history 102 mc midterm – Flashcards

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major consequence of the renaissance?
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a network of independent, educated people who were not totally reliant on either the state or the church
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primary reason the Renaissance culture spread throughout Europe is...
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economic prosperity and competition between political and religious leaders
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Ming officials in contrast to rulers of portugal and spain, viewed maritime expansion as
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a potential source of disorder and instability
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***main goal of zheng he's voyages was to
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reestablish trade and collect tribute
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as a result of the ming dynasty's abandoning support for oceanic explortation:
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chinese maritime power declined and opened the way of newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast asia
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what was a major difference between the rulers of spain and portugal and the ottomans?
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the spanish and portuguese rulers expelled or forced the conversion of members of other religions; the Ottomans permitted those with diverse religious beliefs to remain in their territories
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***what factors led to China's economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
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thriving and elaborate internal trade networks
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why were the portuguese and other europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia?
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they were responding to conquest of Constantinople and the rise of ottoman power in the mediterranean
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what actions did the ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from china to the ottoman heartland?
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officials established caravan series for travelers refreshment and protection
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what led portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century?
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gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals
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***which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts?
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the caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries
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what was portugual's primary goal in the Indian ocean trade?
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to take over the trade and tax local merchants
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which of the following best explains why the portuguese dominated the Indian ocean sea lanes?
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the portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships
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which of the following allowed the spanish to defeat both the aztec and inca empires?
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both empires suffered internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the spanish
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the establishment of colonies in the americas provided europeans with what advantages in global trade?
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european products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the americans
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what was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of africans in Brazil and Caribbean?
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africans were used as labor for sugar plantations
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what sparked martin luther's challenge to the catholic church?
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he was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of the indulgences
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the protestant reformation encourages the growth of nationalism in europe by encouraging people to...
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identify their religion with their local state and language
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in the council of trent, the catholic church responded to the challenges posed by the protestant reformation in what way?
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the church sought to reform clerical corruption
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what circumstances permitted the english and dutch to expand their trade in asia and the americas?
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they took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy cause by religious and dynastic wars
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which of the following was a way in which the spread of protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in europe?
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common people took up arms to defend their religious beliefs and practices instead of leaving warfare to the soldiers
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*** in what way was the rule of Mughals under akbar different from that of contemporary european monarchs?
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akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity
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which of the following accurately describes a change in China's economy during the Ming dynasty?
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silver money replaced barter in China's internal markets
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what was a similarity between the ming and mughal dynasties?
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both were able to limit european traders to port cities
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what characterized the portuguese presence in Macao?
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the Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with china
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in what way did the spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit?
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Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the americans to china, and then chinese goods to europe
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what advantage was provided by the english east india company's royal charter?
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it gave exclusive rights to import east indian goods in england
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what impact did the european presence in the indian ocean and south china sea have on Asian dynasties?
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the european presence enhanced Asian rulers wealth and might
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*** what led european countries other than spain and portugal to turn to cultivation in order to extract wealth from their american colonies?
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little mineral wealth was found in the English, France, or Dutch colonies
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what, according to mercantilist thinkers, was the purpose of colonies?
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to enrich the states that had founded them
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which of the following was a consequence of the increasing wealth in European states?
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european states grew rich enough to wage almost unceasing wars against one another
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what role did europeans play in the slave trade?
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Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring them slaves
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what factors made the Safavid empire the most unstable for the large muslim states?
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weak rulers and internal divisions
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what helped to destabilize the Ottoman empire?
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Mughal invaders took over large amounts of Ottoman territory in the eastern part of the empire
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what was a consequence of the political and economic disorder in the Ottoman empire?
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the Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy
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during the 17th century, rising levels of global commerce increased prosperity in the ming and mughal empires but also led to...
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a decline in centralized state control
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the ming dynasty's administrative and economic difficulties were evidence by:
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failure to respond effectively to natural disasters
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which of the following strategies contributes to the early success of the Qing dynast?
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they presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional chinese culture
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I'm what way did the Canton system seek to control of trade?
