question

A major precondition of industrialization in Britain was its____________________, which Britain had developed far earlier and more fully than other countries.

answer

growing supply of capital

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British middle-class respectability required

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hard work, character, and financial independence.

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During the 1830s, women and children in Great Britain may have constituted

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two-thirds of the labor force in textile mills.

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During the early stages of industrialization, Great Britain's small size

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encouraged the development of a well-integrated domestic market.

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European middle-class believed they could move up in society, or "get ahead,"

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by means of intelligence, luck and serious devotion to work.

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Financial support for British enterprises and new industries came from

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Britain's readily available supply of capital from its dominant position in international trade.

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In political terms, the members of the British Parliament

answer

were businessmen or investors themselves, so they supported legislation favorable to businesses.

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Many inventions improved textile manufacturing in the 1700s. The first of these was the "flying shuttle," which was invented by

answer

John Kay.

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Many nineteenth-century doctors and scientists attributed women's supposed moral superiority to their

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lack of sexual feeling, or passionlessness.

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One consequence of the industrialization of Europe was its detrimental effect on the environment. This was first noted in its effect on air quality, as typified by Coketown, the fictional city in the novel Hard Times, by:

answer

Charles Dickens.

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Overall pollution in British cities contributed to bronchitis and tuberculosis, which both may have accounted for

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25 percent of British deaths.

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Poor living conditions in the cities reached the point that

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governments adopted measures in an attempt to try to prevent the spread of catastrophic epidemics.

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Queen Victoria of Great Britain ascended to the throne in 1837 and became one of the country's most successful monarchs, in no small measure because she

answer

embodied the traits important to the middle class, whose habits of mind we now call Victorian.

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Radicals and reformers tended to lump all the issues associated with urban life together and refer to them as

answer

the social question.

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The development of the steam engine decisively transformed the nineteenth-century world. The _________ was one of its many applications.

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railroad locomotive

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The explosive growth of the textile industry created a political debate on:

answer

the benefits and tyranny of new industries.

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The mining industry in Britain was required to grow and mine deeper due to the increased demand for

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coal.

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The textile industry in Britain helped initiate and drive the Industrial Revolution through a number of technological innovations. One of these, which was developed in 1799, combined the advantages of the water frame and the spinning jenny. It was known as the

answer

spinning mule.

question

A Romantic would probably argue that human nature is

answer

diverse, and finds truth in emotion.

question

Between 1839 and 1848, the leading British voice(s) calling for democracy

answer

were the Chartists, who gathered 6 million signatures in support in 1848.

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Conservatives came to be nationalists because their definition of a nation included

answer

the national traditions of dynastic ruling families and hereditary elites.

question

Disagreeing with liberals and republicans who both defined a nation as a body of free citizens, Marxist socialists maintained that

answer

social class was the predominant building block of society and that class identity was universal, not national, in nature.

question

During the early nineteenth century, liberals supported nationalism because they associated it with constitutions, national political institutions, and

answer

political transformation.

question

During the nineteenth century, many European economists, such as _________, sought to develop national economies and national infrastructures in keeping with the general rise of nationalism.

answer

Friedrich List

question

Nationalism was promoted by the nations themselves through various institutions and activities, including

answer

teaching a single national language in the school system.

question

Slave revolts in the United States and the Caribbean polarized the debate about slavery,

answer

and increased slaveholders' sense of vulnerability and isolation.

question

The abolitionist movement gained considerable momentum in England through such leaders as

answer

William Wilberforce.

question

The basis of nineteenth-century conservatism was a belief in political stability, which conservatives thought would be guaranteed by:

answer

the monarchy.

question

The Congress of Vienna sought to reestablish and reinforce Europe's:

answer

monarchical regimes.

question

The founder of more developed and modern socialism was

answer

Karl Marx.

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The paintings of the British artist _______________ demonstrate Romanticism.

answer

J. M. W. Turner

question

The Revolutionary era seems to have used slavery as a metaphor for everything that was bad

answer

except the institution of slavery itself.

