Medical Specialties A to Z – Flashcards

What is an Addiction Specialist? Addiction specialists are physicians who have undergone extensive training in the study, diagnosis, treatment and management of all types of addiction - whether to substances, behaviors or activities. About Addiction Medicine Addiction medicine attempts to assuage the societal and public health burdens created by addictions to alcohol, tobacco, and other substances, as well as activities and behaviors. This area of medicine commonly converges with other medical specialties as a result of its comprehensive nature of care. An addiction specialist (may also be referred to as an addiction medicine physician or addiction doctor) administers addiction-specific medical care to those suffering from addictions and addiction-related conditions and/or disorders. Addiction doctors are also trained to care for and treat family members whose lives have been personally affected by addiction. Addiction medicine physicians may come from a wide variety of medical backgrounds including internal medicine, psychology and family medicine, among others. When treating patients suffering from addiction, these specialists will first focus on properly diagnosing the patient, which may include both physical and psychological examinations to determine the extent of the patient's condition(s). When physically examining a patient, addiction specialists will often take blood and urine samples in addition to a comprehensive physical exam. During a psychological examination, the specialist will attempt to understand and document any psychological factors that may have contributed to the onset and continuation of the addiction. By identifying both physical and psychological factors and complications, the specialist will be able to provide a patient-specific rehabilitation and treatment plan for recovery. The specialty of addiction medicine commonly encompasses certain medical processes or treatments, which include but are not limited to: rehabilitation, detoxification, harm-reduction, short term therapy, long term therapy (to prevent relapse), halfway house supervision and withdrawal treatments, among others. Common reasons for treatment by addiction medicine specialists/physicians include addictions to substances such as nicotine (primarily tobacco), alcohol, and both legal and illegal substances and narcotics. Addiction Medicine Education & Training Addiction medicine physicians are typically trained across a wide gamut of preventative, evaluative and treatment measures throughout various medical settings (such as ambulatory, acute and psychiatric care settings, among others). Educational and training requirements for this medical specialty vary throughout the country, as each state has its own licensing process. Physicians that practice addiction medicine have earned medical degrees (MD or DO) and typically specialize in mental health, psychiatry and/or psychology. The most popular path toward practice in this area of medicine has been psychiatry, with a subspecialty focus on addiction medicine. In July 2011, the first residency programs for addiction medicine gained national accreditation. In a milestone for addiction medicine, the first group of medical students subsequently began their residencies, which are officially accredited by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN). Physicians are encouraged to voluntarily seek board certification from the ABPN which is separate from any state licensure requirements. Board certification from the ABPN illustrates that the physician has received the proper education and experience to provide patients with preventative, diagnostic, interventional and treatment services. Certification from ABPN also represents that the physician undergoes sufficient continuing education to practice in the field of addiction medicine.

...

...

...

What is an Allergist / Immunologist? Allergist/immunologists are physicians trained in the diagnosis, treatment and management of allergic reactions and immunologic disorders, ranging from common and simple to rare and complex. About Allergy / Immunology The field of allergy/immunology is a combined medical specialty that draws upon the care provided by both allergists and immunologists. Generally speaking, these two areas of medicine are separate and distinct, with the care provided by an allergist often differing from that of an immunologist. Nonetheless, the areas do overlap and have many similarities regarding the nature and spectrum of care. For this reason, the two specialties are often combined and many physicians choose to seek training in both areas. Allergists are physicians that have been trained to diagnose, treat and manage the wide range of allergic reactions and allergies. Allergists are capable of performing diagnostic tests to pinpoint immune-mediated reactions to a wide range of relatively innocuous stimuli in their patients. These stimuli can include medications, food, seasonal stimuli, pet stimuli, and other biological allergens. When treating patients, allergists often provide a personalized management plan, as each patient will have a unique response from their immune system. Treatment for allergies usually comes in the form of management of the condition. This may include the prescription of medications, allergy shots and other preventive measures (such as avoiding certain stimuli). Immunologists are trained to deal with conditions of the immune system above and beyond that of allergic reactions. The human immune system can be affect by either immunodeficiency or autoimmune disorders, which are distinct from one another. Immunodeficiency disorders are those that affect the immune system's capacity to fight infectious diseases - the immune system is either weakened, or its functioning is altogether absent. Immunodeficiency disorders or diseases include common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), DiGeorge's syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), among many others. Autoimmune disorders treated by immunologists include multiple sclerosis, Addison's disease, atopic dermatitis, hepatitis and eczema, among many other disorders and diseases. Depending upon the patient's diagnosis and severity of disease, the allergist/immunologist is trained to concoct a unique and personalized treatment plan to manage or suppress the condition. Allergist/immunologists are specifically and uniquely trained to deal with conditions ranging from the very common to the very rare and multifaceted. Allergy / Immunology Education & Training The education and training path to become an allergist/immunologist begins with the completion of an undergraduate degree focused on the scientific areas such as biology, chemistry and physiology, although other areas may be pursued. Following completion of a bachelor's degree, the student must attend medical school and earn a four year MD or DO medical degree. After graduating from medical school, the student must complete residency training at a hospital or medical center. Most allergist/immunologists complete a two to three year residency program in areas such as pediatrics or internal medicine. Following successful completion of residency training, the physician must seek state licensure. After earning a license to practice medicine, the physician must then complete additional training in the form of a fellowship. Fellowship training programs in the field of allergy and immunology allow physicians to expand their knowledge of the diagnosis and treatment of allergy and immunological disorders. During the fellowship, the physician is generally exposed to two years of clinical patient care and/or research relating specifically to immunology; the physician typically sees both adults and children. However, depending upon the type of fellowship, the physician's residency training and their overall career goals, they may be able to focus on one age demographic or type of immunological disorder. Many allergist/immunologists choose to pursue board certification from either the American Board of Allergy and Immunology (ABAI).

