Chapter 11: Stress and Health – Flashcards
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People facing _________ conflict are dealing with two or more goals or events that are unpleasant.
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Avoidence-avoidence
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Adults find the hassle of _______ to be the greatest source of stress.
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fighting among family members
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Which of the following is a typical first response to a source of frustration?
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Persistence
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According to the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, what life event causes the highest number of "life change units"?
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Death of a spouse
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Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale focuses on:
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how life events cause stress in ones life
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Drug abuse, as a reaction to a source of frustration, is a form of:
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withdrawal
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A strategy of coping with stress in which a person changes the way he or she feels or emotionally reacts to a stressor is ____________________
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Emotion focused coping
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Two economically-based social factors discussed in the text that create stressful living conditions are poverty and:
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Job stress
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According to Lazarus's cognitive appraisal approach, the first step in appraising a stressor is called ______ appraisal.
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Primary
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The phases of the general adaptation syndrome are alarm, resistance, and:
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exhaustion
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Endocrinologist Hans Selye's three stages of the body's physiological reaction to stress are called the:
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general adaptation syndrome
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During the _____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the adrenal glands release hormones that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and the supply of blood sugar.
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alarm
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Marge is easygoing, slow to anger, and usually relaxed. Marge probably has a ________ personality.
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type B
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When Ravi found out that he didn't get a high enough grade on his final for an A in his psychology course, he experienced stress from:
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frustration
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When Ben found out his girlfriend had been unfaithful, he didn't say anything to her, but he was furious on the inside. Ben's personality may be considered a ________.
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type C
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You are driving down the road in a country in the Eastern part of the world. You come across a man who is patiently polishing a large, wooden box with great care. You stop to chat with him, and learn that he is working on what will one day become his own coffin. You are probably driving through the country of ________.
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Vietnam
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If Tom has been adapting to a stressor and is now experiencing fatigue due to prolonged muscle tension, according to psychologist Selye, Tom is in the _____ stage.
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exhaustion
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Stress has been shown to:
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put people at higher risks for heart attacks
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Howard was upset that he got a B in Biology, but he felt better knowing that he had improved over his previous grade and that he could work hard to get an A on the next exam. Howard was using _______ to help himself feel better.
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optimistic thinking
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Claire's boss scolded her in front of her coworkers in a meeting. When she got home, she started a fight with her roommate. What form of coping with this frustration did Claire demonstrate?
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displaced agression
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The ______ returns the body to normal functioning after the stress has ended.
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parasympathetic nervous system
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A person dealing with acculturative stress by choosing to maintain a sense of the original culture's identity while also trying to form a positive relationship with members of the majority culture is using the _______ method.
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integration
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_______ refers to negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration.
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burnout
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___________ results when people experience unpleasant stressors.
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distress
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______ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging.
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stress
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When it is not possible to change or eliminate a stressor, the best emotion-focused way to cope is:
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to ignore the stressor
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Natural killer cells:
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are responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells.
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Type 2 diabetes is a common result of prolonged stress due to which common behavior?
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overeating
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When white blood cells encounter an infection in the body, they create chemicals and enzymes that activate receptor sites on the _______ that then signal the brain that the body is sick.
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vagus nerve
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Pam was getting close to buying her first house, but she was nervous about the mortgage payments, even though they would be less than she was paying in rent. Pam was experiencing a(n) _______ conflict.
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approach-avoidence
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Sam put his last dollar into a vending machine to buy himself a snack. The machine accepted the dollar but did not release the snack. Sam tried the snack button again, but it still did not work. Sam pushed the button for coin return, but the machine did not refund his money. Sam reacted by kicking the machine as hard as he could several times until a snack fell out. Kicking the machine is an example of:
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agression
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Sonja has an exam coming up and she is beginning to worry about it. According to the cognitive mediational theory, how should Sonja try to perceive the exam to make her coping ability more successful?
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Sonja should perceive the exam as a challenge or an opportunity to do well.
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More than anything else, Kendra wants to be the lead singer in a rock band and become famous. However, during her singing lessons, her music teacher told her that her voice is flat and she has no future as a singer. This is an example of:
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internal frustration
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Stress-causing events are called:
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stressors
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Miller and Rahe found that overall stress associated with many of the items on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale had ________ from the original 1967 ratings.