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it requires european traders to have chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees
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for what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel a lll foreign traders except for the Dutch?
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the dutch were protestants and did not proselytize
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how did the dutch merchants contribute to the development of European commerce?
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they established a stock exchange, banking system, and system for insuring cargoes
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which of the following prevented english monarch. such as Queen Elizabeth I, from establishing an absolute regime?
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english monarch were legally requires to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds
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why did the european wars eland into global confrontations?
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conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier religion religious territorial struggles
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what was the global effect of the seven years war?
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great Britain emerged as the worlds strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pup european powers against one another
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what undermined both the ottoman and mughal empires?
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the influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic economy
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how did europe's cultural exchanges with the americas and pacific compare with its exchanges with china and islamic world?
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unlike cultures in china and the islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans
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in what way did the Islamic world in the period between 1500-1780 change from its earlier pattern of cultural development?
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the islamic world developed three distinctive cultural traditions centered on the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid empires
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why did Ming China escape the sectarian warfare that ravaged Europe?
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the chinese believed it was the emperor, rather than any other religious group, that help the mandate of heaven, so no sect was favored over the others
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what led the Japanese to consider how to control and integrate foreign learning?
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earlier foreign ideas rarely traveled beyond coastal regions, but by the eighteenth century, expanded networks of exchange facilitated their spread throughout the country
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what were some of the broader consequences of the Enlightenment?
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the expansion of literacy and the spread of critical thinking
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Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted ...
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conducting experiments was the only was that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature
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which of the following did Adam Smith see as a valid reason for creating an economy with less government regulation?
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he believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth
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which of the following did Captain Cook and Christopher columbus have in common?
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both changes local ecologies by introducing european flora and fauna to unfamiliar environments
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which of John Locke's ideas formed the basis of the declaration of independence?
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a social contract, binding both ruler and ruled
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what accurately characterizes both the american and french revolution?
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both introduced republican forms of government
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what accurately describes the political revolution against the Spanish monarchy in the 19th century latin america?
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it was crushed by the colonial elite, who used their spanish identity to justify their control
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what accurately indicates the process by which the salve trade was ended in the North Atlantic?
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britain posted a naval squadron off the coast of West Africa to prevent any slave trade north of the equator
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what effect did the end of the Atlantic slave trade have in Africa?
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slavery increased within africa to provide labor for commercial crops such as palm oil and cloves
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what accurately describes global trade in the mid 19th century?
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people increasingly worked to produce goods they could sell in the global market instead of producing subsistence crops
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how did britain's political and social environment contribute to the industrial revolution?
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it allowed merchants and industrialists to invest heavily in such inventions as steam power
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how did the industrial revolution effect Europe's relationship with other parts of the world?
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europe became more powerful economically by exporting more goods than it imported
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what explains why China did not become the epicenter of the industrial revolution?
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the Qing did not foster experimentation or create the links between the thinkers and investigators
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what method was used by Tsar Nicholas I to maintain absolute rule in Russia?
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he expanded the secret policy and enforced censorship
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during 18th and 19th centuries how did India's traditional trade patterns change?
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India became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles, and an exporter of raw materials
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how did trade relationship between china and europe change in the early 19th century?
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the balance of trade between china and europe was reversed
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the leaders of 18th and 19th century Islamic revitalization movements sought to reestablish the glory of Islam through which practice?
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establishing new religiously based governments in lands already under Muslim control
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the impetus of Mohammad Ibn al-Wahhab's Islamic reform movement was a reaction to ...
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polytheistic beliefs that had taken root among some muslims
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*** which of the following groups was most attracted to Wahhabi Islam?
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people who felt threatened by new commercial activities and the increasing pace of intellectual change
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how did the status of Islam in West Africa change after the establishment of the Sokoto caliphate?
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it changed from a minority religion to the majority religion
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why did small scale settlements in southern africa give way to larger states during the early 19th century?
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larger states were better equipped to compete for limited land and resources
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during 19th century, what led to a crisis in southern africa?
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pressure from the growing population
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what is a similarity between the goals of Hong and Shaka?