What is an Allergist? Allergists are physicians trained to treat and manage all kinds of allergic reactions in patients - ranging from a common sore throat to more severe reactions, such as those that cause anaphylactic shock. About Allergy Medicine The medical specialty practiced by allergists provides care for patients suffering from allergies (allergic reactions) and other similar immunological disorders. Patients are usually referred to an allergist by their primary care physician when their condition requires the care of a specialist. Allergists are able to test for and treat a wide range of conditions, including but not limited to: asthma, allergic eye diseases, eczema, hay fever, sinusitis, hives, chronic cough, all types of allergic reactions, and frequent immune disorders. Allergists may provide preventive care by implementing control measures to assist the patient in reducing exposure to allergic stimulants, such as pollen or mold. Allergists will also prescribe medication to aid the patient in controlling future allergic symptoms and reactions. Allergists may utilize immunotherapy, commonly known as allergy shots. Allergy shots allow the immune system to become more tolerant of the allergens which are being injected. After regular increasing dosages, the patient's immune system may be restored to near full functionality. Because each patient will react differently to different allergens, the allergist will craft a unique treatment and management plan for each patient. In some cases, patients may have a severe reaction to an allergen, causing anaphylactic shock. In order to prevent anaphylactic shock, the physician will craft a plan to minimize exposure to the shock-causing allergens, and provide the patient with an emergency epinephrine shot to counteract the allergic reaction. In other situations, less-severe reactions may occur, such as an itchy throat or eyes. In these cases, the physician may provide prescription medications that work to reduce the patient's symptoms. Allergy Medicine Education & Training According to the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI), to become an allergist a physician must complete at least nine years of training beyond an undergraduate degree - this includes medical school, residency training and specialized fellowship training. After approximately 8 years of education to earn a bachelor's degree and MD or DO medical degree, the physician continue on to complete three years of residency training in either internal medicine or pediatrics. Following the completion of the requisite residency requirements, the physician is required to attain fellowship training in the area of allergy/immunology. Fellowship training programs typically last two years - during this time, the physician is able to acquaint his or herself with the various facets of patient care and research within the allergy specialty. Following fellowship training, many allergists seek board certification from the American Board of Allergy and Immunology (ABAI). All physicians, including allergists, must seek state licensure to begin providing medical care.

What is an Anesthesiologist? Anesthesiologists provide for the general welfare and pain management in patients before, during and after surgery; some anesthesiologists concentrate their practice in the area of general pain management. About Anesthesiology Anesthesiologists are highly trained physicians that are responsible for the welfare and safety of patients; not only are these physicians responsible for pain relief during a surgical operation, but they must care for the critical life function of the patient during the operation. Generally, these physicians are responsible for the well-being of patients throughout all stages of surgery: preoperative, operative, and postoperative; many anesthesiologists also practice pain management. When appropriate, anesthesiologists will induce a state of controlled consciousness called general anesthesia, where the patient is rendered unconscious in order to avoid feeling the pains of the operation. In regional anesthesia, a specialized area of the body will be numbed for surgery. In localized anesthesia, a smaller area of the body will be anesthetized (numbed), such as the nose or mouth. Anesthesiologists are also trained to administer sedatives to patients to relieve pain, or in certain circumstances, for the treatment of anxiety. While under anesthesia, the physician will monitor vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and oxygen levels, among others. Although many may envision anesthesiologists as only being present in the operating room, their responsibilities extend well beyond. They are responsible for creating an anesthetic plan before the surgery, while also taking into account the patient's current health situation and health history to ensure the highest degree of safety and necessary pain relief. Anesthesiologists create plans that will not interfere with the type of surgery being performed, as well as taking into account any prescription medications the patient may be taking. Anesthesiologists are also responsible for the welfare of the patient after the operation, ensuring a safe return to consciousness. Aside from surgical duties, these physicians must assist in the stabilization of critically injured/ill patients, the relief of chronic pain in patients (the medical specialty known as pain management), in respiratory and cardiac resuscitation, respiratory therapy, and in cases of blood transfusions, among others. Anesthesiology Education & Training Anesthesiologists must earn a four year medical degree following successful completion a four year undergraduate degree focused in the areas of science or mathematics. After graduation from medical school with a DO or MD medical degree, the anesthesiologist-in-training must then complete a one year internship, followed by three to four years of residency training. During the residency, the physician gains a wide variety of clinical anesthetic experience, as well as a wealth of scientific knowledge to accompany them in their duties as an anesthesiologist. After successful residency completion, residents are eligible to take the primary certification exam from the American Board of Anesthesiology (ABA) - approximately 90% of anesthesiologists earn this board certification. Following completion of the residency, many anesthesiologists will pursue a one year fellowship in areas such as pain management, pediatric anesthesiology or obstetric anesthesiology, among others, which allow the physician to receive highly specialized training in a particular area. This track often leads to subspecialty certification from the ABA in areas such as hospice & palliative care, critical care medicine, pain management, sleep medicine or pediatric anesthesiology. Every ten years, anesthesiologists who are board certified by the ABA must complete Maintenance of Certification in Anesthesiology (MOCA) requirements to demonstrate their expertise and continuing excellence in the field.

