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Francis Galton

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a genius in the 19th century, noted that some individuals were quick to solve problems and others were very slow. He felt that reaction time (RT) could be used as a measure of or intellectual ability.

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Intelligence is

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the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

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Intelligence: Single or multiple?

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Charles Spearman-general intelligence Louis Thurstone-7 linked clusters of abilities Howard Gardner-8 intelligences Robert Sternberg-3 intelligences Creativity and intelligence- 5 components Emotional Intelligence-4 components

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General Intelligence, also known as g

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Charles Spearman performed a factor analysis of different skills and found that people who did well in one area also did well in another. Spearman speculated that these people had a high "g" (general intelligence)

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Factor analysis

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refers to a staticals technique that determines how different variables relate to each other; for example, whether they form clusters that tend to vary together

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Thurstone's Seven Clusters of Abilities

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1. verbal comprehension 2.inductive reasoning 3. word fluency 4. spatial ability 5. memory 6. perceptual speed 7. numerical ability

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The "Savant syndrome"

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refers to having isolated "islands" of high ability amidst a sea of below average cognitive and social functioning

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Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligence

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-howard gardner noted that different people have intelligence/ability in different areas -research and factor analysis suggests that there may be a correlation among these intelligences

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Howard Gardner's Eight Intelligences

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interpersonal naturalist linguistic logical-mathematical musical spatual booly-kinesthetic intrapersonal

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Sternberg's Intelligence Triarchy

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success in life is related to three types of abilities practical intelligence, analytical intelligence, and creative intelligence

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Practical Intelligence

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expertise and talent that help to complete the tasks and manage the couple challenges of everyday life

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Analytical intelligence

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solving a well defined problem with a single answer

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Creative intelligence

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generating new ideas to help adapt to novel situations

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Creativity refers to

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the ability to produce ideas that are notable and valuable

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Creative Intelligence involves

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using those ideas to adapt to novel situations

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Convergent thinking

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is a left-brain involving zeroing in on a single correct answer

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Creativity uses divergent thinking

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the ability to generate new ideas, new actions, and multiple options and answers

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Robert Sternberg's five components of creativity

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creative environment venturesome personality intrinsic motivation imaginative thinking expertise

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Creative environment

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having support, feedback, encouragement, and time and space to think

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Venturesome personality

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tending to seek out new experiences despite risk, ambiguity, and obstacles

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Intrinsic motivation

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enjoying the pursuit of interests and challenge without needing external direction or rewards

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Expertise

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possessing a well-developed base of knowledge

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Imaginative thinking

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having the ability to see new perspectives, combinations, and connections

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Social Intelligence

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refers to the ability to understand and navigate social situations

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Emotional intelligence

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involves processing and managing the emotional component of those social situations, including one own's emotions

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Components of emotional intelligence

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perceiving emotions understanding emotions managing emotions using emotions

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Perceiving emotions

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recognizing emotions in facial expressions, stories, and even music

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Understanding emotions

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being able to see blended emotions, and to predict emotional states and changes in self and others

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Managing emotions

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modulating and expressing emotions in various situations

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Using emotions

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using emotions as fuel and motivation for creative, adaptive thinking

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Benefits of emotional intelligence

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people with high emotional intelligence often have other beneficial trait, such as the ability to delay gratification while pursuing long-term goals. The level of emotional intelligence, including the skill of reading the emotions of others, correlates with success in career and other social situations

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Assessing Intelligence

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assessment refers to the activity and the instruments used to measure intelligence. The challenge is to make these instruments valid (measure what they are supposed to measure) and reliable (yielding the same score if administered again, even if administered by someone else)

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Why try to measure intelligence?

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to study how and why people differ in ability to match strengths and weakness to just school programs to help the "survival of the fitness" process; trying to select the people who have the greatest abilities. this was the position of eugenicist Francis Galton (1822-1911), a cousin of Darwin

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Predicting School Achievement: Alfred Binet

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a new law in france required universal education even for those without the ability to succeed with the current instruction. solution: devised tests for children to determine which others needed help -hoped to predict a child's level of success in regular education

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Intelligence: growing with age?

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binet assumed that all children follow the same course of development, some going more quickly, and others more slowly -his tests attempted to measure how far the child had come along on the "normal" developmental pathway -the implication was that children with lower ability were delayed and not disabled; with help they could improve

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Lewis Terman, of Stanford University adapted Alfred Binet's test

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-adding new test items and extending the age range into adulthood -terman also tested many California residents to develop new norms, that is new information about how people typically performed on the test. Stanford-Binet Standford test -resulted in the concept of IQ, the Intelligence Quotient -Binet reported scores a simply one's mental age; a 10 year old with below average intelligence might have a mental age of 8

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IQ=

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mental age/chronological age X 100

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What do IQ scores mean

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Terman felt that intelligence was unchanging and innate (genetic); later he saw how scores can be affected by people's level of education and their familiarity with the language and culture used in the test.

