer

Ural

question

In the early 1800s, _____ and traders were the wealthiest members of the middle class.

answer

merchants

question

The new political movements that resulted from the _____ Revolution reflected the concerns of unskilled and semiskilled workers.

answer

Industrial

question

Farmers raised more swine and cattle just before the _____ Revolution, making protein more widely available to people.

answer

Industrial

question

The "putting out system" of commercial manufacture was a system in which _____ workers did spinning and weaving for urban firms.

answer

rural

question

_____ made much sought after pottery.

answer

Josiah Wedgwood

question

The Industrial Revolution began in Western _____ and not in China because Chinese culture did not value merchants and artisans.

answer

Europe

question

The fear of famine began to fade after 1850 in the nations west of _____.

answer

Russia

question

As a result of the _____ revolution, land increasingly came to be treated as a commodity to be exploited.

answer

agricultural

question

_____ developed the light bulb.

answer

Thomas Edison

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