What is a Bariatric Surgeon? Batriatricians are specialized physicians that provide treatments and management plans for patients suffering from obesity - in either a surgical or non-surgical manner. About Bariatric Surgery Bariatricians, or bariatric surgeons, provide care for patients who suffer who suffer from obesity. Their goal is to help patients either prevent the onset of obesity, or find solutions to reverse the patient's obesity. The field of bariatrics utilizes a variety of treatments to deal with obesity, including: controlling the patient's diet and nutritional intake, exercise, behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. Surgical bariatric procedures are classified as being malabsorptive (reducing the absorption of calories/nutrients), restrictive (reducing oral intake), or a combination of the two. Some types of bariatric surgery include gastroplasty surgery, gastric bypass surgery and jejunoileal bypass surgery. Two of the more common treatments provided by bariatricians are gastric bypass surgery and the surgical implantation of a Gastric band. Gastric bypass is a mixed surgery that decreases the size of the stomach through stomach staples or vertical banding of the stomach. At the same time, the duodenum and other parts of the small intestine are bypassed, decreasing the body's capability to absorb nutrients and calories, ultimately contributing to weight loss. Gastric bands, also known as lap bands, are implanted on the stomach, with an intention of reducing stomach size, in turn slowing food consumption and limiting the amount of food intake. Bariatric Surgery Education & Training The training to become a bariatric physician (also referred to as a bariatrician or bariatric surgeon) begins with the completion of an undergraduate degree before completion of an MD or DO medical degree. Following graduation from medical school, the student must complete a residency program in internal medicine or general surgery. Following completion of a residency program, the physician must apply for and complete fellowship training focused on laparascopic and bariatric surgery. Most clinical training related to bariatric medicine is undertaken during this fellowship program, where the doctor practices under experienced physicians in the field of bariatrics and related areas. Bariatric medical training is typically subdivided into three areas: health treatment, preventive methods, and surgical and related procedures. States vary with regard to bariatric medicine licensure, as many licensing boards will require a certain number of successful procedures, surgeries, or treatments before a doctor can earn his/her license. If specializing in gastric bypass surgery, the physician will typically have to complete around 50 gastric bypass surgeries during residency or fellowship training. If specializing in gastric band (lap band) surgeries, the physician will have to perform approximately 10 successful surgeries during residency and/or fellowship training. Many bariatricians hold board-certifications in at least area of medicine, and may be certified.

What is a Behavioral Medicine Specialist? Behavioral specialists can have a wide range of clinical backgrounds; generally these physicians provide diagnoses, treatments and management plans for those with undesirable behaviors such as an addiction. About Behavioral Medicine Behavioral medicine is the study, diagnosis, treatment and management of psychological disorders and behaviors. Physicians who practice behavioral medicine are trained to integrate their knowledge of the biomedical, psychosocial, and behavioral sciences when providing care to patients. At its core, behavioral medicine is a multidisciplinary field - many types of physicians are capable of providing care within the specialty. A wide range of clinical and public health areas are studied, researched and practiced by behavioral specialists. This may include adolescent medicine, pediatrics, bariatrics, psychiatry, and family medicine, among many others. Additionally, those involved in behavioral health may also study, research and treat symptoms and conditions such as depression, anxiety, asthma, obesity, public health, substance abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/AIDS, and more. Because a patient's behavior can play massively a influential role with regard to an individual's state of health, behavioral medicine specialists are uniquely positioned to provide preventive and interventional care that can drastically improve a patient's well-being and quality of life. When providing interventional behavioral treatment, behavioral medicine specialists are trained to integrate three different strategic areas. First, these specialists are trained to provide patients with healthy lifestyle changes. These changes, such as improved diet or cessation of smoking, are designed to increase the overall health of the patient and decrease the risk factors for developing chronic diseases and conditions. Additionally, behavioral specialists introduce patients to self-training methods, such as self-monitoring, time management, coping, communication skills, and more. Behavioral Medicine Education & Training Being a multidisciplinary field, many type of doctors may become specialists in the study of behavioral medicine. After attending a four year college with a Bachelor's degree, an aspiring physician must then gain entrance to a four year medical college and earn either a Doctor of Medicine (MD) or Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). Following medical school, a physician undergoes further education as the enter a medical residency, which can vary in years based on the nature of the residency. Upon completion, a one year behavioral medicine fellowship is required to be certified as a behavioral medicine doctor.

