Chapter 3 Psych Test Answers – Flashcards
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The basic units of the nervous system are?
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Neurons
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Which of the following is NOT a basic part of a neuron?
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Synapse
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What is the main difference between a myelinated cell process and a cell process without myelin?
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Myelinated cell processes are more efficient at information processing than non-myelinated cell processes.
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Which of the following statements about synaptogenesis is NOT true?
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Synaptogenesis ends in late childhood
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Increases in levels of dopamine can do which of the following?
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All of these choices are correct
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The bundle of axon fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain is called the?
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Corpus callosum
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Which of the following statements regarding the corpus callosum is NOT true? .
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It becomes smaller in adolescence
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The prefrontal cortex is primarily involved with?
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All of these choices are correct
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Which of the following statements regarding the amygdala is TRUE?
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All of these choices are correct
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Lisa, age 18, finds that she cannot control her emotions when she becomes angry. She lashes out at those around her in an inappropriate way. Nelson and colleagues would say that Lisa's _____ is not able to handle the emotional intensity of her _____.
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prefrontal cortex; amygdala
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Which of the following statements regarding neurogenesis is NOT true?
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Researchers have documented neurogenesis in the prefrontal cortex.
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Stan tells you that he sustained a head injury as the result of a car accident. He has since lost his sense of smell. Stan's accident likely damaged his?
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Olfactory bulb
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Julie suffered a stroke in the area of her hippocampus. Which of the following difficulties would you expect Julie to experience?
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problems with her memory
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Increasing age interferes with the brain's ability to recover from injury because?
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the brain repairs itself best in childhood and adolescence.
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According to Piaget, adolescents are motivated to understand their world because doing so?
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is biologically adaptive
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Adolescents _____ their experiences to help them _____ their cognitive worlds?
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Organize; activity construct
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Piaget proposed that children and adolescents use and adopt their schemas through the processes of _____ and accommodation?
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Assimilation
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What process is going on when individuals incorporate new knowledge into their existing knowledge bases?
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Assimilation
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What process is going on when individuals change their existing way of thinking as a result of new information?
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Accommodation
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Which of the following statements regarding Piaget's concrete operational stage is NOT true?
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It is the second Piagetian stage
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Teachers can help children to learn the concept of _____ by demonstrating with liquids or clay during the _____ stage of cognitive development?
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conservation; concrete operational thought
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Jackson, age 7, separates all of his toys into groups. All the stuffed animals go in one basket, books go on a low shelf, and trucks are lined up in the corner. According to Piaget, Jackson has learned the concept of?
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classification
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Which of the following statements regarding formal operational thought is TRUE?
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Formal operational thought is more abstract than concrete operational thought
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"Thinking about thinking" is known as?
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Metacognition
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Donnie, age 16, is able to understand that a poem has another, less literal meaning and that the words are actually referring to life choices instead of paths in a forest. Donnie is in Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development?
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Formal operations
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What would happen if children in grades three and four were introduced to algebraic equations?
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They would lack the hypothetical-deductive reasoning skills needed to solve algebraic equations
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The dominant process in early formal operational thought is?
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Assimilation
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Sandra has begun to test her reasoning against her experience; she uses accommodation to adjust to the many cognitive changes that she encounters. Sandra is in the stage of?
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late formal operational thought
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A graduate student gives a lecture on the research concerning individual differences that characterize the cognitive development of adolescents. Which of the following information that she gives to her audience is NOT true?
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"Most eighth graders are formal operational thinkers."
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Which of the following concepts has been attributed to Jean Piaget?
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All of these choices are correct
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Criticisms of Piaget's theory include all of the following EXCEPT?
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Adolescent cognitive development is more stage-like than Piaget thought.
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Neo-Piagetians focus on?
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All of these choices are correct
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Robbie Case, a leading proponent of the neo-Piagetian view believes that, to understand adolescents' cognitive development, it is critical to study their ability to hold information in?
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working memory
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Faith, age 16, and Maura, age 26, are likely to differ in their cognitive abilities. Which of the following differences is MOST likely?
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Faith is more likely than Maura to view the world in absolute terms
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Which of the following statements about Labouvie-Vief's view of cognitive development is NOT true?
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Most emerging adults have attained the highest level of thinking.
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Postformal thought is?