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increased in about 45%
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According to the general adaptation syndrome, when a body first reacts to a stressor during the alarm stage, the body activates the ________ system, causing increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and supply of blood sugar.
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sympathetic nervous
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_______ is a pattern in which a minority person rejects the majority culture's ways and tries to maintain their original cultural identity.
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separation
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Which of the following activities is associated with a rise in immune system functioning?
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optimism
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Concentrative meditation:
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focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus.
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Adrian tends to see a "silver lining in every cloud," while her friend Thomas can only see the cloud. One could say that Adrian is _______.
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am optimist
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Carlisha is a very religious individual who deals with stress by turning to her religious beliefs and practices. Which of the following practices might Carlisha tend to avoid?
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alcohol use
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If life gives a Type A personality lemons, he or she will:
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get enraged and throw the lemons back, having a minor heart attack while doing so.
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Which of the following describes a person with a Type C personality?
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Phil is a sensitive, pleasant guy who avoids confrontation. He does not get along with his coworker, but rather than tell her when he disagrees with her, he internalizes his emotion and frustration.
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According to psychologist Richard Lazarus, the cognitive-mediational theory suggests that:
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the way people think about and appraise a stressor is a major factor in how stressful that particular stressor becomes.
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According to Lazarus's cognitive mediational theory, what is the main influence on how much stress a person experiences in response to a stressor?
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the way a person thinks about and appraises the stressor
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Which coping strategy has been found to change brain waves to incorporate primarily more alpha and theta waves?
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meditation
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Julie is a gymnast who consistently falls off the beam when attempting one particular trick. She has an upcoming competition, and she is experiencing stress due to worry that she will fall again. Julie decides to set up a private lesson with her coach to try to figure out what she is doing wrong. This is an example of what coping strategy?
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problem focused
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During stressful situations, Susan always tries to lighten the mood by trying to find the humor in the situation. This is an example of:
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emotion-focused coping
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Faith experienced a high degree of stress when she did not receive a job offer she was expecting. This is an example of:
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agression
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Ross does not do well in school, so he spends his time surfing. Which coping method is Ross using?
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escape or withdrawal
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According to the College Undergraduate Stress Scale, which of the following is considered to be a high stress item?
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flunking a class
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The destruction of the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001, is an example of a(n):
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catastrophe
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When people feel that they must work harder, faster, or do more, they are experiencing a type of stressor known as:
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pressure
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The decision to go back to school to get a new degree in order to begin a new career, with the positive and negative points to consider, is an example of which type of conflict?
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approach avoidence
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The Social Readjustment Rating Scale measures the amount of stress:
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in a person's life resulting from life events over a one-year period.
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The type of stress experienced when positive events require the body to adapt is called:
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eustress
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Internal frustration is also known as____?
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personal frustrations
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What is internal frustrations or personal frustrations?
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when the goal or need cannot be attained because of internal or personal characteristics
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What is persistence?
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the continuation of effort or changing the style of response, a kind of frustration
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What is displaced aggression?
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taking out one's anger frustrations on less threatening, more available targets.
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What is double approach-avoidence conflict?
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when the choice is between two goals that have both positive and negative elements to each other
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What is an example of approach-avoidence conflict?
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Buying a new house out in the country or in the city
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What is your immune system?
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the system of cells, organs, and chemicals in the body that respond to attacks on the body from diseases and injuries
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What is psychoneuroimmunology?
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concerns the study of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thinking, learning, and behavior on the immune system
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What is coronary heart disease?
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the buildup of a waxy substance called plaque in the arteries of the heart
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What are the three C's that the hardy personality has?
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Commitment, Control, Challenge
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What is a social support system?
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is the network of friends, family members, neighbors, coworkers, and other who can offer help to a person in need
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Integration
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original identity maintained but form positive relationships with members of the dominant culture
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Assimilation
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individual gives up old culture and completely adopts ways of the majority
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Seperation
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majority culture is rejected and original culture identity is maintained
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Marginalization
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does not maintain contact with original culture or join the majority culture
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What is progressive muscle relaxation?
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which you focus on tensing and then relaxing each of your muscle groups, usually beginning with the feet and working your way up the body
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What is a pessimist?
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take a more negative approach
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Type C personality people have a higher risk at getting ______?
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Cancer
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Type A personality people have a higher risk at getting heart disease?
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Coronary heart disease