What is a Breast Surgeon? Breast surgeons have been specially trained to provide surgical treatments for both men and women suffering from any type of condition affecting the breast(s), such as breast cancer. About Breast Surgery Breast surgery is a medical specialty that deals with the surgical and non-surgical treatment of all conditions affecting the breast and related structures. Breast surgeons provide comprehensive care for patients suffering from any type of disorder or disease that affects breast health - from the discovery of breast lumps and masses, to the treatment and management of breast cancer. Although women are primarily affected by breast health issues, some conditions also affect men. Breast surgeons specialize in the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment and management of conditions in which patients experience masses, lumps, infection and pain in the breasts. After visiting a breast surgeon with these or similar symptoms, the physician may review previous test results and complete additional diagnostic tests, such as medical imaging scans or biopsies, to determine the cause of the symptoms. The surgeon is trained to recommend whether the condition can be addressed in a non-surgical manner, resorting to surgery as a last resort or as a proactive measure when time is of the essence. After reviewing all necessary test results, family history reports and other pertinent medical information, the breast surgeon will present a personalized plan of treatment for each patient. If a patient is diagnosed with breast cancer, the type and stage of cancer, among other patient-specific factors will dictate the type of treatment that is prescribed. In some cases, the cancer is so advanced that the surgeon will recommend undergoing a mastectomy, which is the removal of the entire breast. In other cases, the tumor and tissues immediately surrounding it may be removed without the necessity of removing the entire breast - known as a lumpectomy. Depending upon the type of condition diagnosed, other treatment methods or techniques may be performed. Breast Surgery Education & Training The education and training to become a breast surgeon begins with an undergraduate degree from an accredited university. After graduating with an undergraduate degree, the completion of an MD or DO degree at an accredited medical school is required. During medical school, the student is trained in the general provision of healthcare in both clinical and classroom settings. After graduating from medical school, the completion of a residency is required. Physicians that become breast surgeons generally undergo five to six years of residency training in the area of general surgery (although some physicians may have undergone residency training in other areas, such as OBGYN). During this residency, the physician will perform a variety of surgical procedures on organs and structures of the abdomen and thorax, preparing the physician for more complicated surgical operations. Following completion of a general surgery residency, many breast surgeons undergo training in the form of a one to two year fellowship in general oncology before completing a more advanced fellowship in breast surgery oncology. During this time, the surgeon is exposed to the various facets of breast surgery, including diagnostic and operative procedures. The surgeon will perform a multitude of procedures, such as lumpectomies or mastectomies to remove malignant tumors. After completing a fellowship, the surgeon is able to begin practicing, provided they have the requisite medical licensure.

What is a Cardiac Electrophysiologist? Cardiac electrophysiologists are highly specialized cardiologists that have been trained to diagnose and monitor the electrical activities of the heart, performing procedures such as cardiac stress tests. About Cardiac Electrophysiology Cardiac electrophysiologists are physicians that have been trained to diagnose, research, and treat heart rhythm disorders. Most conditions affecting the heart beat are a result of dysfunctional or abnormal electrical activities within the heart. Cardiac electrophysiologists are trained to treat conditions such as heart palpitations, slow and fast heart rates (bradycardia and tachycardia, respectively), atrial flutters and fibrillations, heart arrhythmias, and many other conditions. When studying and diagnosing patients with heart conditions, cardiac electrophysiologists may employ a wide range of tests and procedures. When studying a patient with an abnormal heartbeat, these specialists may employ an EPS study, or electrophysiology study. During this diagnostic procedure, electrodes are placed within the patient's heart. The electrodes send back signals that measure the electrical activities in both the muscle cells and heart - alerting the physician to any abnormalities within the electrical signals. In addition to monitoring the patient's electrical activity of the heart, the physician may force the heart into producing an abnormal beat, which may allow the specialist to pinpoint the underlying cause of the condition. During this study, the physician may also provide the patient with medications. Additional diagnostic tests may include electrocardiograms (known as EKG or ECG), tilt-table testing, electrocardiographic monitoring, and Holter monitoring, among other procedures. Cardiac electrophysiologists are also capable of providing treatment procedures such as the implantation of cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) and pacemakers, left atrial appendage occlusions, catheter ablations and laser lead extractions, among others. Cardiac Electrophysiology Education & Training The training and educational path of a cardiac electrophysiologist begins with the completion of a four year undergraduate degree, usually focused on the sciences. After applying to and completing four years of medical school, the physician must undergo a three year residency in internal medicine. After completing a three year internal medicine residency program, the physician must complete an additional three years of more specialized training in the form of a two to three year clinical cardiology fellowship. As a fellow, the physician receives hands on training in the diagnosis, treatment and management of cardiovascular and related disorders. During this time, the physician diagnoses and treats patients while under the supervision of experienced cardiologists. Following a clinical cardiology fellowship, the physician must undergo more specialized training in the field of cardiac electrophysiology. The physician is introduced to the techniques and procedures practiced by cardiac electrophysiologists, including cardiac stress testing and intracardiac electrophysiology studies. After completing all of the requisite educational requirements, many cardiac electrophysiologists seek board certification in their primary specialties and subspecialty from the American Board of Internal Medicine. Like all physicians, the cardiac electrophysiologist must acquire state licensure in order to practice medicine.