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they believed that lack of harmony was caused by foreign rule
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what was a reason for the collapse of the Taiping Rebellion?
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it failed to attract strong support from the landed gentry and other elite groups
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In Restoration-period Europe, what was a goal of liberal thinkers?
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supporting the individuals right to speak, think and act as they chose
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what way did the 19th century nationalists goals prove destructive in the 20th century?
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the nationalist goals of different groups proves incompatible with one another
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what did Marx and Engels believe would be the outcome of the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat?
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a victory by the proletariat that would result in the destruction of capitalism, the end of private property, and the eventual withering away of the state
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what did the groups that eld the 1848 revolutions in europe have in common?
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they shared a desire for independent nations and to overthrow the existing elites
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what was a common factor in the Shawnee, Maya, and Indians rebellions against colonial control?
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the use of prophecy and charismatic leadership
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the Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa was similar to Hong Xiuquan in what way?
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both had religious visions and embraced a strict moral code
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how did the outcome of the War of 1812 hasten the ethnic cleansing of native americans east of the Mississippi?
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the british withdrew their support from south of the great lakes, leaving the Shawnee at the mercy of land hungry american settlers
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what change did the british east india company make in its approach to ruling India during the 1840s?
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it annexed more land and stripped native aristocrats of their privileges
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what event sparked the great rebellion of 1857?
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a rumor that cow and pig fat had been used to grease the cartilages used in soldiers' rifles
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how did the peasants show their divergence from the indian elite in the great rebellion of 1857?
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peasants attacked both indian and british people and places that represented their oppression
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what characterized the British counterinsurgency effort in India?
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the British responded brutally, villages were destroyed and leaders were tied to cannons and executed
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how did the british change their approach of ruling India after 1857?
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india came under the British crowns direct control
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how did the development of nation-states contribute to the spread of imperialism?
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the conquest of new territories was seen as a measure of a nation-state's strength
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what was a method that dominant elites used to spread their values and institutions throughout the nation-state?
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broadening public education in the national language
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what attitudes created tension between the concept of nation-state and colonial empire?
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colonies were seen as subordinate to their mother countries, often with no representations of their governments
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how did the U.S's understanding of itself change after the Civil War?
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its sense of national identity, and the strength of the national government, grew stronger
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what hampered the implementation of the nationalistic idea that the location of "the people" should form the basis for setting national boundaries?
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there was no agreement as to who "the people" should be
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what developments contributed heavily to the growth of nationalism in 19th century europe?
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the expansion of literacy and the periodical press
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what kind of states resulted from the unifications of Germany and Italy?
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states with persistent interval divisions and centralized power wielded by their monarchs
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in what way did the 2nd industrial revolution lead to greater global economic integration?
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necessary raw materials such as rubber, copper, oil, and bauxite were not readily available in the North Atlantic states and had to be imported from overseas
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what reflects charles darwin's key scientific theory?
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species evolved under the pressure of natural selection
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how did social darwinists use the idea of "survival of the fittest"?
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to justify strong nations domination of weaker ones
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which british colony served as a model for later European endeavors by developing the colony's infrastructure to maximize profit from trade?
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india
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what was the general goal of imperial powers, such as Great britain in the 19th century?
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to force their colonies to buy their manufactured goods while exporting staple commodities
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which of the following was an important unintended consequence of the european partition of Africa in the late 19th century?
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boundary lines drawn by europeans divided existing African ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and commercial units among several different colonies
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why did the europeans colonize africa?
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to acquire personal power and imperial glory
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after revolts in several of their african colonies, what changes did the europeans make in their colonial structures?
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more efficient administrations began to provide health care and education to the colonized people
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after the spanish and american war, american expansionism increasingly involved...
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turning nominally independent countries into dependent states
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in response to Commodore Perry's arrival in Edo Bay, how did young japan elites plan to modernize?
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they planned to adopt western technology, while maintaining japanese culture
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what was a similarity between russia and japanese attempts to modernize in the late 19th century?
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for both, key aspects of industrialization were state sponsored
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what was the ultimate result of China's unwillingness to change its political and economic systems?
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vulnerability to external aggression ands internal instability
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