Anthro – Flashcard
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Sociocultural, archaeological, biological, linguistic
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List 4 Subfields of General Anthropology
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What is culture? How is culture taught? How is culture perceived? How is culture expressed?
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Wha are 4 of the 5 "Big" Questions about Culture discussed in class?
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A hypothesis is formed before research
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What is the deductive method?
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A hypothesis is based off of the research
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What is the inductive method?
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subculture, international, national
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What are the three levels of culture?
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diffusion, acculturation, independent invention, innovation
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What are 4 of the mechanisms for cultural change?
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In-depth interview, speak to a key culture consultant, learn beliefs and traditions, team work, observations of behavior
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5 of the 10 Ethnographic Techniques described by Kottak
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What someone wishes a culture will be like (NYC: celebrities)
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What is ideal culture?
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What it actually is (NYC: homeless people)
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What is real culture?
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Perspective of the ethnologists
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What is etic perspective?
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perspective of the local society
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What is emic perspective?
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thoughts and opinions
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Reflexive ethnology
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no opinions
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normal ethnographic writing
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the firsthand, personal study of local settings
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Ethnography is
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allows the inclusion of both biological and cultural approaches to comment on or solve a particular issue or problem
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Anthropology's comparative, bicultural perspective
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the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology
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Ethnology is
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"People share society with other animals, but culture is distinctly human."
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Which of the following statements is a distinction between culture and society?
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Adaptation
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__________ defines the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses.
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genetic adaptation
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The tendency of people living in the Peruvian Andes to develop a voluminous chest and lungs for life at very high altitudes is an example of a(n)
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cultural adaptations
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The pressurized cabin of an airplane flying at high altitude is an example of a(n)
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"Where did Native Americans come from?"
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The question, ____________, was important in the origins of American anthropology.
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the inclusion of both biological and cultural approaches
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A biocultural perspective is
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is archaeology of modern people
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Rathje's garbology project
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genetic transmission
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Individuals do NOT learn culture through
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enculturation
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The process by which children learn culture is
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Practice theory
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_______ focuses on how people with different motives, intentions, and degrees of power and influence manage to create and transform the society in which they live.
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an attribute of individuals as members of their groups
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Shared culture means that culture is
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the argument that behavior in a particular culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture
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Cultural relativism is
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Some kind of family
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_______ is cultural universal.
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in terms of your own culture and values
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Ethnocentrism is defined as viewing another culture
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C) "Human groups differ in their capacities for culture."
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Which statement is NOT true? A) "All human groups have culture." B) "Culture provides the particular way that groups of humans deal with biological needs." C) "Human groups differ in their capacities for culture." D) "The capacity for culture is shared by all humans." E) Cultural learning is uniquely elaborated among humans."
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B) "Cultural relativism argues that some cultures are relatively better than others."
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Which statement is NOT true? A) "Cultural relativism argues that cultural values vary between cultures." B) "Cultural relativism argues that some cultures are relatively better than others." C) "Cultural relativism argues that we shouldn't use our own standards to judge conduct in other cultures." D) "Cultural relativism argues that no one culture is better than any other." E) "Cultural relativism argues that each culture is a unique, integrated world."
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cultural rights are vested in groups, not in individuals
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Cultural rights are different from human rights in that
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the nuclear family
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________ is a cultural generality.
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Subcultures
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________ refers to the different symbol-based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups within the same complex society.
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all people
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Anthropologists consider ______ to be "cultured."
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habitual bipedalism
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Humans do NOT share such features as _______ with other primates.
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Visible estrus
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Humans do NOT share such features as ______ with chimpanzees.
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Preserved kinship system
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________ is unique to humans.
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designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to society.
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The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics is
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inform the people about the purpose, nature, and procedures of the research and its potential costs and benefits to them.
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To conduct research among a group of people, the anthropologist must
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a bit more than one year, in order to witness all seasons of activities
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Anthropologists should remain with the group they are studying for
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notice some of the most basic aspects of cultural diversity, which eventually fade from consciousness
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During the first few weeks in the field, the anthropologist will
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Etic
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The view that American Thanksgiving Day represents a post harvest festival like many other societies is the ______ view.
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a holistic view of all aspects of a culture
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Classic ethnographic, like those of Malinowski, tend to focus on
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reflexive ethnography
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The style of ethnography in which the anthropologist puts his or her personal feelings and reactions to the field situation into the text is
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The period before Westernization
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_______ is the ethnographic present.
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participant observation
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Taking part in the events one is witnessing and describing is known as
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generally focuses on a subset of a larger population
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Survey research differs from ethnography because survey research
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the collection of a representative subset of a larger population
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In survey research, sampling is
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ethnography
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The ______ strategy is unique to anthropology.
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key cultural consultant
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______ is the term for an expert on a particular aspect of local life.
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ethnographer
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The ______ researcher has traditionally studied small, non-Western populations.