What is a Cardiac Surgeon? Cardiac surgeons are highly specialized surgeons trained to treat disorders affecting the heart. These specialists are capable of performing the most complex surgeries on the heart. About Cardiac Surgery Cardiac surgeons, also casually referred to as heart surgeons, are specialized surgeons trained in the surgical reparation of the heart and related structures. Heart surgeons have completed demanding academic and training requirements in order to provide care. These surgeons are trained to perform complex procedures that may save or a patient's life. One of the most common procedures performed by cardiac surgeons is coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), which is a procedure to bypass the area of the coronary artery that has been blocked. During this procedure, a healthy portion of vein or artery from the patient's body is grafted to the blocked heart artery, allowing the blood to flow to the heart. Additionally, CABG procedures can relieve chest pressure and pain, as well as reducing the patient's risk of a heart attack. Additional procedures performed by cardiac surgeons include the reparation of damaged heart structures, the replacement or reparation of heart valves, complete heart transplants, implantation of pacemakers, defibrillators or stents, angioplasty procedures (opening blocked arteries), atherectomy procedures (akin to angioplasty, except it also removes plaque), cardiomyoplasty procedures and many others. Cardiac Surgery Education & Training Following the completion of a pre-med undergraduate degree, cardiac surgeons are required to attend an accredited medical school and earn an MD or DO degree. A five year general surgery residency subjects students to a wide variety of surgical techniques and skills, normally focusing on cardiac surgery in the middle years of the residency. Cardiac surgeons are then made to complete a further two to three years in a cardiac surgery fellowship in which advanced techniques in heart surgery are ascertained and refined. Certification from the American Board of Thoracic Surgery is the final step for physicians before officially having the title of cardiac surgeon. After receiving certification in the field of cardiac surgery, doctors now must pass a rigorous license exam which allows them to practice medicine in the state of their choosing. The ultimate goal of every cardiac surgeon is, upon becoming an experienced master of their craft, is to join the American College of Cardiology and be nominated as a Fellow of the America College of Cardiology.

What is a Cardiologist? Cardiologists are trained to provide comprehensive care for the heart and cardiovascular system, performing diagnostic tests and treating conditions that affect, or are affected by, the heart. About Cardiology Cardiology is a subspecialty of internal medicine practiced by cardiologists, who are trained to diagnose, treat and manage conditions of the heart and cardiovascular system. These specialists are able to provide care for heart-related conditions while monitoring other factors that may affect the heart or related structures, such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure or diabetes. Generally, a primary care physician will work in conjunction with, or refer patients to, a cardiologist with regard to cardiovascular complications, as many heart conditions will be outside the realm of care provided by a general or family practitioner. Patients suffering from symptoms such as dizziness, chest or arm pain, shortness of breath or irregular heartbeat may be referred to a cardiologist for diagnostic testing. Cardiologists may diagnose and treat a variety of heart disorders and related diseases including cardiovascular disease, congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, heart disease, disorders of the aortic and mitral valves, heart aneurysms, anginas, arrhythmias and general chest pains, among others. Cardiologists utilize a variety of techniques and procedures during diagnosis and treatment, including electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) procedures, echocardiograms, nuclear stress tests and treadmill stress tests, among others. Cardiologists can provide patients with education about their conditions, including any preventive measures that may be applicable, in order to help patients return to wholesome and healthy lives. Cardiology Education & Training A cardiologist must complete rigorous educational requirements to become certified in their field. After earning an undergraduate degree focused on the sciences, the student must complete a four year MD or DO medical degree. Following graduation from medical school, a cardiologist-in-training typically enters a three year residency program in internal medicine. After completing the internal medicine or related residency, a cardiology fellowship typically lasting two to three years is required. During the fellowship, the physician will perform both clinical treatment and research in the field of cardiology. Typical cardiology fellowships will train the physician on a rotating clinical basis, moving between arrhythmia centers, coronary care units, nuclear medicine clinics and echocardiography labs. Here, the fellow will learn how to treat patients with irregular heart rhythms, learn how to diagnose heart conditions using the proper diagnostic instruments and learn to watch and treat patients recovering from heart related illnesses. After successful completion of a cardiology fellowship, the physician may choose to enter more specialized and demanding fellowships, such as cardiac electrophysiology or interventional cardiology in order to receive the training necessary to subspecialize. These fellowships will allow a physician to practice in a highly specific area of cardiology, as opposed to a career in general cardiology. Many cardiologists seek board certification in internal medicine and cardiovascular disease from the American Board of Internal Medicine. Prior to practicing, the physician must seek medical licensure from the state(s) in which they intend to practice.

