Sociology CH 4,5,6 – Flashcards
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The theory that various social institutions and processes in society exists to serve some important function to keep society running
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Functionalism
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The idea that conflict between competing interest is the basic animating force of social change and society in general
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Conflict Theory
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The process by which you learn how to become a functioning member of society
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Socialization
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Individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person
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Self
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One's sense of agency, action, or power
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I
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The self as perceived as an object by the "I"; the self as one imagines other perceive one.
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Me
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Someone or something outside of one's self
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Other
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An internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings regardless of whether we've encountered those people or places before
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Generalized Other
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Families, School, Peers, and Media
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Agents of Socialization
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The process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs, and norms, are re-engineered, often deliberately through and intense social process that may take place in a total insitution
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Resocialization
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Institutions in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same authority.
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Total Institutions
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A recognizable social position that an individual occupies
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Status
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The duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status.
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Role
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The incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status
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Role Strain
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Tension caused between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses
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Role Conflict
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All the statuses one holds simultaneously
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Status Set
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A status into which one is born
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Ascribed Status
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A status into which one enters; voluntary status
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Achieved Status
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One's status within a set that stands out or overrides all others.
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Master Status
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Set of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female
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Gender Roles
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Things we consider natural were socially constructed
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The Social Construction of Reality
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A micro level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behinds peoples actions.
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Symbolic Interactionsim
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The view of social life as essentially a theatrical performance in which we are all actors on metaphorical with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets.
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Dramaturgical Theory
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Seeks to examine people's reactions to violations of commonly accepted social rules or norms.
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Breaching Experiments
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Form the building blocks for society and most social interactions. Can make predictions about the ways people are going to behave based on the number of actors in the group
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Social Groups
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Group of two
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Dyad
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Group of three or more
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Triad
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Group characterized by face-to-face interaction, a universal perspective, lack of formal arrangements, a certain level of equality
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Small Group
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A group characterized by the presence of a formal structure that mediates interaction and consequently, status differentiation
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Large Group
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Social groups such as family or friends composed of intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those involved
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Primary Groups
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Groups marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to end)
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Secondary Groups
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Another form of the powerful group, most often the majority
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In-group
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Another term for the stigmatized or less powerful group, the minority
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Out-group
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A group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in society relative to other groups
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Reference Group
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A set of relations- essentially a set of dyads- held together by ties between individuals
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Social Network
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A set of stories that explain our relationship to the other members of our network
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Tie
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A sum of stories contained in a set of ties
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Narrative
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The degree to which ties are reinforced through a indirect path within a social network
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Embeddedness
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The notion that often relatively weak ties turn out to be quite valuable because they yield new information
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Strength of Weak Ties
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The information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks
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Social Capital
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The justifiable right to exercise power
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Authority
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Authority that rests in the personal appeal of an individual leader
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Charismatic Authority
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Authority based on appeals to the past or traditions
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Traditional Authority
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A legal-rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to rules and roles and emphasizes meritocracy
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Bureacracy
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An experiment devised in 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a scientific authority figure.
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Milgram Experiment
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Demonstrated the degree to which an individual's own opinions are influenced by those of a majority group.
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Solomon Asch's Experiments
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Any transgressions of socially established norms; breaking the rules that most people abide by.
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Social Deviance
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Violations of laws enacted by society
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Crime
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Social bonds; how well people relate to each and get along on a day-to-day basis; created by Emile Durkheim THEORY: FUNCTIONALISM
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Social Cohesion
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(Segmental) Social cohesion based on sameness
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Mechanical Solidarity
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Social cohesion based on the difference and interdependence of the parts; members perform different specialized functions
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Organic Solidarity
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Those mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals/the act of abiding by society's norms. Following the rules of group life
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Social Control
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Mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior (focused on murder, rape, and theft)
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Formal Social Sanctions
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The usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social life (EX: burping loudly in public)
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Informal Social Sanctions
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The belief that individuals subconsciously notice how other see or label them in their reaction to those labels overtime form the basis of their self identity THEORY: SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
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Labeling Theory
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Philosophy of criminal justice arising from the notion that crime results from a rational calculation of its cost and benefits
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Deterrence Theory
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Retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, restoration, and incapacitation (rrrdi)
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Goals of Punishment
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The 8 crimes that the FBI combines to produce its annual crime index. These crimes are willful homicide, forcible rape, robbery, burglary, aggravated assault, larceny over fifty dollars, motor vehicle theft and arson.
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Index Crime
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The desire for harmony/conformity in the group results in an incorrect/deviant decision
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Group Think
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Social influence involves change in belief/behavior in order to fit with the group
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Conformity
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New Asylums Video
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New Asylums Video
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Overall crime rates decreasing since '91 and increased movement towards rehabilitating inmates
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Recent trends in the criminal justice system
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The self emerges from our ability to assume the point of view of others and thereby imagine how they see us (Cooley)
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The Looking Glass Self
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Deviance occurs when society doesn't give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goal
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Merton's Strain Theory
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Sense of aimlessness/despair arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable. Too little social regulation
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Anomie
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First act of rule breaking that may incline the label of deviant and influences how many people think about and act towards you
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Primary Deviance
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Subsequent acts of rule breaking in result of the new deviant label and people's expectations of you
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Secondary Deviance
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Committed in public. Related to violence, gangs and poverty
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Street Crime
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Crime committed by a professional against a corporation
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White Collar Crime
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Officers of corporations commit crimes
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Corporate Crime