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The Romantics' interest in history and the lives of the people can be seen in Rossini's opera ____________, which also promoted Italian nationalism.

answer

William Tell

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The three core principles of liberals were equality before the law, government based on the consent of the people, and

answer

individual freedom to engage in economic activity without governmental interference.

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The writings of the seventeenth-century political philosopher John Locke formed the basis of the beliefs of British

answer

liberals.

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We can draw a distinction between liberals and republicans on the issue of:

answer

the criteria used for determining citizenship.

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After other smaller German states had instituted liberal reforms in their territories, a confrontation occurred between revolutionaries and the Prussian army in Berlin. As a result, King Frederick William of Prussia

answer

promised a constitution.

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After the failed revolutions of 1848, the hopes of moderates working for Italian unification no longer centered on popular movements but rather on political moves by

answer

Piedmont-Sardinia.

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Because Austria chose to remain neutral during the Crimean War:

answer

it left Russia and Austria considerably weaker.

question

Bismarck's policies can best be understood as

answer

an illustration of his desire for power and influence for Prussia.

question

Contributing to the unrest that fueled the revolutions of 1848 were economic problems, including a famine. The years from __________, were perhaps the worst Europe suffered in the entire nineteenth century.

answer

1846 to 1847

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During the nineteenth century, both the United States and Russia had similar problems as Canada in building their respective nations, but they had the additional problem of

answer

slavery and serfdom.

question

In 1831, Giuseppe Mazzini founded a nationalist group, _________, dedicated to Italian unification.

answer

Young Italy

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In 1849, the Frankfurt Assembly offered the crown of a new German nation to:

answer

Frederick Wilhelm IV.

question

In counterpoint to the Frankfurt Assembly, the _________ refused to participate and instead held their own assembly.

answer

Czechs

question

Italian unification was achieved both on the battlefield and through diplomacy: the diplomatic fight was led by

answer

Count Camillo di Cavour.

question

Many liberal reformers and revolutionaries of the mid-nineteenth century had as one of their goals

answer

representative government.

question

One consequence of the Crimean War was that

answer

Moldavia and Walachia became independent and united in the new nation Romania.

question

The ________ helped break the impasse over ending serfdom in Russia.

answer

Crimean War

question

The "Eastern Question" refers to

answer

the question of who would benefit as the Ottoman Empire lost its grip in southeastern Europe.

question

The American Civil War transformed the nation in multiple ways besides eliminating slavery, such as

answer

establishing the preeminence of "due process" as defined by the national government, not by state or territorial governments.

question

The Crimean War prompted dramatic changes in the British

answer

army's administrative and logistical systems.

question

The decree emancipating 22 million Russian serfs in 1861

answer

didn't change the pattern of rural life much at all.

question

The first of the revolutions of 1848 began in:

answer

Belgium

question

The Franco-Prussian War was waged

answer

as the final stage in German unification.

question

The Frankfurt Assembly was plagued by

answer

the problem of nationality.

question

The government and leaders of the early republic of the United States supported a political system based on the aristocracy of

answer

"virtue and talent."

question

The Hungarian parliament passed a series of laws that revolutionaries had demanded in 1848, including one for

answer

the abolition of serfdom.

question

The reformers and revolutionaries of 1848 had several goals, ranging from the end of privilege to

answer

national unity.

question

The term Manifest Destiny expressed the desire of many Americans to see

answer

the United States overspread the continent.

question

The unification of _________ and Italy could not have been accomplished without changing how governments conducted business and related to their citizens.

answer

Germany

question

Although electricity had been discovered much earlier, its development during the late 1800s led to

answer

new techniques in the metallurgical and chemical industries.

question

Although the __________ were strictly realists, they were responsible for the first significant break with traditional representational art.

answer

impressionists

question

By 1884, the right to vote had been extended to most _________ in Germany, France, and Britain.

answer

men

question

By 1895, seven different socialist parties had

answer

been able to win from 25 to 33 percent of the votes in their respective countries.

question

During the late nineteenth century, which political party became the most successful Marxist party?

answer

the German Social Democratic Party

question

Friedrich Nietzsche believed that human beings must become "supermen" and

answer

transcend the bounds of cultural conformity.

question

In his major publication _____________, Charles Darwin dealt with the natural world and developed his theory of evolution by means of natural selection.

