VTE 123 – Parasitology Part 1 (Lecture 14) – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
2 Types of Endoparasites
answer
1. Worms 2. Protozoa
question
3 Types of Ectoparasites
answer
1. Ticks 2. Fleas 3. Mites
question
Prepatent Period
answer
Length of time from infection to shedding infective stages or diagnostic stages.
question
Definitive Host
answer
The host in which the sexual reproduction of a parasite takes place.
question
Intermediate Host
answer
A host in which a parasite goes through its larval or developmental stages.
question
Paratenic
answer
Host in which no development of the parasite takes place but the phenomenon aids in the transmission of infection, also called transfer/transport host.
question
6 Types of Samples Tested
answer
1. Stool 2. Blood 3. Urine 4. Sputum 5. Tracheal Wash 6. Lesions
question
4 Places to look for Endoparasites to get diagnostic results
answer
1. Eggs 2. Larvae 3. Antigen-antibody 4. Adults Rarely
question
4 Factors of Negative Results
answer
1. Intermittent Shedding 2. Few Eggs/Larvae 3. Inappropriate Sample 4. Degraded Sample
question
4 Common Classes of Endoparasites
answer
1. Nematodes 2. Cestodes 3. Trematodes 4. Protozoa
question
The Largest Group of Parasites Are?
answer
Nematodes
question
Nematodes are Referred to as?
answer
Roundworms
question
6 Common Nematodes
answer
1. Roundworms 2. Hookworms 3. Whipworms 4. Bloodworms 5. Lungworms 6. Heartworms
question
Dioecious
answer
Having male and female reproductive organs. Reproduce by laying eggs, or larvae which hatch from their eggs inside the body of female worm.
question
Majority of Nematodes are?
answer
Not parasitic, live in soil.
question
Ascaridida
answer
Roundworms
question
2 Canine Roundworm Scientific Names
answer
1. Toxocara canis 2. Toxascaris leonina
question
2 Feline Roundworm Scientific Names
answer
1. Toxocara cati 2. Toxascaris leonina
question
Raccoon Roundworm Scientific Name
answer
Baylisascaris procyonis
question
Adult Roundworms Live Where?
answer
Small Intestine
question
Prepatent Period of Nematodes
answer
20-90 Days
question
VLM
answer
Visceral Larval Migration
question
OLM
answer
Ocular Larval Migration
question
General Ascarid Life Cycles
answer
Ingests larvae/eggs or ingests a host. Infected animal passes Toxocara eggs in feces, milk, and in utero. Toxocara egg is pass in dog feces. Develops in the environment.
question
Common Route of Infection for Toxocara canis
answer
Transplacental transmission of larvae from bitch to fetal pups.
question
Life Cycle of Roundworm in the Body
answer
Larvae migrate through the liver and lungs, are carried up the mucociliary apparatus, then swallowed to develop in small intestine.
question
Roundworm Migration in Fetal Pups
answer
Migrating larvae wait in liver and lungs until pups are born, then resume migration across lungs to airways.
question
Roundworm Larvae Acquired from Ingestion of Vertebrate Tissues
answer
Do not migrate in dog or cat definitive host, they travel to small intestine to become adult worms.
question
4 Signs of Roundworm in Puppies
answer
1. Ill thrift 2. Failure to Gain Weight 3. Poor Hair Coat 4. Pot-bellied Appearance.
question
Signs of Roundworm in Cats
answer
Ill thrift and pot-bellied appearance in kittens. Cats remain susceptible to infection throughout life. Irritation of ascarids migrating from small intestine may cause vomiting.
question
Cats are most susceptible to Roundworms what?
answer
Throughout life.
question
T. canis Prepatent Period
answer
2 to 4 Weeks
question
A single adult T. canis can produce as many as ________________________________ eggs per day.
answer
85,000 to 100,000 eggs per day.
question
Heavily infected pups can pass how many roundworms in 1 gram of feces?
answer
100,000 eggs
question
Diagnosis for Toxocara
answer
Fecal exam for ova.
question
5 Treatments of Ascarids
answer
1. Fenbendazole, milbemycin oxime, and pyrantel pamoate. 2. Selamectin 3. Febantel in combo with pyrantel and praziquantel. 4. Piperazine 5. Pyrantel
question
Treatment of Roundworms in Puppies
answer
Treated with pyrantel pamoate at 2,4,6 and 8 weeks then placed on monthly heartworm preventative.