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All of these choices are correct
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Harry, age 24, was denied admission to graduate school because of a low grade point average. Harry is unwilling to accept this decision and plans to appeal based on the fact that he missed almost one semester of school due to illness. Harry's thinking is typical of someone in?
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postformal thought
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Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life, that permits excellent judgment about important matters, is known as?
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Wisdom
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Tom always calls his grandfather when he wants some help figuring out a difficult problem in his life. Paul Baltes would say that Tom is seeking his grandfather's?
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wisdom
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Which of the following statements regarding wisdom is NOT true?
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A high level of wisdom is common in middle-aged and older adults.
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Robert Sternberg's beliefs about wisdom focus on a balance between _____ and _____?
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self interest; interests of others
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Grace believes that some aspects of wisdom, such as problem solving with an emphasis on various intrapersonal, interpersonal, and contextual interests, should be taught in schools. Grace's belief would be shared by which of the following theorists?
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Robert Sternberg
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Vygotsky called the range of tasks that can be mastered with the guidance of a more skilled peer or adult as?
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the zone of proximal development
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Vygotsky stressed the role of _____ on cognitive development?
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All of these choices are correct
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Mrs. Symmes is the principal of a middle school. In addressing the PTA, she tells the parents that the school is only one influence on adolescent development. She stresses that parents, peers, and the community all influence adolescent development. Mrs. Symmes's view would be MOST likely to be shared by which of the following theorists?
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Lev Vygotsky
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Which of the following is a similarity between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of cognitive development?
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Teachers are seen as facilitators and guides.
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Which of the following is a criticism of Vygotsky's social constructivist approach?
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Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking.
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In information-processing theory, the capacity and speed of processing are referred to as?
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Cognitive resources
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Which of the following statements regarding the speed of processing is NOT true?
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Processing speed increases with age
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Which of the following has NOT been labeled by psychologists as a type of attention?
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Concentrated attention
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A parent's ability to pick out his son's voice on a crowded playground is an example of?
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selective attention
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Jessica can watch television while doing her math homework. This ability is an example of?
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divided attention
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Dr. Wagner can focus on his client and her issues for their 50-minute therapy session without being distracted by other thoughts. This is an example of?
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selective attention
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Which of the following statements about multitasking is TRUE?
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A major influence on the increase in multitasking is the availability of multiple electronic media
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Which of the following memory systems is involved in adolescents' learning?
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All of these choices are correct
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Mrs. Beaupre is asked by a psychologist to repeat back a series of digits she has just seen for a short time. The psychologist is assessing her?
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Short-term memory
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Which of the following statements regarding short-term memory and problem solving is TRUE?
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All of these choices are correct
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Working memory is more _____ than short-term memory?
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Active
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Which of the following findings on long-term memory has NOT been documented by researchers?
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Long-term memory continues to increase in adolescence
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Higher-order, complex processes are often called?
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Executive function
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Which of the following statements about adolescent decision-making is TRUE?
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All of these choices are correct
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ustin, age 17, cannot drive at night and is not allowed to have a passenger in the car. Justin most likely is? i
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in a graduated driver licensing program.
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Good decision making is related to being?
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Calm
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Critical thinking is thinking reflectively, thinking productively, and?
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Evaluating evidence
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All of the following factors contribute to improved critical thinking in adolescents EXCEPT?
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decreased automaticity of information processing
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Robert Sternberg believes that most school programs that teach critical thinking?
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Have all of these characteristics
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Mr. Loveland wants to encourage critical thinking in his U.S. history class. Which of the following activities would be LEAST likely to contribute to the development of these skills?
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Have the students listen to a lecture on the issues related to slavery
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Which of the following statements regarding creativity is TRUE?
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None of these choices are correct
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Tina is a gifted artist who makes and sells her own original pieces of jewelry. From this information, what can we predict about Tina?
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None of these choices are correct
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Mr. Bressler, an English literature teacher, wants to encourage his students' creativity. Which of the following activities will DISCOURAGE critical thinking?
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giving the students rewards for creative ideas
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Lori and her group of "explorers" are given the whole term to create a "space alien." They have to describe their alien to parents, peers, and teachers on the last class day. They have no restrictions on the project, and they receive a group grade for creativity. According to research on creativity, which of the following is most likely?
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The students will likely be more creative in designing their alien, because they are not afraid of failing or getting it wrong.