answer

The Origin of Species

question

Political reform in Britain, Germany and France gave women the right to control their own property and sue for divorce. For the women's movement, the next step was

answer

to be able to vote.

question

Reacting to pressure from the British Labour party, the Liberal government

answer

passed a controversial budget that included a progressive income tax to pay for concessions to workers.

question

Reform movements of the early nineteenth century in various areas ranged from poor relief to temperance and ending slavery. These movements depended on women and

answer

tended to raise women's public standing and bring them together.

question

Stung by France's defeat in 1870 and the loss of their power and influence, the French landed nobility and the Catholic Church formed a new right that was nationalistic, antiparliamentary, antiliberal and

answer

anti-Semitic.

question

The European governments enacted _______________ to assure investors that they would not lose too much of their wealth if a corporation failed.

answer

limited-liability laws

question

The first technological innovation of the second industrial revolution was with

answer

steel

question

The growing search for efficient sources of power during the late nineteenth century led to the

answer

invention of the liquid-fuel, internal combustion engine.

question

The nineteenth century ended with a burst of energy and innovations in the realm of economics, culture, and politics that led many Europeans to

answer

assume that society was speeding toward a more promising future

question

Though anarchists agreed with many of the values of Marxist socialists, they

answer

opposed centrally organized economies and the very existence of nation-states.

question

To match the power of the corporations and fueled by a resentment of living a "life apart," Europe's working classes

answer

launched a "new unionism" during the late nineteenth century.

question

After the February revolution of 1917:

answer

Leon Trotsky reestablished a soviet that was first organized in 1905 and claimed all legitimate political power for that soviet.

question

At the Paris Peace Conference beginning in 1919, each of the so-called Big Four was represented by its political leaders, with France being represented by

answer

Georges Clemenceau.

question

Britain needed manpower so badly that nearly ________ Indian troops served in British forces in various locations.

answer

1.5 million

question

British military commanders and volunteers believe that the war would be short. They based this on

answer

the general belief that modern weapons made protracted war impossible.

question

During the 1890s, Germany had developed a plan to fight a two-front war. The plan was called

answer

the Schlieffen Plan.

question

Germany was subjected to many crippling provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, including massive punitive reparations. The eminent British economist _______________ believed that these reparations would actually keep Europe from repairing its own economy.

answer

John Maynard Keynes

question

In organizing attacks on the Ottoman Turks, the British

answer

encouraged Arab peoples to revolt against the Turks.

question

Led by Lenin, the Bolsheviks attempted to gain widespread support during 1917 under the slogan

answer

"Peace, Land, and Bread, Now."

question

One of the elements of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points that was taken up during the negotiations for the Versailles Treaty was

answer

the creation of a League of Nations.

question

The bloodiest battles of World War I occurred during 1916-1917, with the first one being fought at

answer

Verdun

question

The Bolsheviks ultimately were able to triumph in October 1917 under the leadership of the young, dedicated revolutionary

answer

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov.

question

The most important battle strategically of the First World War which led to trench warfare was:

answer

the First Battle of the Marne.

question

The spark that ignited the fuse that resulted in the explosion of the First World War was:

answer

the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo.

question

There were some __________ miles of trenches along the Western Front.

answer

25,000

question

What was the public motive for Britain's declaration of war in 1914?

answer

the German invasion of neutral Belgium

question

Which public figure appeared at the Versailles conference as an advocate for the rights of colonial peoples?

answer

Ho Chi Minh

question

Which weapon was considered the best bet to break the stalemate on the Western Front?

answer

the tank

question

World War I saw the first use of many new weapons. One of these, poison gas, was particularly devastating due to its

answer

physical and psychological effects.

question

What is so different about New Imperialism?

answer

It focuses on specific parts of the world, i.e. Africa and Asia

question

What is a formal colony?

answer

A colony that irradiates a native people with their military and establishes settler colonies.

question

Vertical Integration

answer

Taking over every faze of production which takes over everybody else.

question

What is the basic reason for WWI?

answer

A rivalry between Great Britain and Germany.

History 102 – Chapters 19-24 – Whitaker – Flashcards

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