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Achievement tests

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measure what you already had learned. ex. a driver license exam

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Aptitude test

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attempt to predict your ability to learn new skills ex. SAT

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David Wechslers' Tests: Intelligence PLUS

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The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) measure "g"/IQ and have sub scores for: verbal comprehension processing speed perceptual organization working memory

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Principles of Test Construction

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in order for intelligence psychological tests to generate results that are considered useful, the tests (and their scores) must be standardized, reliable, valid

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Standardization

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means defining the meaning of scores based on a comparison with the performance of others who have taken the test before -Stern found a mental age

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Re-standardization and the Flynn Effect

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Re-standardization: re-testing a sample of the general population to make an updated, accurate comparison group, in case people are smarter than they used to be when the test was first made.

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The Flynn Effect

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performance on intelligence tests has improved over the years worldwide

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A test or other measuring tool is reliable when it

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generates consistent results

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Split-half reliability

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do two halves of the test yield the same result?

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Test-retest reliability

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will the test give the same result if used again?

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A test or measure has validity

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if it accurately measures what it is supposed to measure

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Content validity

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the test correlates well with the relevant criterion, trait, or behavior

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Predictive validity

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the test predicts future performance (ex. an aptitude test results to future grades)

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Evidence for change/decline

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Cross-sectional studies examine people of different ages all at once. -older adults do not perform as well as younger adults son intelligence tests

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Evidence for stability

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longitudinal studies track the performance of one group of people, or cohort, over time. -this method yields evidence that intelligence remains stable, or even increases, over time

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Fluid intelligence refers to

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the ability to thick quickly and abstractly

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Crystallized intelligence refers to

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accumulated knowledge, wisdom, expertise and vocabulary

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Intelligence and Longevity

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higher intelligence test scores lived longer and more independently and were less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease

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Extremes of Intelligence

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the wechsler intelligence scale is set so that about 2% of the population is above 130 and about 2% is below 70

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Intellectural disability

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refers to people who have an IQ around 70 or below, have difficulty with a captive skills such as conceptual skills (literacy and calculation), social skills, inkling making safe social choices, practical daily living skills such as hygiene, occupational skills and using transportation -although some people with high intelligence test scores can seem socially delayed or withdrawn, most are successful. -Gifted children, like any children, learn best with an appropriate level of challenge -segregated, 'tracked' programs, however, often unfairly widen achievement gaps

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Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence (Nature and Nurture)

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are people successful because of inborn talents? or are they successful because of their unequal access to better nurture?

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When you see variation in intelligence between two or more people, the heritability of that trait is the

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amount of variation that is apparently explained by genetic factors; this does NOT tell us the proportion that genes contribute to the trait for any one person

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Genetic influences on intelligence

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-identical twins seem to show similarity in specific talents such as music, math and sports -the brains of twins show similar structure and functioning -there are specific genes which may have a small influence on ability

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With age, the intelligence test scores of adoptees look more and more like that of their______ parents

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biological

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Environmental influences on intelligence

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environment has more influence on intelligence under extreme conditions such as abuse, neglect, or extreme poverty -tutored human enrichment has a larger impact on compensating for deprivation than on boosting intelligence under normal conditions

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Schooling and Intelligence

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-preschool and elementary school clearly have at least a temporary impact on intelligence test scores -college can have a positive impact on intelligence test scores if students have: motivation and incentives. belief that people can improve. study skills, especially the willingness to practice

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Group differences in test scores

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gender differences racial differences the impact of environment within-group differences and between-group differences

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Male-Female ability differences

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-boys are more likely than girls to be at the high or low end of the intelligence test score spectrum -girls tend to be better at spelling, locating objects, and detecting emotions -girls tend to be more verbally fluent, and more sensitive to touch, taste, and color -boys tend to be better at handling spatial reasoning and complex math problems -it is myth that boys generally do better in math that girls. girls do at least as well as boys in overall math performance and especially in math computation

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Group differences: within-group vs. between-group

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group differences, including intelligence test score differences between so-called 'racial groups' can be caused by environmental factors

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Intelligence

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mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

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Intelligence test

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a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

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General intelligence

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a general intelligence factor that according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on a intelligence test

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Creativity

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the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

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Mental age

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a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

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Stanford-Binet

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the widely used American revision of binet's original intelligence test

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WAIS (Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale)

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the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

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Normal curve

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the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes

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Reliability

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the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting

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Validity

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the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

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Cohort

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a group of people from a given time period

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Crystallized intelligence

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our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

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Fluid intelligence

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our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

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Intellectual disability

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a condition limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life

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Down syndrome

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a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosomes 21

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Heritability

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the proportion of variation among individuals that we an attribute to genes

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Stereotype threat

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a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

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