question
Treatment of Roundworms in Kittens
answer
Do not need to be treated until 6 weeks of age. Treated with pyrantel pamoate at 3,5,7, and 9 weeks of age then placed on monthly heartworm preventative.
question
Treatment of Roundworms in Nursing Dams
answer
Should be treated at the same time as their litters.
question
Treatment of Roundworms in Pregnant Bitches
answer
Daily with fenbendazole or 2 to 4 times with a high dose of Ivermectin to prevent transplacental and transmammary transmission.
question
5 Prevention/Control Measures for Roundworm
answer
1. Remove eggs from environment. 2. Leash Laws 3. Routinely deworming infected animals. 4. Prevention of predation and scavenging. 5. Raccoons not kept as pets and should be discouraged from defecating nearby.
question
Strongylida (Stronglids)
answer
Hookworms
question
3 Types of Canine Hookworms
answer
1. Ancylostoma canium 2. Ancylostoma braziliense 3. Uncinaria stenocephala
question
3 Types of Feline Hookworms
answer
1. Ancylostoma tubaeforme 2. Ancylostoma braziliense 3. Uncinaria stenocephala (rare in cats)
question
Where do adult hookworms live?
answer
Small intestine and shed eggs in feces.
question
Which stage of hookworm larvae infects puppies and kittens?
answer
Ingestion of third-stage larvae from contaminated environment, larval penetration of skin, or ingesting other hosts.
question
How can cats also be infected by hookworms?
answer
Ingesting Cockroaches
question
Important Route of Infection of A. caninum
answer
Transmammary Transmission
question
A. tubaeforme is acquired ________________________.
answer
After birth, not to nursing kittens.
question
How are arrested hookworm larvae activated?
answer
After removal of adult worms from intestine or during pregnancy when they accumulate in mammary glands.
question
4 Steps of Hookworm Migration within Host
answer
1. Skin penetration 2. Carried by bloodstream to lungs. 3. Coughed up and swallowed. 4. Mature, mate, and produce eggs in small intestine.
question
Hookworm eggs are found in feces how long after infection?
answer
2 to 3 weeks.
question
Hypobiosis
answer
Arrested stage of development
question
How long do adult hookworms live in the small intestine?
answer
4 to 24 months
question
Hookworms secrete _____________________ and ______________________ to digest intestinal mucosa and facilitate blood feeding.
answer
Enzymes and Anticoagulants
question
Hookworm Platelet Inhibitor
answer
Inhibits platelet aggregation and adhesion.
question
Which hookworm can bleed a puppy to death?
answer
A. caninum
question
Puppies with heavy worm burden will develop?
answer
Acute Normocytic, Normochromic Anemia followed by Hypochromic, Microcytic Anemia.
question
7 Signs of Puppies Infected with Hookworms
answer
1. Pale MM 2. Anemia 3. Ill Thrift 4. Failure to Gain Weight 5. Poor Hair Coat 6. Dehydration 7. Melena
question
A. tubaeforme
answer
A voracious bloodsucker that causes anemia, diarrhea, and weight loss in kittens.
question
Why are A. caninum and A. tubaeforme more pathogenic that U. stenocephala?
answer
They consume much more blood.
question
Penetration of Hookworms can have what 3 effects on the skin?
answer
Dermatitis with erythema, pruritis, and papules.
question
Which type of hookworm prefers colder climates?
answer
U. stenocephala
question
Hookworm deworming does not kill _____________________________.
answer
Arrested larvae in the tissues.
question
3 Modes of Transmission of Hookworm
answer
1. Ingestion of Infected Larvae 2. Larval Skin Penetration 3. Ingestion of Larvae in Vertebrate Host Tissue.
question
2 Ways Hookworm Arrested Larvae are Activated?
answer
1. During pregnancy they migrate to mammary glands. 2. After antihelmintic treatment when removed from small intestine.
question
A. caninum Prepatent Period
answer
2-3 weeks. As early as 10 to 12 days after birth, puppies can shed eggs.
question
A. tubaeforme Prepatent Period
answer
18-28 days
question
A. braziliense and U. stenocephala Prepatent Period
answer
13 to 27 days
question
Hookworm Environmental Conditions
answer
Thrive best in warm, moderately moist, aerated soils away from sunlight. Can survive for a few months until metabolic reserves are depleted.