What is a Cardiothoracic Surgeon? Cardiothoracic surgeons are trained to perform surgeries to correct disorders affecting the organs of the chest and thorax, including the heart, lungs and related structures. About Cardiothoracic Surgery Cardiothoracic surgeons are highly specialized physicians who have undergone training general surgery before completing an advanced cardiothoracic (the heart and organs of the thorax) fellowship. These highly trained surgeons are capable of providing advanced surgical procedures and performing techniques that are both invasive and minimally invasive in nature. Cardiothoracic surgeons are trained in the preoperative diagnosis and evaluation, surgical reparation, and post-surgical management of nearly every thoracic and cardiac disorders or conditions. Many cardiothoracic surgeons are trained to utilize advanced surgical techniques when providing care, including the use of robot-assisted surgical procedures. By utilizing robotic-assisted techniques, such as video- or robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (known as VATS and RATS. respectively), cardiothoracic surgeons are able to provide patients with a less-invasive procedures. Benefits of video- or robotic-assisted surgeries include less pain and blood loss, in addition to less stress on the body. This allows for a quicker recovery time and in turn, a shorter stay in the hospital. Cardiothoracic surgeons are capable of treating some of the most complex conditions affecting the heart, lungs and structures of the thorax. These include conditions affecting the heart such as aortic aneurysms, heart defects, congenital heart defects, heart valve disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure and congenital heart disease, among others. Additionally, cardiothoracic surgeons are capable performing operations on the thorax including the surgical removal of malignant tumors, repair of deformities in the chest wall or related structures, procedures to treat esophageal diseases and lung volume reduction surgeries, among many others. These highly trained surgeons are capable of treating any condition that affects any of the organs or structures related to the heart, lungs and chest. Cardiothoracic Surgery Education & Training Cardiothoracic surgeons are made to complete many years of study before earning their title. After 4 years of college and receiving a Bachelor's degree, four more years of medical school follow to earn an MD or DO title. Following medical school, they undergo a five-year residency in general surgery in which they work in all facets of surgery over the course of their five year study. After a general surgery residency is completed, cardiothoracic surgeons also complete a two to three year cardiothoracic residency in which experience, technical ability and judgment in general thoracic surgery is gained. Additional education in the form of a fellowship is also available for cardiothoracic surgeons wishing to further focus their specialties, such as in heart transplantation or lung disorders. After completing many years of training and study, cardiothoracic surgeons are then eligible to apply to the American Board of Surgery (ABS) and the American Board of Thoracic Surgery (ABTS) for certification.

What is a Child Psychiatrist? Child psychiatrists have extensive training in the area of pediatric psychiatric disorders - these physicians specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders such as ADD or ADHD. About Child Psychiatry Pediatric psychiatrists are physicians who are highly trained to diagnose and treat psychiatric disorders in children, which can be very different from those present in adults. Child psychiatrists draw upon their training to assess any psychological, biological or social factors that may be contributing to the child's disorder - evaluating these factors assist the physician when performing both diagnostic and treatment procedures. Pediatric psychiatrists are expected to act on behalf of the best interests of each child, providing care as an advocate for their health and best interests. When providing care, child psychiatrists will complete an initial diagnostic examination, paying close attention to any of the child's developmental, emotional, genetic, physical, family, educational, peer and social contributing factors. In this field of medicine, parents and guardians play a vital role as they help the physician to understand all of the facets of a child's disorder. After arriving at a diagnosis, a comprehensive treatment plan is created. The doctor will consult closely with the family to discuss his/her highly individualized recommendations for each specific case. Treatments may include the prescription of medications, as well as individual or group psychotherapy; pediatric psychiatrists often consult with other physicians or health care providers such as social organizations or juvenile courts. Child psychiatrists provide care in a variety of different environments, including private practice, within schools or as part of social agencies or juvenile courts. Child Psychiatry Education & Training The education and training to become a child psychiatrist entails a rigorous program of study that begins with the completion of an undergraduate degree, followed by an MD or DO medical degree. Physicians who are training to become pediatric psychiatrists must first undertake at least three years of residency training in neurology and general psychiatry following graduation from medical school. During a general psychiatry residency the physician will gain general knowledge in theory and practice of adult psychiatry, attaining the knowledge and skills that will allow them to further specialize within the field. Following a residency, the physician must complete a two year fellowship in the specialized area of child psychiatry. During a child psychiatry fellowship, the physician will be trained in the various facets of pediatric psychiatry while working with children, adolescents and their families in a clinical setting. During this fellowship, the physician will become versed in the field of child and family development, psychopathology, and related treatment techniques. The physician will focus on the psychiatric disorders that are prevalent in children, such as various developmental disorders, learning disabilities, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders and various other conditions and disorders. Pediatric psychiatrists work with experienced physicians, mental health professionals, social agencies and schools as a core part of their training and education. Although certification is not required to practice, many pediatric psychiatrists choose to seek board certification in general psychiatry from the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN). After completion of this examination, the physician is eligible to take a certification exam in the specialized area of pediatric psychiatry. Like other physicians, pediatric psychiatrists enroll in continuing education programs, where they will learn about new studies and diagnosis and treatment techniques. As with all other physicians, child psychiatrists must hold a valid medical license to practice medicine in any given state.