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Kyle is an expert at paint-balling; Mitchell is just beginning in the sport. Kyle will be better than Mitchell at?
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All of these choices are correct
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One perspective on expertise is that _____, in addition to motivation, is required to become an expert?
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Deliberate practice
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Which of the following is NOT a component of deliberate practice?
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practice that allows opportunities to observe "super-experts" perform the skill
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Which of the following statements regarding metacognition is TRUE?
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All of these choices are correct
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Pressley and his colleagues' extensive observation of teachers and students on strategy instruction and use indicated that?
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strategy instruction is far less complete and intense than what students need in order to use strategies effectively.
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Self-generation and self-monitoring of one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to reach a goal is?
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self-regulatory learning
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Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of self-regulatory learners?
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They follow the teachers' goals for extending their knowledge.
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Professor Hulke, who teaches a course on Theories of Personality, assigns her students the project of selecting a famous person and applying a theory of personality to that person's life. She requires the students to submit a detailed outline of the paper before the final draft. Professor Hulke is helping her students with?
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domain-specific thinking skills
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The ability to solve problems and to adapt to and learn from experience is?
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Intelligence
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The psychometric/intelligence view emphasizes?
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All of these choices are correct
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The 1905 Scale was designed by?
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Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon
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The formula devised by William Stern in 1912 for calculating IQ is?
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MA/CA X 100
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Which of the following statements regarding IQ is NOT true? .
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If mental age is below chronological age, we cannot calculate an IQ
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The 2004 version of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test, the Stanford-Binet 5, analyzes an individual's responses in all of the following content areas EXCEPT?
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long-term memory
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Jeremy takes a test that analyzes his responses in such areas as fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial reasoning, and working memory. Jeremy has taken the?
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Stanford-Binet 5.
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An advantage of the Wechsler scales is that they?
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yield composite scores in addition to the overall IQ score
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Which of the following statements regarding intelligence testing is TRUE?
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An IQ test is considered a measure of current performance.
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Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?
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Robert Sternberg
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According to Sternberg, the ability to judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast is which form of intelligence?
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Analytical
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Michael is a successful business owner who can develop his ideas into productive enterprises. Although he was an average student in school, his great social skills and common sense indicate that Michael might score highly in what Sternberg calls _____ intelligence?
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Practical
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The theorist who proposed that there are eight types of intelligence, or "frames of mind," is?
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Howard Gardner
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Peter is a landscape designer. Gardner would say that Peter's strength is in?
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naturalistic intelligence
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The ability to think three-dimensionally is a description of Gardner's _____ intelligence?
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Spatial
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Dorian is a skilled psychiatric nurse who has the ability to engage and relate to clients with severe and chronic mental illness. Gardner would say that Dorian is high in?
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interpersonal intelligence
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Who wrote Emotional Intelligence in 1995?
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Daniel Goleman
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Emotional intelligence includes the ability to?
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do all of these.
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According to Daniel Goleman, the ability to manage emotions in oneself and others is part of having?
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emotional intelligence
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Critics of theories of multiple intelligences argue that?
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All of these choices are correct
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Intelligence is thought to be?
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located in a few specific neural pathways.
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Which statement is TRUE regarding the relationship between brain size and intelligence?
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There is a moderate relationship between brain size and intelligence
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Which of the following is TRUE about research on the role of heredity in intelligence?
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It shows that heredity has a strong influence on intelligence.
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Which of the following statements regarding IQ scores is TRUE?
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All of these choices are correct
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The heightened self-consciousness of adolescence is known as?
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adolescent egocentrism
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David Elkind argues that adolescent egocentrism can be dissected into two types of social thinking, the _____ and the personal fable?
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imaginary audience
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Martha states that "everyone is staring at my beetle brows" after her mother refuses to drive her to get her eyebrows waxed. Martha's belief is an example of what David Elkind calls the ______ of adolescence?
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Imaginary audience
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Emily tells her friend Sarah, "Absolutely nobody in my family understands me. They are totally clueless!" Emily's feelings are an example of what David Elkind calls the?
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Personal fable
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Which of the following has been linked to adolescent egocentrism?
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All of these choices are correct
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Recent research has indicated that personal uniqueness should be treated as a risk factor for?
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depression and suicidal tendencies in girls
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Recent research revealed that adolescent egocentrism?
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is still prominent in emerging adults ages 18-21