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be constituted so that valid inferences about the larger population can be made
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In survey research, a sample should
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interview schedules allow informants to talk about whatever they feel is important
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The fact that _________ gives an interview schedule the advantage over a questionnaire-based survey.
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variables
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In survey research, the term _________ refers to the attributes that differ among members of a population.
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the industrial West
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Sociologists primarily study
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recording of cultural diversity that is threatened by Westernization
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Salvage ethnography is the
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it places anthropologists in positions that would violate the AAA Code of Ethics
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The AAA disapproves of the Human Terrain System because
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False
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Anthropologists study only non-Western cultures.
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False
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Anthropologists would agree that a comparative, cross-cultural approach is not necessary as long as you are diligent in your work.
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True
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Linguistic anthropologists study how languages vary in time and space, and how language and culture influence each other.
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True
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Ethnography involves the collection of data that become the basis for an account of a particular community, society, or culture.
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False
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Anthropologists use the term society to refer to customs and traditions passed from generation to generation through learning.
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True
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Anthropology is unique in that it is both holistic and cross-cultural.
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True
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The term enculturation refers to the process through which children learn culture.
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False
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The experience of hyperventilation upon reaching a high-altitude environment illustrates a long-term physiological adaptation to hight altitude.
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False
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Cultural learning often occurs among nonhuman animals that live in groups.
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False
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Culture is transmitted genetically.
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True
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Culture is transmitted in society.
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True
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Culture is both public and individual, both in the world and in people's minds.
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True
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Because cultures are integrated, patterned systems, a change in one part of a culture often leads to changes in other parts.
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True
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Although culture is one of the principal means by which humans adapt to their environment, some cultural traits may threaten a group's survival.
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False
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Although there are many different levels of culture, an individual can participate in only one level at a time.
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False
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Only people living in the industrialized, capitalist countries of Western Europe and the United States are ethnocentric.
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True
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Cultural relativists believe that people should judge culture only according to the standards and traditions of that culture and not according to standards of other cultural traditions.
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True
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The idea of universal, inalienable human rights that are superior to the laws and customs of particular cultures challenges the notion of cultural relativism.
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False
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People in a given culture differ very little in terms of their ideas, values, goals, and beliefs.
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False
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The nuclear family is a feature of all know cultures.
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False
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Indigenous peoples can do nothing to counter the threats to their cultural identity, autonomy, and livelihood pose by globalization.
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False
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The Internet has hindered the process of globalization.
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False
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According to anthropologists, cultures eventually become fixed traditions and stop changing.
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True
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Anthropologists have obligations to their scholarly field, to the wider society and culture, and to the human species, other species, and the environment.
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False
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Anthropologists who study small populations must employ sampling and statistical techniques to analyze their data.
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True
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It is important to establish rapport quickly to be an effective participant observer.
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True
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Interviews can help establish rapport with community members.
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False
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The distinction between emic and etic perspective does not apply to American culture.
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True
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Traditionally, sociologists worked in large, industrial Western nations, while anthropologists focused on smaller, nonindustrial societies.
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True
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Longitudinal ethnographic research is the long-term study of a particular culture or society, frequently based on repeated visits.
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False
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Anthropologists need to get permission from the community they are studying only when they intend to take photographs or make recordings.
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False
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The Human Terrain System is a GIS-based program to map the locations of all living communities on Earth.
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False
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An anthropologist should only have one key cultural consultant for the culture he or she is studying.
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True
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Life history accounts can illustrate individual diversity and how different people deal with the same problem.
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False
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The key cultural consultant provides the epic view of a culture.
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False
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Interpretive anthropology presents ethnography as a dialogue between anthropologist and one or more native informants.
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True
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Anthropologists today realize that no culture is isolated and that the ethnographic present is an unrealistic concept.
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True
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Sampling and statistical techniques are tools first used by sociologists.
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False
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Compared to questionnaires, interview schedules tend to be more indirect and impersonal.
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False
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Good key cultural consultants generally end up recording most of the data needed to write an ethnography.
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Franz Boas
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Who said, "Culture embraces all the manifestations of social behavior of a community, the reactions of the individual as affected by the habits of the group in which he lives, and the product of human activities as determined by these habits"?
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Adam Kuper
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Who said, "Culture is... learned, adaptable, symbolic behavior, based on a full-fledged language, associated with technical inventiveness, a complex of skills that in turn depends on a capacity to organize exchange relationships between communities..."?
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Edward Taylor
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Who said, "Culture or civilization... is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society"?
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Margaret Mead
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Who said, "Culture means the whole complex of traditional behavior which has been developed by the human race and is successively learned by each generation. A culture is less precise. It can mean the forms of traditional behavior which are characteristic of a given society, or a group of societies, or of a certain race, or of a certain area, or of a certain period of time"?
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Archaeology Anthropology
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Cultural Resource Management
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Linguistic Anthropology
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Study of Classroom Linguistic Diversity
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Cultural Anthropology
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Development Anthropology
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Physical or Biological Anthropology
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Forensic Anthropology