What is a Colorectal Surgeon? Colorectal surgeons, formerly known as proctologists, have been trained to provide surgical and non-surgical care for disorders and diseases affecting the colon and related structures. About Colorectal Surgery Colorectal surgery is the more modern and accepted term for the area of medicine fomerly identified as proctology. Colorectal surgeons are highly trained surgeons that diagnose and treat disorders affecting the colon, rectum and related structures. These may include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, fistulas, birth defects relating to the anus or colon, anal cancer, fecal incontinence, severe constipation, rectal prolapse, severe colic disorders, colorectal cancer, polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and a host of other diseases, disorders and conditions. Colorectal surgeons often work in close collaboration with urologists, OBGYNs or gastroenterologists to provide comprehensive care to patients. The expertise of a colorectal surgeon is often sought when a patient has a condition requiring some type of corrective surgery (with simpler conditions such as small hemorrhoids often treated by the patient's primary care physician). During the diagnostic stage, colorectal surgeons may utilize procedures such as colonoscopies, which help the surgeon decide which type of treatment plan is necessary for that specific patient. When the diagnosis permits, a colorectal surgeon may perform a variety of surgical treatments, including: polypectomy, colectomy, hemorrhoidectomy (for more severe cases of hemorrhoids), anoplasty, strictureplasty, ileo/colostomy or laparoscopic surgery (minimally invasive, growing in popularity due to its decreased recovery time and lower risk to the patient), among other surgical treatments. Colorectal surgeons are also trained to perform operations to remove cancerous and pre-cancerous polyps, perform bowel resections, repair fissures and treat colon cancer. Colorectal Surgery Education & Training Education and training to become a colorectal surgeon is demanding and rigorous - it comprises approximately 14 years of post-secondary study. After earning a bachelor's degree, the student must earn a DO or MD medical degree. Colorectal surgeons are required to complete a general surgery residency, which takes approximately five to six years. Following residency training in general surgery, the physician must complete a highly specialized one to two year residency or fellowship program, where they will be trained in the surgical and diagnostic techniques and procedures performed as a colorectal surgeon. All states require colorectal surgeons to be licensed, as with other medical specialties. The majority of colorectal surgeons seek board certification through an examination proctored by the American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery (ABCRS). Similar to other physicians, colorectal surgeons are required to participate in continuing medical education to keep abreast of the latest procedures and techniques for providing the highest standard of care to their patients.

What is a Cosmetic Surgeon? Cosmetic surgeons are specialized physicians capable of performing surgical and non-surgical operations to restore or enhance the aesthetics of a particular body part or area. About Cosmetic Surgery Cosmetic surgeons are highly specialized physicians that provide surgical and non-surgical procedures to enhance the aesthetics of a certain body part or feature, as opposed to plastic surgery, which provides reconstructive surgery for abnormalities caused by birth defects, trauma, disease and tumors, among others. Cosmetic surgeons perform elective procedures aimed at reforming or reconstructing undesirable physical attributes (such as a rhinoplasty, or 'nose job'). Cosmetic surgeons can play a massive role in increasing or enhancing a patient's self-confidence, one of the main reasons that a patient may undergo cosmetic surgery. To that extent, there are a wide range of operations that a cosmetic surgeon may perform, including breast augmentation (breast implants), breast reduction surgery, breast lift surgery (mastopexy), eyelid surgery, hair transplants, lip augmentation, tummy-tuck surgery (abdominoplasty), liposuction, face lifts, nose jobs (rhinoplasty) and dermabrasions (to reduce wrinkles and/or blemishes), among many other procedures. Although most cosmetic surgeries are classified as elective, they are not without the risks associated with other surgeries. Anyone who undergoes any type of surgery will have some type of risk involved, and although cosmetic surgeries are relatively safe, not every patient will qualify to undergo elective surgery. That being said, it is vital that patients research the experience and credentials of their cosmetic surgeon. Most cosmetic surgeons are board certified in plastic surgery from the American Board of Plastic Surgery (ABPS). Cosmetic Surgery Education & Training In one of the most competitive fields of medicine, plastic surgery, the education required to become a cosmetic surgeon requires many years of advanced schooling and training. Beginning with a four year degree from an accredited school, a cosmetic surgeon then must gain admission to and earn an MD or DO degree from a certified medical school. Physicians attempting to become cosmetic surgeons are further required to complete a certified three year general surgery residency, which will develop skills in different types of surgery. Subsequently, an additional three year plastic surgery residency is undertaken, with focus on cosmetic surgery in addition to other forms of plastic surgery. A National Board Exam is the only obstacle standing in the way between a physician and having the title of cosmetic surgeon. After passing the national board exam, application for licensure in the state of their choosing finalizes their training and education in the field of cosmetic surgery.