question
4 Feline Treatments of Hookworm
answer
1. Ivermectin, milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, and selamectin. 2. Pyrantel and Fenbendazole 3. Pyrantel Pamoate combined with Praziquantel. 4. Emodepside combined with praziquantel.
question
2 Canine Hookworm Treatments for A. canium and Uncinaria Infections
answer
1. Febantel, Milbemycin, and Moxidectin. 2. Fenbendazole, Milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, and Pyrantel pamoate.
question
Treatment Protocols for Hookworm in Puppies
answer
Prevent environmental contamination, treat with Pyrantel at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age then place on monthly heartworm preventative.
question
Treatment Protocols for Hookworm in Kittens
answer
Pyrantel Pamoate at 3, 5, 7, and 9 weeks of age then put on monthly heartworm preventative.
question
Treatment Protocols for Hookworm in Nursing Dams
answer
Should be treated for hookworms at same time as their litters.
question
Treatment Protocols for Hookworms in Pregnant Botches
answer
Treated during pregnancy with daily fenbendazole or 2 to 4 times with a high dose ivermectin to prevent transplacental and transmammary transmission of hookworm larvae.
question
6 Prevention and Control Methods for Hookworm
answer
1. Treat newly acquired infections. 2. Maintain on monthly intestinal parasite-control products. 3. Initial dewormings 4. Preventing Predation and Scavenging 5. Removal of feces 6. Leash Laws
question
3 Chemicals used to Prevent and Control Hookworms
answer
1. Sodium borate on lawns and gravel 2. 1% bleach solution 3. Flaming surfaces
question
Trichuris vulpis occurs in what 3 animals?
answer
1. Dog 2. Fox 3. Coyote
question
3 Common Names for Feline Whipworm
answer
1. Trichuris felis 2. Trichuris campanula 3. Trichuris serrata
question
Is Feline Whipworm Common?
answer
No, occurs rarely in domestic and wild species.
question
Whipworm Characteristics
answer
Body composed of thin, filamentous, anterior end (the lash) and thick posterior end (the whip's handle).
question
Prepatent Period of Whipworms
answer
70-90 Days
question
Whipworm eggs are ______________________ when passed in feces.
answer
Unembryonated
question
Unembryonated Whipworm eggs are resistant to?
answer
1. Desiccation 2. Extreme Temperatures 3. UV Rays
question
Where do Whipworm eggs embryonate and when?
answer
In the soil depending on temperature and moisture content. Embryonate in 9 to 21 days.
question
How are hosts infected by Whipworm?
answer
Ingesting larvated eggs from soil.
question
Where do larvated Whipworm eggs hatch?
answer
Hatch from eggs in small intestine and penetrate mucosa.
question
In 2 to 10 days, Whipworm larvae move to where and become?
answer
Move to cecum and become adult worms.
question
Many Canine Whipworm Infections are __________________ and ___________________.
answer
Asymptomatic or Subclinical.
question
Some infections caused by Whipworm result in ____________________ or ________________.
answer
Typhilitis or Colitis.
question
Adult Whipworms Consume?
answer
Blood, Tissue Fluids, and Mucosal Epithelium.
question
How many eggs can female T. vulpis produce in a day?
answer
2,000 eggs
question
2 Aspects of Whipworm Infection that May Complicate Diagnosis
answer
1. Long prepatent period causes heavily infected animals may show clinical signs before ova are shed. 2. In low-level infections, ova may be shed intermittently.
question
How are Whipworm ova distinguished from Eucoleus spp. and Pearsonema spp. ?
answer
Whipworm ova are barrel-shaped, yellow-brown. Eoculeus spp. and Pearsonema spp. are smaller and have a rough surface.
question
3 Treatments of Whipworm
answer
1. Single Treatment Products - Drontal Plus 2. Monthly Administration - Interceptor and Sentinel 3. Administered for 3 Consecutive Days - Panacur
question
Drontal Plus is made up of?
answer
Febantel, Pyrantel Pamoate, and Praziquantel.
question
Panacur is made of?
answer
Fenbendazole
question
Interceptor and Sentinel are made up of?
answer
Milbemycin oxime and Sentinel.
question
3 Prevention and Control Methods of Whipworm
answer
1. Removing Feces 2. Deworming Protocols 3. Some Available Monthly Broad-Spectrum Heartworm Prevention