What is a Critical Care Specialist? Critical care specialists (or intensivists) are trained to provide emergency medical services for patients in critical condition - many intensivists can be found providing care within intensive care units. About Critical Care Medicine The medical specialty of critical care, or intensive care, provides emergency medical care to patients suffering from life-threatening complications and injuries. Critical care specialists, also known as intensivists, are board certified physicians that also have certification in the subspecialty of critical care medicine or other specialties. Critical care specialists provide around-the-clock care in highly-stressful situations within intensive care units (ICUs) in hospitals or trauma centers to the most seriously injured or ill patients. Intensivists are trained to provide time-restrained emergency medical care, life support and organ support, while also interacting with the patient's family during emotionally challenging times. Intensivists will provide care from the point of first contact, working swiftly to stabilize and diagnose the patient and perform any life-saving procedures. After an initial diagnosis, critical care specialists will diagnose the level of pain a patient is in, and then provide the appropriate amount of medication to help stabilize the patient's pain level. After stabilizing and comforting the patient, intensivists will provide any further care necessary, monitor the patient's progress, and create detailed reports that will allow other physicians to properly treat the patient once they have left the ICU. Critical care specialists are typically the first to interact with the patient's family post-diagnosis, so it is vital they have compassionate communication skills, as this is a very stressful time for both the patient and their family. Aside from providing care to patients, critical care specialists must also manage end-of-life care in certain situations. Critical Care Medicine Education & Training Training to become a critical care specialist, also referred to as an intensivist, varies from doctor to doctor. Although all are required to complete a medical degree and residency program, there are a variety of different specialties that can result in a career as an intensivist. These include internal medicine, critical care medicine, general surgery, pediatrics, anesthesiology and pulmonology, among others. Because critical care specialists face a variety of different illnesses and disorders, these physicians often perform multiple residencies and/or fellowships, and are usually board certified in more than one medical specialty. Critical care specialists must have knowledge of pharmacology, physiology, cardiology, neurology, various monitoring techniques, organ support and replacement systems, resuscitation, and many other time-restrained medical techniques and procedures. Many critical care specialists seek board certification from the American Board of Internal Medicine. the American Board of Anesthesiology (ABA), the American Board of Emergency Medicine or the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ABOG). As with other physicians, critical care specialists must complete continuing medical education requirements; they are also required to seek state licensure prior to practicing.

What is a Critical Care Pediatrician? Critical care pediatricians specialize in providing life-saving treatments for children suffering from all types of injuries or disorders, generally providing care in hospital settings such as ICUs. About Critical Care Pediatrics Pediatric critical care is a field of emergency medicine concerned with the treatment of infants, children and adolescents that are in critical condition as a result of a disease, disorder or injury. Generally, critical care pediatricians provide care in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), which are specialized areas of hospitals that are equipped to treat children suffering from a wide range of life-threatening injuries or diseases. Critical care pediatricians provide medical care for children for a range of disorders and complications resulting from severe infections, trauma, organ and system failure, genetic disorders, congenital disorders and a host of others. Critical care pediatricians are also referred to as pediatric intensivists, and provide life-saving care to infants, children and adolescents that other physicians may not be capable of. When a patient is admitted to the PICU, pediatric intensivists work swiftly to stabilize and diagnose the patient. After stabilizing a patient, the pediatric intensivist will often work in conjunction with a multidisciplinary medical team, coordinating a comprehensive care plan that often involves other specialists, and may or may not require surgery. If a surgical procedure is required that is unable to be performed by the pediatric intensivist, the physician will work with the other surgeon(s) to ensure that the necessary care is provided. Critical Care Pediatrics Education & Training Physicians trained in the specialty of pediatric critical care are capable of treating children for life threatening conditions - their vast training and knowledge translates into life-saving care in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). The education of a critical care pediatrician begins with the completion of an undergraduate degree usually focused on the sciences. After earning an undergraduate degree, the student must enter medical school to work toward an MD or DO medical degree. During medical school, the student is exposed to the basic tenets of medical care through classroom, laboratory and clinical instruction. Following medical school, the physician is required to complete a three year residency in pediatrics. During this residency the physician will provide comprehensive care to children, generally through clinical rotations, while under the supervision of experienced pediatricians. During a pediatric residency, the physician becomes familiar with the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of illnesses and complications that can affect children; the physicians are also trained in the proper bedside manner that is necessary when providing care for children. Following completion of a residency program, the physician will usually seek out board certification in pediatrics from American Board of Pediatrics before entering into a two year fellowship in pediatric critical care. As a fellow, the physician will complete clinical rotations throughout PICUs, treating children in critical condition and suffering from life-threatening conditions. Following completion of a fellowship, most critical care pediatricians seek board certification in pediatric critical care medicine from the American Board of Pediatrics.